• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.701-710
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• 2019

This study investigated the effect of apios powder on the quality characteristics of sausages. The results were as follows: pH values of the sausages were not significantly different among the samples. The amount of moisture content in the sausages decreased with increasing amount of apios powder. Increase in apios powder increased the lightness (L) value but decreased redness (a) and yellowness (b) values. Increase in apios powder increased the hardness and chewiness of sausage but decreased the adhesiveness. Apios powder had no significant effect on gumminess and springiness of the sausages among all samples. Total phenolic compound content and DPPH radical scavenging activity of apios powder added sausage significantly increased with increasing apios powder. Total bacterial counts of apios powder added sausage increased in all the samples as storage period passes and after 4 weeks of storage, the more adding ratio of apios powder was increased, the total bacterial count decreased. In view of above results, apios powder was considered to be food material suitable not only for functionality but also for developing sausage product of which preservation property is improved. From the results, 100% apios powder can be used to make optimum level for production of sausage.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.27 no.6 s.122
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• pp.335-345
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• 2004

This study was carried out to on liana dominating at the vicinity of Onsan Industrial Complex declining P. thunbergii foersts. It was surveyed 16 species, 30 species and 50 species at upper, middle and understory, respectively. It was dominant P. thunbergii at upperstory, and P. densiflora, P. thunbergii, Quercus dentata and Q. serrata at middlestory, and Smilax china, Paederia scandens, Symplocos chinensis var. sinuata, Styrax japonica, Lonicera japonica and Q. serrata etc. at understory. It was the highest importance value(13.2) of S. china among all liana, and in order of L. japonica (11.7), P. scandens (11.5) and Cocculus trilobus (7.7). Number of species, Species diversity, Maximum species diversity, Evenness and Dominance of woody plants at upperstory and middlestory by each survey site were higher in forest areas than industrial complex, but those of understory highly showed at industrial complex, and ratio of liana at understory was high. It showed total 50 species at herbaceous plants, and was high I.V. of Pteridium aquilinum var. latiusculum, Spodiopogon cotulifer, Commerelina commuris, Phytolacca americana, Rubus parvifolius, Miscanthussinensis var. purpurascens and Calamagrostis arundinacea, etc.

• The Journal of Korean Society of Virology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.383-391
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• 1998

A murine monoclonal antibody (mAb) specific for the envelope glycoprotein gp120 of human immunodeficiency virus type-I (HIV -1) was chemically coupled to pokeweed antiviral protein (PAP) from Phytolacca americana. The immunotoxin was purified by FPLC using S200 colum. The purified immunotoxin efficiently bound to HIV-infected T cells as evidenced by fluorescenceactivated cell sorter analysis. The immunotoxin selectively killed human T lymphoid lines infected with $HIV-1_{IIIB}$ at less than 250 pM of the immunotoxin cells, while PAP or mAb alone did not have any significant effect on infected cells. The uninfected control T cell lines were not affected. Human cells infected with HIV-2 or other HIV-1 strains were not killed, suggesting that the killing depends completely on the antibody used for coupling. These in vitro results suggest that the PAP-mAb conjugate may be used to selectively remove cells expressing viral antigens from individuals infected with HIV.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.87-100
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• 1995

Fauna of medically important arthropods in Chindo Island was studied in July 1994. Among eight speices of mosquitoes (Diptera : Culicidae), Culex tritenirohyunchus was predomiant (46.5% of the total0, and Anopheles sinensis the next. Seven specimens of the unidentified Culex sp. which seemed to be new were also collected. Total 23 species of non-biting midges(Diptera : Chiornomidae) were found in Chindo Is. Of them , Chironomus kiiensis was the predominant species (67.3%) , and Ch.flaviplumus the next (15.6%). Three species, Cladopelma viridula, Dicrotendipes septemmaculatus and Harnischia urtilamellata are reported for the first time in Korea, and they are fully re-described with illustrations. Among five species of biting midges (Diptera : Ceraopogenidae) collected, Culicoides punctatus was predominant (88.7%). A species of Foreipomia was also collected, and this genus is not recorded in Korean fauna. Only two species of domiciliary cockroaches, Periplaneta japonica and P.americana were collected in small numbers and Blatella germanica which is known as the most predominant speices in Korea was not found. The predominant speices of field rodents was Apodemus agrarius and thier ectoparasites were Leptotrombidium orientale (Acarina : Tromicibulidae), Lxodes nipponensis (Acarina : Ixodidae) ; Laelaps jettmani and Eulaelaps stabularis (Acarina : Laelapidae).

