• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.54-67
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• 1991

To investigate the structure of the plant community of Daewon valley forest in Mt. Chiri, eighty-nine plots were set up by the dumped sampling method. The classification by TWINSPAN and DCA ordination were applied to the study area in order to classify item into several groups based on woody plants and environmental variables. The classification had been successfully overlayed on an ordination of the same data using DCA. The plots can be classified into five groups by TWINSPAN and DCA. There are Pinus densiflora community. Quercus variabilis-Q. serrata community. Carpinus laxiflora community. Q. monogolica community and Cornus controversa-Q. mongolica community. The successional trends of tree species by both techniques seem to be from P. densiflora through Q. variabilis, Q. serrata to C. laxiflora on the low altitude and from Q. mongolica to C. controversa on the high altitude in the canopy layer. As a result of the analysis for the relationship between the stand scores of DCA and environmental variables. they had a tendancy to increase significantly from the P. densiflora community to C. laxiflora community that was soil moisture. the amount of soil humus and soil nutrients.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.125-136
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• 1990

To develope a rapid processing method for fish sauce, processing conditions of fish sauce from sardine waste was investigated. The chopped waste was homogenized and hydrolyzed by commercial proteolytic enzymes such as Complex enzyme-2000($2.18\cdot10^4$ U/g solid) and Alcalase($1.94\cdot10^4$ U/g solid) in a cylindrical vessel with 4 baffles and 6-bladed turbine impeller. Optimal temperature for the case of hydrolysis with Complex enzyme-2000 was 50 and that with Alcalase was $55^{\circ}C$. In both cases, the reasonable pH, amount of water for homo-genization, enzyme concentration and hydrolyzing time were 8.0, $40\%$ (W/W), $3\%$ and 100 min, respectively. Heating of the filtrated hydrolysate for 2 hours at $90^{\circ}C$ with $6\%$ of invert sugar was suitable for pasteurization of the hydrolysate and inactivation of enzymes. Flavor, taste and color of the hydrolysate was improved during the thermal treatment in which the browning reaction products might participate and result in antioxidative and bactericidal effects. Combined use of $0.005\%$ of Caryophylli flos with invert sugar was also effective for the improvement of taste. Yield of the fish sauce based on the total nitrogen in the raw sardine waste was $91.2\~92.3\%$ and $87.2\~87.8\%$ of the total nitrogen in the fish sauce was in the form of amino nitrogen. The pH, salinity and histamine content of the fish sauce prepared with $15\%$ of table salt were $6.1\~6.2$, $14.2\~14.4\%$ and less than $10mg\%$, respectively. The fish sauce was stable during the storage of 60 days at $26\pm3^{\circ}C$ on bacterial growth and its quality was also maintained.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 1993

