• Journal of Home Health Care Nursing
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• v.5
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• pp.84-99
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• 1998

The objectives of this study are to identify the actual educational contents of management for head nurse and to propose the educational subjects according to identity the needs of head, charge, and staff nurses. The subjects were investigated the actual Management Development Programs and educational needs of head nurses and prospective nurse manager(charge nurse, staff nurse with a lot of clinical experiences) in general hospitals. The tools were composed of two questionnaires: One was developed from the literature review for making items to measure actual situation. The other was revised Katz's model for measurement of educational needs. The first respondents of actual situation were 27 general hospitals with over 400 beds in Seoul and the second respondents were 89 head nurses, 67 charge nurses and 136 nurses at 3 hospitals by convenient sampling out of 27 general hospitals. Data were collected by telephone interview, mail questionnaire and visiting from 7th of October through 30th of November in 1997. In data analysis, general characteristics of the respondents and actual status of Management Development Programs were analyzed by frequency and percentage. Educational needs according to general characteristics were analyzed by ANOVA The results were as follows: 1. Actual situation of Management Development Program 1) Seven hospitals(26%) had Management Development Program for prospective managers and 14 hospitals (52%) for head nurses. 2) Education Department existed in 14 hospitals (52%). 3) One hospital(4%) had top level managers took part in the Management Development. 4) Two hospitals selected head nurse, who had finished courses of Management Development. Eight hospitals(30%) assessed educational needs. The assessment tools consisted of making a question via questionnaire(75%), determining at department meeting(12%) and interview(13%). 5) Educational programs had 3 types: 10 lecture type, 7 discussion type and 4 role play type programs. 6) One hospital evaluated the change of learner's attitude. 7) Four hospitals scored educational point, but that was measured only by attending. 8) Actual Management Development Programs were as follows. parenthesis indicates the number of hospitals. (1) Management Development Programs for Prospective manager. Role perception of Middle level Manager (1) . Role reconstruction of Nurse Manager (1). Workshop for Charge Nurse (1). Nursing Delivery System and Nursing Process (1). Communication (1). Motivation (1) (2) Management Development Programs for Head nurse.. Head nurse's Role (5). Administrative Work (7). Service Education (4). Prevention and Countermeasure of Nursing Incidence (3). Appraisal (3) 2. The results of needs on Management Development subject 1) The educational needs of all respondents on 3 skill domains showed positive agreement to strongly positive agreement. 2) High priority(more than 4.5) items were 12 of 24 Human skill items(50%), 1 of 6 Technical skill items(16%), and 2 of 13 Conceptual skill items (15%). 3) Out of high priority items, 8 items were instituted. 4) All respondents showed high needs on 3 skill domains regardless of 3 positions (head nurse, charge nurse, and nurse). Educational needs of Human skill domain, according to position were 108. S, 108.7, 106.8 (mean score = 72) , needs of Technical skill domain were 26.5, 26.6, 26.I(mean score=18), and needs of Conceptual skill domains were 56.9,56.7, 55.1(mean score=39). 5) Needs of 3 skill domains according to clinical career showed significant difference. Out of respondents, nurses with career of over 16years showed lowest degree of needs in Human skill domains(F=4.47, P=.004) and Conceptual skill domain(F=2.93, P=.034). 6) Educational needs according to educational background were not significant difference. But out of respondents, nurses educated at 3-year junior college relatively showed lowest needs in all of the 3 skill domains. With the above-mentioned findings, further study is necessary for generalization of this study at hospitals with different bed size and location. Also it is needed to study about management skill of nurse and charge nurse, and effective educational method.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.701-707
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• 2008

