• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.230-234
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• 2022

Background: To date, there have been no studies on the normal anatomic values of the anal sphincter in healthy Koreans. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the normal anatomic values of transanal ultrasonography (TAUS). Methods: The thickness of the external anal sphincter (EAS) and internal anal sphincter (IAS) was measured by TAUS from healthy Korean volunteers between September 2019 and August 2021. Results: Thirty-six volunteers with a median age of 37 years (range, 20-77 years) and a median body mass index (BMI) of 23.5 kg/m² (range, 17.2-31.2 kg/m²) were examined. The median thickness of the EAS at 4 cm and 2 cm from the anal verge was 7.4 mm (range, 5.8-8.8 mm) and 6.5 mm (range, 5.6-8.0 mm), respectively. The median thickness of the IAS at 2 cm from the anal verge was 1.8 mm (range, 0.8-4.3 mm). There were no differences in sphincter muscle thickness between the sexes. However, the EAS tended to thicken as the BMI increased (EAS at 2 cm and 4 cm from the anal verge, Spearman rho=0.433, 0.363; p=0.008 and p=0.029, respectively). Conclusion: In healthy Korean, the median thickness of the IAS at 2 cm from the anal verge was 1.8 mm and the median thickness of the EAS at 2 cm and 4 cm from the anal verge was 6.5 mm and 7.4 mm respectively. There were no differences in anal sphincter thickness between sexes, but BMI was related to EAS thickness.

• 핵의학기술
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.51-58
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• 2019

핵의학 체외 검사실 에서는 시약 Lot가 변경될 때, Lot 간의 결과가 신뢰성이 있는지를 판단하기 위해 Lot 간 동등성 검사(comparability test between reagent lots) 또는 시약 병행 검사(reagent parallel test)를 시행하는데, 다수의 국내 검사실에서는 두 lot 간 결과 차이로부터 %difference를 구하여 저농도에서는 20% 이내, 중 고농도에서는 10% 이내로 설정하고 있으며 범위를 벗어 날 경우 재검사 시행으로 범위를 맞추는 실정이다. 따라서 본원의 핵의학 체외 검사실에서 시행되는 몇 가지 검사를 선정하여 parallel test의 결과를 분석해보았고, 검사별 맞춤 %difference 값 선정에 도움 될 만한 참고 자료를 마련해 보고자 하였다. Thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH), Free thyroxine(FT4), Carcinoembryonic antigen(CEA), CA-125, Prostate-specific antigen(PSA) 그리고 HBs-Ab, insulin, 7종목에 대해 2018 1월부터 2018년 11월까지의 기간 동안의 시약 lot 변화에 따른 정도 관리 물질의 결과를 분석하였다. TSH, F-T4, CEA, CA-125, PSA의 측정에는 IRMA의 원리를 이용한 RIA-MAT 280 system이 사용되었고, Insulin의 측정에는 TECAN 자동화 분주 장비와 GAMMA-10 측정 장비가 사용되었다. HBs-Ab의 측정에는 HAMILTON 자동화 분주 장비와 GAMMA-10 측정 장비가 사용되었다. 각각 전용 시약과 전용 칼리브레이터, 전용 정도 관리 물질이 사용되었다. 1. TSH [%diffrence Max / Mean / Median] (P-value by t-test > 0.05) C-1(저농도) [14.8 / 4.4 / 3.7 / 0.0 ] C-2(중농도) [10.1 / 4.2 / 3.7 / 0.0] 2. FT4 [%diffrence Max / Mean / Median] (P-value by t-test > 0.05) C-1(저농도) [10.0 / 4.2 / 3.9 / 0.0] C-2(고농도) [9.6 / 3.3 / 3.1 / 0.0 ] 3. CA-125 [%diffrence Max / Mean / median] (P-value by t-test > 0.05) C-1(중농도) [9.6 / 4.3 / 4.3 / 0.3] C-2(고농도) [6.5 / 3.5 / 4.3 / 0.4] 4. CEA [%diffrence Max / Mean / median] (P-value by t-test > 0.05) C-1(저농도) [9.8 / 4.2 / 3.0 / 0.0] C-2(중농도) [8.7 / 3.7 / 2.3 / 0.3] 5. PSA [%diffrence Max / Mean / Median] (P-value by t-test > 0.05) C-1(저농도) [15.4 / 7.6 / 8.2 / 0.0] C-2(중농도) [8.8 / 4.5 / 4.8 / 0.9] 6. HBs-Ab [%diffrence Max / Mean / Median] (P-value by t-test > 0.05) C-1(중농도) [9.6 / 3.7 / 2.7 / 0.2] C-2(고농도) [8.9 / 4.1 / 3.6 / 0.3] 7. insulin [%diffrence Max / Mean / Median] (P-value by t-test > 0.05) C-1(중농도) [8.7 / 3.1 / 2.4 / 0.9] C-2(고농도) [8.3 / 3.2 / 1.5 / 0.1] 모두 정도 관리 물질의 lot 변경 시에도 유의미한 차이가 없었으며 표본 수가 늘어남에 따라 검사실과 검사 종목 별 맞춤 허용 기준을 설정할 수 있을 것이라 기대할 수 있었다. 면역 방사 계수 측정법에서 비교적 검출률이 높은 종목들을 선정해서 일 것이라 판단되며 여러 번 재 측정된 결과 값이기 때문일 수도 있겠다. 대부분의 검사 결과에서 허용 기준인 10%에 크게 못 미치는 차이를 보였으며 저농도 target 값을 가진 경우에도 허용 기준인 20%에 가까운 수치를 보이진 않았다. 더 오랜 기간 동안의 관찰과 연구를 통해 평균의 균질화가 이루어진다면 종목 별 검사실 맞춤 허용 기준을 얻을 수 있을 것으로 판단되며 더 다양한 변수를 고려한 관찰과 연구도 필요할 것이다.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.164-172
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• 2014