The bioequivalence of two omeprazole enteric-coated products was evaluated in 16 normal male volunteers (age 26-32 yr, body weight 57-75 kg) following single oral administration. Test product was enteric-coated KD-182 tablet (Chong Kun Dang Corp., Korea) and reference product was $Rosec^{\circledR}$ capsule containing enteric-coated pellets of omeprazole (Yuhan Corp., Korea). Both products contain 20 mg of omeprazole. One tablet or capsule of the test or the reference product was administered to the volunteers, respectively, by randomized two period cross-over study ($2\;{\times}\;2$ Latin square method). Average drug concetrations at each sampling time and pharmacokinetic parameters calculated were not significantly different between two products(p>0.05); the area under the concentrationtime curve to last sampling time (8 hr) $(AUC_{0-8hr})$ $(1946.5{\pm}675.3\;vs\;2018.3{\pm}761.6\;ng{\cdot}hr/ml)$, AUC from time zero to infinite $(AUC_{o-\infty})$ $(2288.6{\pm}1212.8\;vs\;2264.9{\pm}1001.3\;ng{\cdot}hr/ml)$, maximum plasma concentration $(C_{max})$ $(772.5{\pm}283.3\;vs\;925.8{\pm}187.7\;ng/ml)$, time to maximum plasma concentration $(T_{max})$ $(2.38{\pm}1.06\;vs\;2.34{\pm}1.09\;hr)$, apparent elimination rate constant $(k_{\ell})$ $(0.5339{\pm}0.2687\;vs\;0.5769 {\pm}0.2184\;hr^{-I})$, apparent absorption rate constant $(k_a)$ $(1.1536{\pm}0.5278\;vs\;0.9739{\pm}0.9507 hr^{-1})$ and mean residence time (MRT) $(3.13{\pm}0.73\;vs \;3.41{\pm}1.04\;hr)$. The differences of mean $(AUC_{0-8hr})$, $C_{max}$, $T_{max}$ and MRT between the two products (3.69, 19.83, 1.32 and 8.99%, respectively) were less than 20%. The power $(1-{\beta})$ and treatment difference $(\triangle)$ for $AUC_{o-8hr}$ $C_{max}$ and MRT were more than 0.8 and less than 0.2, respectively. Although the power for $T_{max}$ was under 0.8, $T_{max}$ of the two products was not significantly different each other(p>0.05). These results suggest that the bioavailability of KD-182 tablet is not significantly different from that of $Rosec^{\circledR}$ capsule. Therefore, two products are bioequivalent based on the current results.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.296-303
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• 2005

A strain named as HJ35 was isolated from the skin of sixty-five men and fourteen women for acne therapy, in order to find an effective antimicrobial agent against Propionibacterium acnes. Isolate HJ35 was identified as Enterococcus faecium based on 16 rDNA sequence and produced enterocin HJ35 having antimicrobial activities against most lactic acid bacteria, En­terococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Clostridium perfringens, some bacilli, Mi­crococcus flavus, Listeria monocytogenes, L. ivanovii, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens and Propionibacterium acnes, in the modified well diffusion method. Especially, enterocin HJ35 showed a bactericidal activity against Propionibacterium acnes P1. The antimicrobial activity of enterocin HJ35 was disappeared completely with the use of protease XIV. But enterocin HJ35 activity is very stable at high temperature (up to $100^{\circ}C$ for 30 min), in wide range of pH (3.0${\~}$9.0), and by treatment with organic solvents. The apparent molecular mass of enterocin HJ35 was estimated to be approximately 4${\~}$4.5 kDa on detection of its bactericidal activity after SDS-PAGE. In batch fermentation of E. faecium HJ35, enterocin HJ35 was produced at the mid­log growth phase, and its maximum production was obtained up to 2,300 AU/mL at the late stationary phase. By employing fed-batch fermentation, the enhanced production of enterocin HJ35 was achieved up to 12,800 AU/mL by feeding with 10 g/L glucose or 6 g/L lactate.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.394-402
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• 1999

The purpose of this study is to investigate diet quality and changes in nutrient and food intake with increase in age. Subjects were 69 patients(28 males, 41 females) living in Jeon-ju city, over middle-aged, and they were the same patients studied 4-7 years ago in a previous study. Dietary survey with one day 24-hour recall method was used. Energy, calcium, vitamin A and vitamin B$_2$intakes were lower than the RDA and vitamin C was in excessive status in pre-test and post-test. In food groups examrned, the consumption of potatoes, beans, vegetables, seaweeds, beverages, seasonings, oils, fish & shells and milks was increased amount than 4-7 years before but the consumption of cereals(p<0.01), sugars, seeds, fruits, processed food, meats and eggs was decreased. Diet quality was assessed by %RDA, nutrient adequacy ratio(NAR), mean adequacy ratio(MAR), dietary diversity score(DDS), meal balance and food group pattern. In %RDA, those proportion of appropriate intake in post-test in were higher than those in pre-test. For most nutrient except vitamin A, the levels of NAR in post-test were higher than in pretest. The MAR, an index of overall dietary quality, was 0.77 for pre-test and 0.83 for post-test(p<0.05). When we counted the major food groups consumed(KDDS), 62.3% of subjects had a KDDS of 3 in pre-test and 42.0% of subjects had a KDDS of 4 in post-test. Based on these results, in terms of variety and balance, total diet quality was improved with advancing of age.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.117-126
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• 2015