Antidiabetic effect of Korean red ginseng (RG) processed by puffing in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic (DM) rats was investigated. Five week-old SD rats were divided into four groups; normal control (NC) group, DM group, red ginseng (RG) group and puffed red ginseng (PG) group. The RG and PG groups were orally provided with RG or PG dissolved in water (500 mg/kg) respectively for seven weeks after single injection of STZ (50 mg/kg, i.v.) followed by identification of DM. NC group received saline vehicle instead of STZ. At the end of feeding of RG or PG, the changes of fasting blood glucose, serum insulin and amylase level and serum lipid profiles were evaluated. Also, oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), comet assay and histopathological examination were performed. At 7th week, the fasting blood glucose levels of the RG and PG groups were reduced compared to the DM group by 11.54% and 20.22%, respectively. The result of OGTT did not show significant differences among DM and two red ginseng groups. While serum insulin and TG levels were predominantly improved in PG group (p<0.05), serum amylase level was increased in RG group. Alkaline comet assay for checking the oxidative damage of DNA showed that TL (tail length, ${\mu}m$) and TM (tail moment) in the blood lymphocyte of PG group significantly decreased in contrast with DM group. Histopathological results of pancreas showed that destruction of exocrine as well as endocrine might be cured by the administration of RG and PG. These results suggest that PG could exert more protection against STZ-induced toxicity than RG group.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.320-327
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• 2009

Statement of Problem: Although many efforts have been continually made to estimate long term prognosis of removable partial dentures, the complication of removable partial dentures was still found because of inaccurate fabrication procedure and improper maintenance care. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the clinical status of removable partial dentures. Material and methods: A total of 112 individuals with 153 removable partial dentures (35 - 87 years, 64 women and 48 men) were examined by intra-oral examination, diagnostic cast and radiographic examination. Results and conclusion: The results of this study were as follows: 1. Length of service of removable partial dentures was $5.3{\pm}4.3$ years (mean), 4.0 years (median). 2. A total of 45 removable partial dentures were considered failures. The loss of 18 abutments of 369 was founded. 3. Type of arch, Kennedy classification and type of opposite dentition were found to have no influence on longevity and success rate of removable partial dentures (P > .05). 4. Most common major connector was the palatal plate in maxilla and the number of lingual bar and linguoplate designed in mandible were similar. 5. The circumferential type retainer was the most commonly used retainer. 6. Sixty-three percent of the class I and II removable partial dentures incorporated indirect retention into the design. 7. Approximately 81% of the removable partial dentures had at least one defect. Excessive wear of posterior teeth (27.9%), lack of integrity (23.2%), lack of stability (22.6%) were frequent defects of removable partial dentures.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.542-547
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• 1999

Background: Decision in mediastinal lymph node involvement of lung cancer by CT scan is very important and valuable for the treatment planning and prognosis prediction. In general, long diameter of mediastinal lymph node more than 15mm is used as criterion of lung cancer involvement. Adenocarci-noma has a tendency of early distant metastasis and micrometastasis, so adenocarcinoma may involve lymph node earlier and cannot be detected before lymph nodes are enlarged enough. The authors tried to determine the difference between two size criteria(15mm, 10mm) in adenocarcinoma for the detection of cancer involvement. Methods: Numbers of sample are 60 cases(male 46, female 14, median age: 61.5 years). According to pathology, squamous cancer 41, large cell cancer 2, adenocarcinoma 17. According to TNM stage, I 23, III 24, IIIA 13. Results : Mean long diameter of lymph node involvement is 16.0($\pm8.0$) mm in non-adenocarcinoma group, and that of adenocarcinoma group is 12.0($\pm3.2$) mm(p<0.05). If long diameter of lymph node larger than 15mm as involvement criterion is applied, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive index, negative predictive index, accuracy of nonadenocarcinoma group are 54%, 100%, 100%, 83%, 86%, and those of adenocarcinoma group are 43%, 90%, 75%, 69%, 71%. If long diameter of lymph node larger than 10mm as involvement criterion is applied, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive index. negative predictive index. accuracy of nonadenocarcinoma group are 65%, 77%, 61%, 92%, 79%, and those of adenocarcinoma group are 100%, 80%, 78%, 100%, 88%. Conclusion: Long diameter of lymph node larger than 10mm is more valuable criterion as lymph node involvement in adenocarcinoma of lungs.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.409-415
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• 2001