Purpose: To evaluate the incidence, clinicopathological characteristics, treatment outcomes, prognostic factors, and survival of gastric cancer patients with bone metastases. Materials and Methods: Of 4,617 gastric cancer patients who were treated between 2001 and 2013, 176 patients with bone metastases were analyzed. Results: The incidence of bone metastasis was 3.8%. The most common histopathological subtype was adenocarcinoma (79%) with poor differentiation (60.8%). The median interval from the diagnosis to bone metastasis was 11 months. The median survival time after bone metastasis was 5.4 months. Factors that were associated with longer median survival times included the following: isolated bone metastasis (P=0.004), well-differentiated tumors (P=0.002), palliative chemotherapy (P=0.003), zoledronic acid treatment (P<0.001), no smoking history (P=0.007), and no metastatic gastric cancer at the time of diagnosis (P=0.01). On the other hand, high levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.86; P=0.015), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) (HR: 2.04; P=0.002), and carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9 (HR: 2.94; P<0.001) were associated with shorter survival times. In multivariate analysis, receiving zoledronic acid (P<0.001) and performance status (P=0.013) were independent prognostic factors. Conclusions: Smoking history, poor performance status, poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, and high levels of LDH, CEA, and CA 19-9 were shown to be poor prognostic factors, while receiving chemotherapy and zoledronic acid were associated with prolonged survival in gastric cancer patients with bone metastases.

• 대한물리치료과학회지
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• 제3권4호
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• pp.139-145
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• 1996

