• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.55 no.6
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• pp.167-175
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• 2013

The objective of this study was to investigate the nutrient load balance in the reservoir irrigated paddy block during growing seasons. Idong reservoir irrigation paddy block of 10.3 ha in size was selected to collect hydrologic and water quality data. Irrigation, canal flows, and paddy field drainage were measured using a water level gauge, while water samples were collected and analysed for water quality. The water balance analysis showed that 81 % and 75 % of total outflow were through paddy and irrigation canal drainage during 2011 and 2012, respectively. The water quality of paddy field drainage varied greatly depending on rice cultivation stage ranging from 0.05 to 24.55 mg/L and from 0.01 to 0.76 mg/L for T-N and T-P, correspondently. Paddy field drainage loads during May through June account for 64 % and 76 % in 2012 and 2013, while 82 % and 81 % for T-P in 2011 and 2012, respectively. The Pearson correlation analysis showed that rainfall was significantly correlated with nutrient loads during July through August due to runoff, and irrigation was related with nutrient loads of drainage during some period of July through September due to irrigation return flow. This study results showed characteristics of inflow and outflow nutrient loads from plentiful irrigated paddy block.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.657-666
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• 2017

Paclitaxel, a chemotherapeutic drug, induces severe peripheral neuropathy. Gabapentin (GBT) is a first line agent used to treat neuropathic pain, and its effect is mediated by spinal noradrenergic and muscarinic cholinergic receptors. Electro-acupuncture (EA) is used for treating various types of pain via its action through spinal opioidergic and noradrenergic receptors. Here, we investigated whether combined treatment of these two agents could exert a synergistic effect on paclitaxel-induced cold and mechanical allodynia, which were assessed by the acetone drop test and von Frey filament assay, respectively. Significant signs of allodynia were observed after four paclitaxel injections (a cumulative dose of 8 mg/kg, i.p.). GBT (3, 30, and 100 mg/kg, i.p.) or EA (ST36, Zusanli) alone produced dose-dependent anti-allodynic effects. The medium and highest doses of GBT (30 and 100 mg/kg) provided a strong analgesic effect, but they induced motor dysfunction in Rota-rod tests. On the contrary, the lowest dose of GBT (3 mg/kg) did not induce motor weakness, but it provided a brief analgesic effect. The combination of the lowest dose of GBT and EA resulted in a greater and longer effect, without inducing motor dysfunction. This effect on mechanical allodynia was blocked by spinal opioidergic (naloxone, $20{\mu}g$), or noradrenergic (idazoxan, $10{\mu}g$) receptor antagonist, whereas on cold allodynia, only opioidergic receptor antagonist blocked the effect. In conclusion, the combination of the lowest dose of GBT and EA has a robust and enduring analgesic action against paclitaxel-induced neuropathic pain, and it should be considered as an alternative treatment method.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.279-292
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• 1996

To assess their stability as a prodrug of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), four N-acyloxycarbonyl derivatives (1-(N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl)glycyloxymethyl-5-FU :BGFU, 1-(N-tert-butyloxycar bonyl)-leucyloxymethyl-5-FU:BLFU, 1-(N-tert-carbobenzyloxymethyl) glycyloxymethyl-5-FU:CGFU and 1-(N-tert-carbobenzlyoxymethyl)leucyloxymethyl-5-FU:CLFU) possessing differently protected amino acids, and two acetic acid derivatives (5FU-1-acetylpentane:FUAP and 5-FU-1-acetylhexane:FUAH) were synthesized and their physicochemical properties, hydrolysis kinetics, acute toxicity and antitumor activity were evaluated. The lipid-water partition coefficients of six 5-FU prodrugs were higher than that of 5-FU and their aqueous solubilities were in the following rank order; BGFU>FUAP>CGFU>BLFU>CLFU${\simeq}$FUAH. The hydrolysis of N-acyloxycarboyl derivatives, greater at higher pH, was enhanced in presence of liver homogenate or human plasma. Meanwhile, acetic acid ester derivatives, very stable, were hydrolyzed by liver homogenate. Absorption rate constants were 0.181, 0.121, 0.111, 0.168, 0.168, 0.116 and 0.125 $hr^{-1}$ for 5-FU, BGFU, BLFU, CGFU, CLFU, FUAP and FUAH, respectively. The cytotoxicity of N-acyloxycarbonyl derivatives was 4 to 5 times lower than that of 5-FU, but that of acetic acid ester derivatives was negligeble. The $LD_{50}$ values were 204, 325.97 (133.59, amount as 5-FU), 708.16 (262.13), 663.50 (211.77), 382.33 (192.54) and 272.33 (130.09) mg/kg for 5-FU, BGFU, CGFU, CLFU, FUAP and FUAH, respectively. While N-acyloxycarbonyl derivatives showed enhanced antitumor activity and therapeutic ratio (3.30, 3.06, 4.19, 3.11 and 1.81 for BGFU, BLFU, CGFU, CLFU and 5-FU, respectively), FUAH and FUAP showed a smaller therapeutic ratio (0.79 and 0.83).