Background : Multidrug-resistant tuberculosis(MDR-TB) in patients is mainly caused by acquired drug resistance. However, a small proportion of MDR-TB is caused by initial drug resistance(IDR), which may be somewhat different from acquired drug resistance. This study analyzed the clinical characteristics of IDR in MDR -TB patients to use the results as basic data in managing the disease. Methods : A retrospective study of 30 IDR cases in MDR-TB patients from Jan. 1995 to Dec. 1998 was performed. In order to analyze the clinical characteristics, the age, sex, family history, duration of negative conversion, number of resistant drugs, treatment regimens, duration of treatment, extent of disease and cavitary lesion on the chest X-ray was examined. In order to analyze the level of improvement, the extent of the disease and cavitary lesion on the chest X-ray, tested by Wilcoxon signed rank sum test, and the disease free interval rate of 1-year and 4-year was examined using the Kaplan-Meier method. Results : The mean age of the patients was 46.6 years and the sex ratio 1:1. Six(20%) patients had a family history. The mean negative conversion of the sputum AFB stain was 2.6 months. The number of resistant drugs was 7.6 and the number of used drugs 3.6. Twenty-three(67%) patients were treated for less than 12months and 28(93%) patients were treated with first-line drugs. The extent of the disease and the cavitary lesion on the chest X-ray improved after treatment(p<.05). Among 13 patients who were followed up for 22.6 months, 2(15%) patients relapsed and the disease free interval rate of I-year and 4-year was 85%. Conclusion: It is recommended that the duration of treatment of IDR in MDR-TB with first-line drugs be 9-12 months even if the extent of disease and cavitary lesion on the chest X-ray improves.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.60 no.1
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• pp.38-43
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• 2006

Background : Even though two-month rifampicin (RMP, R) and pyrazinamide (PZA, P) treatment has some advantages over isoniazid (INH, H) treatment for latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), it was withdrawn from the list of treatment regimens for LTBI because of reported cases of severe hepatotoxicity. The purpose of this study was to estimate the frequency of hepatotoxicity of RMP and PZA treatment excluding INH in a Korean population. Method : TIn order to recruit patients who were prescribed RMP and PZA excluding INH, 256 INH-resistant tuberculosis patients were investigated through retrospective medical record analysis. A standard four-drug regimen was changed to a RMP/PZA-containing regimen excluding INH in 64 patients (RZ+ group). In the same study period, 146 patients who were prescribed an INH/RMP/PZA-containing standard regimen were randomly selected as a control (HRZ+ group). Clinical characteristics including liver diseases and the frequency of drug-induced hepatitis were compared between the RZ+ and HRZ+ groups. Result : The mean age of patients in the RZ+ group was 50.2 (${\pm}16.2$) and the male-to-female ratio was 36:28. The frequency of underlying liver diseases was 10.9% (7/64), which was not significantly different from that of the HRZ+ group (4.1%, 6/146). Even though the treatment duration of RZ+ ($5.5{\pm}4.8months$) was longer that than that of HRZ+ ($2.7{\pm}2.3months$), the frequency of toxic hepatitis was not significantly different between RZ+ and HRZ+ groups, 3.5% (2/57) and 7.1% (10/140), respectively. Conclusion : Hepatotoxicity was mild and occurred in a minor proportion of patients in a Korean population prescribed an RMP/PZA-containing regimen. A future prospective study including more patients is needed.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.391-400
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• 2015

In order to investigate the distribution and species composition of fish in shallow wetlands that might be affected by environmental factors, we investigated the physicochemical parameters, macrophytes biomass, and fish assemblage in 24 shallow wetlands in South Korea from May to June, 2012. In this study, a total of 20 fish species were identified, and Cypinidae were found to be the most dominant species. Physicochemical parameters and macrophyte biomass were different in the survey sites, and macrophytes biomass, in particular, showed a positive relationship with fish abundance in stepwise multiple regression (df=1, F=32.00, P=0.001). According to the result of the cluster analysis between survey sites, the survey sites were divided into three groups in accordance with species composition of fish in relation to macrophytes biomass. In the wetlands of the first group, Lepomis macrochirus which belongs to Centrarchidae was found to be dominant and other fish assemblages were hardly seen. In the second group, unlike the first group, Carassius auratus that belongs to Cypinidae was found to be dominant. In the third group, Lepomis macrochirus was found to be as dominant as the first group but various other fish species appeared. Where there was abundance of the main food sources (i. e. zooplankton) of fish in the survey sites, there were more diverse macrophyte biomass. Consequently, it is proven that macrophytes strongly affect the species composition and abundance of fish, and high biomass of macrophytes support high assemblage of fish. Based on these results, we recommend establishing diverse aquatic macrophytes communities when restoring or creating wetlands to assure high diversity of fish species that use macrophytes as their habitat.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.79-87
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• 2007