This study was carried out to investigate the scapular rhythm of normal persons. 16 persons was no disease, injury and after-effect in period for July 1, 1996 to July 14, 1996. The statistical measures were performed by SPSS/PC t-test for classification. The result of this study were as follow : 1. There was a significant difference between the body median line and scapular superior angle from the mean distance in 83.4 mm of male and 86.0 mm of female to shoulder neutral position(p<0.05). 2. The mean distance of body median line between scapular inferior angle was 97.9 mm of male and 92.0 mm of female to shoulder neutral position. 3. There was a significant difference between the body median line and scapular inferior angle from the mean distance with male and female to shoulder abduction $90^{\circ}$ position(p<0.05). 4. The mean angle of body median line between scapular angle was $6.4^{\circ}$ of male and $4.4^{\circ}$ of female with shoulder neutral position. 5. The mean ratio of scapular rhythm was 5.6 : 1 in shoulder abduction of $90^{\circ}$ and 5.1 : 1 in shoulder abduction of 180.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제53권8호
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• pp.790-794
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to test the efficacy of treating the pain among newborn infants associated with a medical procedure with sucrose with regard to overall physiological and behavioral stability. Methods: 103 newborn infants were enrolled in this study. The control group (n=63) did not receive any treatment. The experimental group (n=40) received 2 mL of 24% sucrose solution two minutes before a routine heel stick. The pain was assessed by measurements of physiological changes [e.g. pulse rate, oxygen saturation, salivary cortisol (hydrocortisone)] and behavioral changes [e.g. crying time, and the neonatal infant pain scale (NIPS) for neonates]. Results: There were no differences among the groups with respect to physiological changes associated with the pain from the procedure. However, there were significant group differences in behavioral changes to the pain. In the control group, the median crying time was 13 seconds, while in the experimental group, the median crying time was 3.5 seconds ($P$=.000). In the control group the median NIPS score was 4, while in the experimental group the median NIPS score was 2 ($P$=.000). Conclusions: These findings suggest that sucrose can be an effective method for the management of stress responses in infants with regard to behavior. However, this treatment had no significant physiological effects.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제25권7호
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• pp.763-768
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• 1992

To prevent recurrence of spontaneous pneumothorax, 23 patients were operated through median sternotomy for simultaneous resection of bilateral bullae, And 27 patients with spontaneous pneumothorax were treated with unilateral thoracotomy, We studied the number, duration and sites of recurrence including findings of CT scan, as well as comparing the both operated group. The incidence of spontaneous pneumothorax was 88% in patients with the ages between 16 to 35 Forty one patients[82%] were operated with the indication of recurrent pne-umpthorax. The number of pneumothorax attack was 2.34 per patient with recurrent pneumothorax. The 87.8% of recurrence was occured within 6 months from last attack. Ips-ilateral recurrnet pneumothorax was 56.1% and contallateral involve was 43.9%. The bilaterality of visible bullae was 90.9% in the findings of chest CT scan and 91.3% in the operative finding. The sensitivity and accuracy for bulla detection with chest CT were 92.6%, respectively. Exclude one case of complicated median sternotomy infection, the postoperative hospital stay was shorter in median sternotomy approached group[P<0.05]. In conclusion, the bullous lesions of the lung have tendency of bilaterality so that median sternotomy for simultaneous resection of bilateral bullae should be considered in patients with contralateral visible bullae with chest CT.

• 한국전문물리치료학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.19-26
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• 2013

The smart-phone has become a necessity for most people. In this study, we determined that using a smart-phone for 20 minutes can cause increased neck and shoulder muscle activities and fatigue. Seventeen healthy male smart-phone users who attended Yonsei University played a smart-phone game for 20 minutes and changes in their bilateral cervical erector spinae and upper trapezius muscle activities and fatigue were measured. To assess muscle activities and fatigue, we used the following variables: the median frequency, the 50th percentile Amplitude probability distribution function (APDF) value (median load), and the discrepancy in the 90th percentile APDF value and the 10th percentile APDF value (APDF range). A paired t-test was used to compare pre-smart-phone-use status with post-smart-phone-use-status. The median frequency of the bilateral cervical erector spinae and the upper trapezius decreased significantly after 20 minutes of smart-phone use (p<.05). In addition, the 50th percentile APDF value of the bilateral cervical erector spinae and the right upper trapezius increased significantly (p<.05). The APDF range of the bilateral cervical erector spinae and the upper trapezius also increased significantly (p<.05). However, the 50th percentile APDF range of the left upper trapezius was not significantly different (p>.05). These findings suggest that using smart-phones for 20 minutes can induce muscle fatigue and increased neck and shoulder muscle activities.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.979-983
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• 2012