Reductive degradation of hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) by nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) was investigated to evaluate the feasibility of using it for in-situ groundwater remediation. Batch experiments were conducted to quantify the kinetics and efficiency of RDX removal by nZVI, and to determine the effects of pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and ionic strength on this process. Experimental results showed that the reduction of RDX by nZVI followed pseudo-first order kinetics with the observed rate constant (k_obs) in the range of 0.0056-0.0192 min⁻¹. Column tests were conducted to quantify the removal of RDX by nZVI under real groundwater conditions and evaluate the potential efficacy of nZVI for this purpose in real conditions. In column experiment, RDX removal capacity of nZVI was determined to be 82,500 mg/kg nZVI. pH, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), and DO concentration varied significantly during the column experiments; the occurrence of these changes suggests that monitoring these quantities may be useful in evaluation of the reactivity of nZVI, because the most critical mechanisms for RDX removal are based on the chemical reduction reactions. These results revealed that nZVI can significantly degrade RDX and that use of nZVI could be an effective method for in-situ remediation of RDX-contaminated groundwater.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.28 no.9
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• pp.914-922
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• 1995

A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ), which can be used in studies investigating relationship between diet and chronic diseases in a rural area of Korea, was developed and validated. Food items were selected from two sources ; (1) preliminary survey in a rural area by 24-hour recalls and (2) National Nutritional Survey of 1991. Sixty-five food items were finally selected based on the frequency of consumption and contributions to major nutrient intakes. Portion size of each food item was determined considering the mean and median values of the amounts consumed by subjects in the preliminary survey. Frequency of consumption was asked in nine categories ranging from 'more than three times a day' to 'almost never'. The newly developed FFQ was administered in 24-hour recalls conducted in different seasons in the same area after the administration of FFQ. Sixty-one subjects completed both FFQ and all three repeated 24-hour recalls. The results of the two different survey methods showed that mean daily intake levels of energy, carbohydrate, vitamin A and vitamin C were significantly higher in FFQ compared to 24-hour recalls(p<0.05). Intake levels of energy, protein, fat, carbohydrate and iron were significantly correlated by Pearson's correlation coefficients(p0.05). Ranking on nutrient intake of the subjects by two method were significantly correlated(Spearman's correlation coefficients) in all above nutrients plus Ca and vitamin A. Percentage of subjects in the lowest or in the highest quintile by 24-hour recalls who belong to the nearest two categories by FFQ ranged from 46% to 83%, while the percentage falling into the opposite category were below 10% in most of the nutrients. The proportion of subjects classfied into the same quintiles by the two methods were between 23% and 33%, with an average of 28%. From the results, FFQ developed in this study seems to be useful in evaluating nutrient intake pattern of 1 year in adults living in rural area of Kyonggi province.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.3-15
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• 2001

To assess diet quality by food group intake and to investigate the interrelationship of age, dietary diversity score(DDS), dietary variety score(DVS), dietary frequency score(DFS), food group intake and nutrient intake with food group intake, a dietary survey was conducted with 176 preschool children aged 1 to 6 in Busan using a 24-hr recall method. Food group intake was assessed by food number consumed and intake frequency by six food groups(grain, meat, vegetable, fruit, dairy, sweets group). The mean food numbers consumed and intake frequencies by six feed group were 3.1 and 4.0 in the grain group, 3.6 and 4.0 in the meat group, 3.5 and 4.1 in the vegetable group, 1.0 and 1.1 in the fruit group, 1.3 and 1.5 in the dairy group, 1.4 and 1.4 in the sweets group respectively. As age increased, the intake frequency of the grain group(p<0.05) increased but that of the dairy group(p<0.05) decreased significantly. The DVS and DFS didn't show significant correlations with intake frequency of the dairy group. The grain group intake had significant positive correlations with intakes of the meat, vegetable, and fruit groups. The vegetable group intake had signigicant positive correlations with intakes of the grain and meat groups. The dairy group intake had significant positive correlation with sweets group intake but negative correlations with intakes of the grain and vegetable groups. As the intake frequency of the meat group increased, the NAR(nutrient adequacy ratios) of all nutrients and NAR(mean adequacy ratio) increased significantly. NARs of provein iron, vitamin B$_1$, niacin had the highest correlation with the meat group intake and those of protein, calcium, phosphorous, and vitamin B$_2$ had the highest correlation with the dairy group intake. NARs of vitamin A and vitamin C had the highest correlation with intake of the vegetable and fruit groups respectively. Children with food number consumed and intake frequency of above 6 and 4 in the grain group or above 6 and 6 in the meat group or above 4 and 8 on the