An evaluation of the influence of nutritional health camp for in obese elementary students was assessed. Anthropometric measurement, 24-hour recall of dietary intake, MMTIC(Murphy-Meisgeier Type Indicator for Children) and questionnaire response(nutritional knowledge, nutritional attitude, and self-satisfaction) was documented in 43 obese elementary students(29 boys and 14 girls). The mean age of the elementary students was 11.2 years. The mean height, body weight and obesity index was 144.7 cm, 55.4 kg and 41.0% in boys, and 136.1 cm, 45.2 kg, 40.0% in girls. The mean energy intake was 1,522.4 kcal in boys and 1,494.9 kcal in girls. The subjects taking less than estimated average requirement(EAR) for vitamin ${B_2}$, folate, vitamin C and calcium was over 70%. A considerable number of students(65.1%) showed U band(undetermined character). The students demonstrated a propensity towards increased average nutritional knowledge and self-satisfaction after attending the nutritional health camp. In addition, a significant increase in average nutritional attitude was observed(p<0.001). The results of this study suggest that nutritional health camp positively influenced the nutritional attitude of elementary students.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.367-371
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• 2001

In this paper, theS $r_2$(T $a_{1-x}$ , N $b_{x}$)$_2$ $O_{7}$(STNO) films among ferroelectric materials having a low dielectric constant for metal-ferroelectric-semiconductor field effect transistor(MFS-FET) were discussed. The STNO thin films were deposited on p-type Si(100) at room temperature by co-sputtering with S $r_2$N $b_2$ $O_{7(SNO)}$ ceramic target and T $a_2$ $O_{5}$ ceramic target. The composition of STNO thin films was varied by adjusting the power ratios of SNO target and T $a_2$ $O_{5}$ target. The STNO films were annealed at 8$50^{\circ}C$, 90$0^{\circ}C$ and 9$50^{\circ}C$ temperature in oxygen ambient for 1 hour. The value of x has significantly influenced the structure and electrical properties of the STNO films. In the case of x= 0.4, the crystallinity of the STNO films annealed at 9$50^{\circ}C$ was observed well and the memory windows of the Pt/STNO/Si structure were 0.5-8.3 V at applied voltage of 3-9 V and leakage current density was 7.9$\times$10$_{08}$A/$\textrm{cm}^2$ at applied voltage of -5V.of -5V.V.V.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.68-75
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• 1985

Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of compost and humic acid treatment on adsorption of Cd, Zn, and Cu in soils. Three soils differing in physical and chemical properties used in this experiments were Bonyrang (Typic Udifluvents) SL, Gangseo (Aquatic Eutrochrepts) L, and Gyorae (Typic Distrandepts) SiL. Adsorption of Cd, Zn, ana Cu on the soils followed Langmuir isotherm up to 75 ppm of initial concentration. The adsorption maxima of Cd, Zn, and Cu for the Bonryang soil, the lowest in pH, organic matter content, and CEC, were the lowest of the three soils. Although the Gyorae soil derived from volcanic ash was the highest in organic matter content and CEC, the adsorption maxima of heavy metals for the Gyorae soil were lower than those for the Gangseo soil of which organic content and CEC were intermidiate. The adsorption maxima/CEC ratios for the Bonryang, the Gangseo, the Gyorae soils were found to be in the range of $23{\sim}27%,\;28{\sim}57%$, and $11{\sim}14%$ respectively The bonding energy constants of Cd, Zn, and Cu for the soils were in the order of Gangseo>Bonryang>Gyorae soils. The adsorption maxima of Cd, Zu, and Cu for the Bonryang soil increased with compost treatment by $100{\sim}210%,\;90{\sim}230%$, and $130{\sim}290%$ respectively, while little difference was observed when the soil was treated with humic acid Bonding energy constants of Cd, Zn, and Cu for the Bonryang soil increased significantly with compost treatment, and showed insignificant correlation with humic acid treatment.