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.30 no.11
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• pp.891-905
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• 2021

The aim of this study was to investigate the plants in Yongjibong Natural Recreation Forest before construction, to provide basic data that can be used for various purposes. The survey was conducted on the planned recreational forest sites from June to September 2020. The numbers of flora are summarized as follows: 348 taxa, 95 families, 234 genera, 308 species, three subspecies, 30 varieties, and seven forma. The Korean endemic plants were of nine taxa, including Fagus engleriana, Celtis choseniana, and Broussonetia x kazinoki. The rare plants were of six taxa, including Juniperus chinensis var. sargentii, Hylotelephium ussuriense, Thuja orientalis, and F. engleriana; however, Juniperus chinensis var. sargentii, H. ussuriense, T. orientalis, and Iris ensata var. spontanea were planted species. The floristic regional indicator plants (unique plants) found in this survey area were of 33 taxa, comprising three taxa of grade V, four taxa of grade IV, nine taxa of grade III, four taxa of grade II, and 13 taxa of grade I. The naturalized plants were of 26 taxa, including Rumex crispus, Phytolacca americana, and P. esculenta. Among the naturalized plants, it is necessary to prevent the spread of Ambrosia trifida, Bidens frondosa, and Tagetes minuta through continuous monitoring.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Floral Art and Design
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• no.43
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• pp.123-138
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• 2020

This study found Flower Jewelry works in the monthly magazine specializing in flower decoration for nine years from 2011 to 2019. Based on the analysis of the type of expression, method of expression, type and number of plant materials used, and the type and number of non-plant materials used for the flower jewelry found, it was conducted to find out the trend of flower jewelry in Korea. By expression type, a total of 96 works were analyzed as 20.83% for headdresses, 57.29% for necklaces, 5.21% for earrings, 6.25% for lists, and 10.42% for other works(χ²=94.833, p<.001). According to the analysis of the frequency of use of expression techniques, headdresses, necklaces, and lists for each work were produced using five to six different expression techniques and earrings were produced using two to four expression techniques. Material coupling techniques 34.43%, flower and leaf utilization 30.17%, visual techniques 16.63%, collectivization techniques 14.12%, technical highlighting techniques 4.26%, and other 0.39% (χ²=455.222, p<.001). The most frequently used techniques were framing techniques 16.63% and knotting techniques 16.44%. Plant materials used in flower jewelry were found to be 22.61% for Phalaenopsis spp., 13.48% for Gomphrena globosa, 9.57% for Gloriosa rothschildiana, 7.39% for Epidendrum cinnabarinum, 6.96% for Chamelaucium uncinatum and 4.78% for Craspedia globosa (χ²=718.104, p<.001). In the case of branch, the most common was used with 70.00% of the Cornus walteri, and 10.00% of Actinidia arguta, Celastrus orbiculatus, and Salix pseudolasiogyne were used respectively (χ²=10.800, p=.013). In the case of foliage, 24.65% Aspidistra elatior, 24.62% Asparagus asparagoides, 11.54% Senecio rowleyanus, and 6.15% Ceropegia woodii (χ²=269.385, p<.001). In the case of berries, 44.44% of the fruits of the Smilax china, 33.33% of the Hypericum patulum, and 11.11% of the Phytolacca americana were found (χ²=11.444, p =.022). Non-planting materials used in the manufacture of flower jewelry were found to be 47.34% of 2mm aluminium wire, 33.73% of copper wire and 10.06% of 1mm aluminum wire (χ²=186.704, p<.001). The figure was 53.57% for pearls, 12.50% for ribbons, and 4.14% for spangles and feathers.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.53-62
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• 2002