• KSBB Journal
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.579-591
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• 2001

The cell growth inhibitor effect of cervical cancer cells was investigated by liposome mediated transfection (pRcCMVp53/lipofectin) and by transfection using adenovirus (AdCMVp57). The papilloma virus cancer cell lines we used in this study were HPV16 positive, having inhibiter gene, wild p53 gene, CaSki, SiHa, HPV18 positive HeLa, HeLaS3 and HPV negative C33A, HT3. LacZ gene of E.coli was used as the marker gene for the transfection efficiency. The effect on the inhibition of tumor cell growth was measured by cell count and cell viability though ELISA analysis and MTT assay. The inhibition of tumor cell growth was confirmed by measuring each assay for six days, comparing with the normal control cell growth. The cell growth of cervical cancer calls by transfection was significantly reduced and showed tittle differences among the cell lines. To eliminate the potential problem of Ad(adenovirus) contamination during rAAV production, rAAV can be produced by a triple transfection of vector plasmic, packaging plasmid, and adenovirus helper plasmid. To examine the helper functions of Ad plasmids on the production of rAAV vector, we carried out cotransfection of three plasmids, AAV vector, packaging construct, and Ad helper plasmids. The optimized transfection condition for calcium phosphate method is 25ug of total DNA per 10-cm-diameter plate of 293 cell. We found that rAAV yields peaked at 48hr after Ad infection. The titer of rAAV was measured by the dot blot analysis to measure the number of particles/ml based on the quantification of viral DNA. Recent1y, Kombucha(fungi) was identified as a very potent antileukefic agent. In the present study, effect of natural toxin(plankton) and Kombucha is PSP(GTXI-3, neoSTX), on various MTT assay cervical cancer cell line. Toxin(GTX 1-3, neoSTX) also inhibited the proliferation in primary cervical cancer calls in a dose-dependent toxin concentration. These results showed that toxin was very potent in inhibiting the proliferation of cervical cancer calls in vitro. Toxins and Kombuoha exhibited a dose dependent inhibition of cellular proliferation in cancer cell line.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.24 no.11
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• pp.870-875
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• 2011

The $(Na_{0.52}K_{0.44})(Nb_{0.9}Sb_{0.06})O_3-0.04dLiTaO_3$ (NKNS-LT) ceramics with various $Cu_2O$ concentration were prepared by the conventional solid state reaction method. The $Cu_2O$ content was varied in the range of 0.1~0.4 wt%. The effects of Cu on microstructure, crystallographic phase transition, and piezoelectric properties were investigated. The material with perovskite structure had a tetragonal phase (T1) when $Cu_2O$ concentration was less than 0.3 wt% and it transformed to another tetragonal phase (T2) when the $Cu_2O$ amount was greater than 0.3 wt%. The phase boundary between T1 and T2 phases appeared at around 0.3 wt% of $Cu_2O$ concentration. The piezoelectric properties were shown the maximum values at the composition of the phase boundary. The electro-mechanical coupling factor ($k_p$) was 0.42 and the piezoelectric charge constant ($d_{33}$) was 245 pC/N at the 0.3 wt% of $Cu_2O$ concentration.