Background : Previous studies have suggested a lack of complete cross-resistance between steroidal (exemestane) and non-steroidal aromatase inhibitors (nSAI). Methods : Eighty-eight metastatic breast cancer (MBC) patients who received 25 mg of exemestane orally once a day at the National Cancer Center, Korea, between 2003 and 2009, were reviewed retrospectively. All patients had received nSAI for metastatic disease prior to exemestane therapy. Results : The median age was 52 years (range, 33-79), and 13 (14.8%) patients were premenopausal who concomitantly received GnRH agonist. Exemestane was given as a second- (80.7%) or third-line (19.3%) hormone therapy. The clinical benefit (CB) rate (complete response + partial response + stable disease ${\geq}$ 24 weeks) was 30.7%, with a median CB duration of 10.0 months (range, 6.3-78.7). The median progression-free survival (PFS) was 3.0 months (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.99-4.01) and the overall survival (OS) 21.5 months (95% CI, 17.96-25.04), with a median followup of 50.3 months. Patients who achieved CB had longer OS than those patients who did not (29.6 vs 17.9 months; P=0.002). On univariate analysis of predictive factors, patients who had achieved CB from previous nSAI tended to show lower CB rate (24.6% vs 44.4%, respectively; P=0.063) and shorter PFS (2.8 vs 4.8 months, respectively; p=0.233) than patients who had not. Achieving CB from previous nSAI became independent predictive factor for CBR to exemestane on multivariable analysis (Odds ratio = 2.852, P = 0.040). Conclusions : Exemestane after nSAI failure was effective in prolonging CB duration. The drug's efficacy seemed to be inferior in patients who had benefit from previous nSAI use.

• 한국ITS학회 논문지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.13-24
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 무인택배함의 최적입지를 선정하기 위한 입지조건 정의, 설치개수 결정, 최적입지 선정의 과정을 순차적으로 결합한 방법론을 개발한다. 우선 입지조건으로는 블록화, 접근성, 지역 중심공공시설이 제시되며, 선정된 입지에 대해 set-covering모형과 p-median 모형을 적용하여 설치개수와 최적입지를 각각 결정한다. 이러한 과정을 실제 사례에 적용해봄으로써 모형의 타당성과 실효성을 검증해 본다. 일반주택과 다세대주택으로만 구성된 안산의 한 지역을 대상으로 분석한 결과, 필요한 무인택배함은 2개로 결정되었으며, 5개 후보지 중 가장 적절한 2개 장소가 최적입지로 제시되었다. 이러한 방법론은 무인택배함 설치시 최적의 결정을 내리기 위한 가이드라인을 제공하며, 택배 관련 강력범죄 예방 및 택배이용 활성화를 통한 경제적 파급효과를 기대해 볼 수 있다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제18권10호
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• pp.290-298
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• 2017

본 연구는 초기 손목터널증후군으로 진단된 환자의 정중신경(median nerve)과 자신경(ulnar never)의 및 F파를 대조군과 비교 분석하여 초기 손목터널증후군의 진단에서 F파가 유용한 지표가 될 수 있는지 알아보고자 하였다. 신경전도검사 결과의 주요 지표인 말단잠복기, 말단진폭, 손바닥-손목 구간의 감각신경전도속도 및 F파 잠복기를 대조군과 t-test 검정으로 비교분석하고, 또한 주요 지표간의 상관성 분석을 위하여 상관분석을 실시하였다. 연구결과, 대조군과 초기 손목터널증후군 환자의 정중신경 말단잠복기 비교에서 두 군 간에 유의성이 높은 것으로 나타났다(p<0.001). 정중신경의 감각신경전도속도 비교에서는 대조군과 손목터널증후군 간의 유의성이 높은 것으로 관찰되었다(p<0.001). 후기반응검사인 F파 잠복기 분석에서 정중신경의 경우 대조군과 손목터널증후군간 높은 유의성(p<0.001)을 보였으나, 자신경의 경우는 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 상관분석 결과는 감각신경전도속도와 말단잠복기, F파와 말단잠복기에서 모두 상관성이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과로, F파는 말단잠복기, 감각신경전도속도와 같이 손목터널증후군의 진단에 있어 유용한 지표가 될 수 있다고 사료된다.