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.374-378
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• 1991

The electrochemical reduction behavior of Bilirubin (BR) in phosphate buffer (pH 7.8) solution was studied by DC polarography, differential pulse polarography, cyclic voltammetry and controlled potential coulometry. In DC polarogram, two reduction waves of BR were found. The half wave potentials of two reduction waves were -1.32 and -1.51 volts vs. Ag/AaCl respectively. The current type of 1st reduction wave was diffusion-controlled and the 2$^{nd}$ reduction wave was diffusion current containing a little kinetic current. The electrochemical reduction process of BR at each reduction step was all irreversible. The prewave appeared at lower concentration than 3.4 ${\times}$ 10$^{-4}$M, this prewave was identified as adsorption prewave. And the number of electron transfered in reduction steps, n$_{app}$ was two for the 1st reduction step and one for the 2$^{nd}$ reduction step.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.412-418
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• 1992

The electrochemical behaviors and analytical application of copper-1,5,9,13-tetrathiacyclohexadecane[16-ane-$S_4$] complex in acetonitrile(AN) solution have been investigated by the use of DC polarography and differential pulse polarography. Thus the formation constant of copper complex was $10^{3.51}$. Copper (Ⅱ) ion was found to form complex of 1-to-1 composition with [16-ane-$S_4$]. In addition, reduction step was irreversible and the reduction current was diffusion controlled. And the effect of concentration of the salting-out reagent and chelating agent and pH of aqueous phase on the determination of copper (Ⅱ) was investigated and diverse ion effect was discussed. By salting-out extraction technique, we can be determined until the concentration of copper (Ⅱ) of 60 ppb.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.820-825
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• 2010

We investigated changes in the quality characteristics of soy sauce made using salts from deep ocean water; such salts are more economic to obtain than sun-dried salt. pH level and buffer action both decreased as fermentation proceeded. The content of the pure extract after 120 d of fermentation was 7.5%(w/w), and increased as fermentation proceeded. Total and amino acid nitrogen levels after 120 d of fermentation were 1.4% and 0.75%, respectively (both w/w). Of the free amino acids (179.8-315.7 mg%), glutamic acid was the most abundant, followed by alanine, lysine, and leucine. The glutamic acid/total free amino acid ratio was 21.0-23.2%. The content of essential amino acids was 78.0-142.3 mg%; this level increased as fermentation progressed.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.165-169
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• 2006

A Citrobacter sp. MB 2, azo dyes decolorizing bacterium, was isolated from the wastewater and soil and identified as Citrobacter sp.. It was examined that optimum conditions for culture media were 0.5% of sucrose, 1.0% of yeast extract, 0.1% of $K_2HPO_4$, 0.1% of $NaHCO_3$ per distilled water. The best efficient condition of culture was obtained at pH 7.0, $30^{\circ}C$ and aerobic shaking culture. The number of Citrobacter sp. MB2 in optimum medium was increased more than 7 fold compared to basal medium and 50 fold compared to nutrient broth. This strain was exhibited strong resistance against metal salts and antibiotics (ampicillin and penicillin G).

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.196-201
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• 2000

This study was conducted to investigate various flavor components of barley meju during fermentation. The change of PH was $5.2{\sim}5.6$. L-value and b-value gradually decreased. a-value gradually increased until fifth day and then decreased. Among 75 flavor compounds identified in barley meju, 10 aldehydes and 10 ketones were most in number followed by 9 acids, 9 phenols, 7 hydrocarbons, 7 alcohols and 6 esters. The contents of ethyl acetate $(67.8{\sim}89.1%)$ was more than those of any ether component followed by hexadecanoic acid $(1.21{\sim}12.00%)$ and tetramethylpyrazine $(0.06{\sim}12.30%$).

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.38 no.5
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• pp.609-615
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• 2011

Purpose: Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans is a relatively rare tumor that originates from the dermis and subcutaneous tissue. It is generally known that this tumor easily recurs but can be successfully treated with a wide excision. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate postoperative outcomes and risk factors for recurrence in patients with dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans who were treated at a single institution for 20 years. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 35 patients who had underwent surgery between June 1992, and September 2010. The patients were assessed in terms of predilection site and size of the tumor, the incidence according to sex, discrepancy between biopsy results and histopathological diagnosis of the surgical specimen, additional treatment after recurrence, recurrence rate and the time interval to recurrence. Results: In multivariate analysis, the depth and site of the tumor were significant risk factors for tumor recurrence. The recurrence rate was significantly higher in tumors occurring in the upper extremity than those occurring in other regions ($p$=0.0348). In addition, the recurrence rate was significantly higher in tumors with involvement of the fascia and the deeper structures ($p$=0.0324, odds ratio=6, relative risk=1.588). Since dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans has strong invasiveness, its tissue involvement is difficult to evaluate accurately. Conclusion: The results of this study shows that involvement of the fascia and the deeper structures and occurrence in the upper extremity were associated with tumor recurrence. Therefore, clinicians should be aware of these risk factors to achieve better treatment outcomes.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.43-54
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• 2008

Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the anticonvulsive effects of Gamiheichumhwan extract and to explain its action in GABAergic neuromodulation of the rat brain. Method: The extracts of Gamiheichumhwan were investigated for their inhibitory effect on GABA transaminase activity, their influence on brain GABA and glutamate levels, their agonistic activity on GABA/benzodiazepine receptor and anticonvulsive action using in vitro and in vivo assays. Results: 1. The extract inhibited dose-dependently GABA transaminase (GABA-T) activity by 4.6% and 18.9%, respectively at dosages of 250 mg/kg and 500mg/kg mouse (p.o.). 2. Brian GABA level was increased to 72.0% and brain glutamate level was decreased to 9.6% at a dosage of 500 mg/kg mouse (p.o.). 3. The extract suppressed [3H]Ro15-1788 binding to rat cerebral cortical membrane by $81.4{\pm}0.8%$ at a dosage of 3.2 mg, suggesting its agonistic activity on GABA/benzodiazepin receptor. 4. The extract showed anticonvulsive effect by lengthening the onset time of convulsion, shortening the convulsion duration and diminishing the lethality. Conclusion : It is suggested that Gamiheichumhwan can be used to somnipathy and adapted to treatment and prevention of epilepsy or convulsion.