The objectives of this study were to understand the tolerance mechanism of woody plants to water stress and tolerance changes in relation to mycorrhizal formation. Lespedeza cyrtobotrya Miq. commonly used for erosion control in slopes were raised from seeds and transplanted to 120 plastic pots. Sixty pots received the top soil of a Fraxinus americana forest, while remaining 60 pots received the autoclaved top soil. The forest soil contained 1,200 spores per 100g of arbuscular endomycorrhizal fungus, mostly Glomus sp. The plants were raised outside with regular supply of water and mineral nutrients. Two kinds of water deficit treatment and a control were started at the middle of July : cyclic water deficit treatment with 3 cycles of sequential water stress at the point of xylem water potential of about -0.6, -0.6, and -1.7 MPa and recovery, and non-cyclic water deficit treatment with single water stress at about -1.5 MPa. The non-stressed plants received plenty of water throughout the period. In late August the plants were harvested for measurements of dry weight, N, P, carbohydrate contents, net photosynthesis and superoxide dismutase(SOD) activities. Both cyclic and non-cyclic water deficit treatments reduced dry weight by 60% and 40%, respectively, and reduced nitrogen absorption, while increased SOD activities. Water-stressed plants also showed increased carbohydrate contents in the leaves and lowered stomatal conductance. Mycorrhizal inoculation resulted in an average of 40% infection of roots and 2-3 times increase in P absorption in water-stressed as well as non-stressed plants. Mycorrhizal formation also increased shoot-root ratio. The results that SOD activities of water-stressed plants with mycorrhizal infection were significantly lower than those of non-mycorrhizal plants suggest the possibility of improvement of water-stressed condition by mycorrhizal formation. It was concluded that endomycorrhizal formation increased tolerance of Lespedeza cyrtobotrya seedlings to water stress.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.223-229
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• 2000

To develop the restoration technique from urban planted forest to natural forest, sprout growth and its effects on vegetation composition in the early stage after lumbering, were studied, using only Populus albaglandulosa of the tree layer in Chungdam Park Chungdam-dong, Kangnam-gu, Seoul during the two years from 1997 to 1998. The results were as follow. After lumbering, the more basal areas of the parent stump, the more sprouts were generated. The basal area of parent stump was related more to biomass than to the number of sprouts. In the cutting area, biomasses of sprouts were 552.7 g?DW/㎡ in first year and 8.7 g?DW/㎡ in second year after lumbering. Therefore, cutting of sprouts in first year resulted in decrease of sprout production in second year. In the non-cutting area, biomass of sprouts was 657.4 g?DW/㎡ and more than that of the experiment. Especially, 2-year sprouts grew to a 304 cm height by the end of the growing season in the second year. The growing season of sprouts was from early April to early September and almost all the leaves of the sprouts remained at the end of the growing season. Specific leaf area decreased along with time elapse and plant height but the differences were not conspicuous. Therefore, it is thought that the reason why p. albaglandulosa sprouts grew fast was due to a long growing period and lower layer leaves which remained at the end of the growing season. In the cutting area of the P. albaglandulosa sprouts, there were no changes in the number of species in the shrub layer but an conspicuous increase in the herb layer. Coverage was no changes in the shrub layer but an increase in the herb layer. In the non-cutting area of P albaglandulosa sprouts, the number of species and the coverage changed a little, and the main species of the herb layer were Phytolacca americana, Eupatorium rugosum and Panicum dichotomiflorum, which are tall plant species.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.156-165
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• 2001

Exogeneous application of pokeweed antiviral protein (PAP), a ribosomal-inacivating protein in the cell wall of Phytolacca americana (pokeweed) protects heterologous plants from viral and fungal infection. A cDNA clone of PAP introduced into Scrophularia buergeriana Miquel by thransformation with Agrobacterium tumefaciences. For plant transformation, explants were precultured on shoot induction medium without kanamycin for 2-5 day, and then they were cocultured with Agrobacterium for 10 minutes. The explants were placed on co culture medium in dark condition, $28^{\circ}C$ for 2days. After explants were washed in MS liquid medium, they were transferred into selection medium including kanamycin 50mg/L (MS salts+1mg/ l BAP+2mg/ l TDZ+0,2mg/ l NAA+MS vitamin+3% sucrose+0.8% agar, pH5.8). From PCR analysis, NPT II band was confirmed in transgenic plant genome and showed resistance against fungi in antifungal activity test. Micro assay to which protein extracted from transgenic line were added, revealed hyphae growth inhibition and no spore germination at high concentration. The characteristics of inhibited hyphae was represented transparent and thin. Expression of PAP in transgenic plants offers the possibility of developing resistance to viral and fungal infection.