• 대한본초학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2012

Objectives : ROS are involved in a wide spectrum of diseases including chronic inflammation and cancer. S.chinensis Baill, a perennial herb commonly called Chinese lizard's tail or Sam-baek-cho in Korea, is used for the treatment of edema and inflammatory diseases in the Oriental folk medicine. In this study, we investigated the antioxidant activities and anti-inflammatory effects of the two extracts, water(WE) and ethyl acetate(EAE) from S.chinensis Baill. Methods : Anti-oxidant activity was evaluated using Fe2+ chelating and hydroxyl radical scavenging assay. DNA cleavage assay, and western blot and immunostaining for phospho-p65 were performed to evaluate anti-oxidative effect. Anti-inflammatory effect was performed using NO generation assay and western blot in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cell. Results : In Fe2+ chelating activity and hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, WE showed more strong scavenging activity for hydroxyl radical than EAE. WE scavenged hydroxyl radical by 12% at 3.2 ${\mu}g/ml$, 21% at 16 ${\mu}g/ml$, 32% at 80 ${\mu}g/ml$, 66% at 400 ${\mu}g/ml$ and 82% at 2000 ${\mu}g/ml$, respectively. In addition, WE showed more strong chelating activity than EAE. WE chelated Fe2+ ion by 1.1% at 3.2 ${\mu}g/ml$, 8.2% at 16 ${\mu}g/ml$, 26.3% at 80 ${\mu}g/ml$, 72% at 400 ${\mu}g/ml$ and 89% at 2000 ${\mu}g/ml$, respectively. Also, WE inhibited oxidative damage via its anti-oxidant activity. In anti-inflammatory effect, EAE inhibited NO production and iNOS expression. In addition EAE suppressed the NF-${\kappa}B$ and MAPK signaling pathway in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells. Conclusions : Together, these data indicate that S. chinensis Baill, shows anti-oxidant activity and anti-inflammatory effect.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제25권6호
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• pp.865-872
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• 2002

In the course of the investigations of natural antioxidants, we examined the antioxidant activities of the methanol (MeOH) extracts of some selected Prunus species, including P. buergeriana, P. davidiana, P padus, P. pendula for. ascendens, P. sargentii, P. serrulata var. spontanea and P. yedoensis by three methods as represented by the 1, 1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical, total ROS (reactive oxygen species) and the peroxynitrite ($ONOO^-$) scavenging activity tests. We also evaluated the activities of the organic solvent-soluble fractions, including the dichloromethane ($CH_2Cl_2$), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), n-butanol (n-BuOH) fractions and the water ($H_2O$) layer of P. serrulata var. spontanea leaves. By means of bioassay-directed fractionation, we isolated eleven known flavonoids (1-11) from the EtOAc soluble fraction of the MeOH extract of the Prunus serrulata var. spontanea leaves, exhibiting strong antioxidant activity and characterized as prunetin (1), genistein (2), quercetin (3), prunetin $4'-O-{\beta}-glucopyranoside$ (4), kaempferol $3-O-{\alpha}-arabinofuranoside$ (5), prunetin $5-O-{\beta}-glucopyranoside$ (6), kaempferol $3-O-{\beta}-xylopyranoside$ (7), genistin (8), kaempferol $3-O-{\beta}-glucopyranoside$ (9), quercetin $3-O-{\beta}-glucopyranoside$ (10) and kaempferol $3-O-{\beta}-xylopyranosyl-(1{\rightarrow}2)-{\beta}-glucopyranoside$ (11). Compounds 3 and 10 showed good activities in all tested model systems. Compounds 2 and 8 showed scavenging activities in the DPPH and $ONOO^-$ tests, while compounds 5, 7, 9 and 11 were active in the $ONOO^-$ and ROS tests. On the other hand, compounds 1, 4 and 6 did not show any activities in the tested model systems.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제43권3호
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• pp.291-295
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• 2015

베리 또는 과채류 주스에는 다양한 종류의 항산화물질들이 함유되어 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. Oxygen radical absorbance capacity 측정 결과 아사이베리, 아로니아, 산머루, 블랙베리, 크랜베리, 시금치 주스로부터 높은 항산화 활성을 확인할 수 있었다. 선별된 베리 또는 과채류 주스의 항산화 활성을 증가시키기 위해 젖산균을 이용한 발효를 수행하였다. 아사이베리, 블랙베리, 또는 시금치 주스의 경우 Lactobacillus plantarum를 이용한 발효 후에 항산화 활성이 각각 943.2 µmol TE/g에서 1239.2 µmol TE/g로 110.87 µmol TE/g에서 128.04 μmol TE/g로 77.92 µmol TE/g에서 107.20 µmol TE/g로 약 16−38% 향상되었다. 본 연구를 통해 아사이베리, 블랙베리, 또는 시금치 주스의 항산화 활성이 젖산균 발효를 통해 증가하는 것을 확인하였다.

• 대한약침학회지
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• 제11권3호
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• pp.67-78
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• 2008

Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the antioxidant effects among wild ginseng, cultivated wild ginseng, and ginseng extracts. Methods: In vitro antioxidant activities were examined by total antioxidant capacity (TAC), oxygen radical scavenging capacity(ORAC), total phenolic content, 1, 1-Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity, inhibition of induced lipid peroxidation using liver mitochondria, reactive oxygen species(ROS) scavenging effect using 2', 7'-dichlorofluorescein(DCF) fluorescence. Results: 1. TAC of 1.5 and 3.75 mg extracts was highest in cultivated wild ginseng, followed by wild ginseng and lowest in ginseng. 2. ORAC of 2, 10, and $20{\mu}g$ extracts was highest in cultivated wild ginseng, followed by wild ginseng and lowest in ginseng. 3. Total phenolic content of 0.375, 0.938, and 1.875 mg extracts was highest in cultivated wild ginseng, followed by wild ginseng and lowest in ginseng. 4. DPPH(1, 1 -Diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) scavenging activity between wild ginseng and cultivated wild ginseng did not differ significantly (p>0.05). 5. Induced lipid peroxidation, measured by TBARS concentration in solution containing rat liver mitochondria incubated in the presence of $FeSO_4$/ascorbic acid was inhibited as amounts of wild ginseng, cultivated wild ginseng, and ginseng extracts increased. TBARS concentration of ginseng extracts were significantly (p<0.05) higher than wild ginseng or cultivated wild ginseng extracts. 6. DCF fluorescence intensity was decreased as concentrations of wild ginseng, cultivated wild ginseng, and ginseng extracts increased, demonstrating that ROS generation was inhibited in a concentrationdependent manner. Conclusions: In summary, the results of this study demonstrate that cultivated wild ginseng extracts had similar antioxidant activities to wild ginseng extracts and greater that of cultivated ginseng extracts.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.353-358
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• 2002

To test the protective effect of herbal medicine against oxygen free radical-induced myocardiotoxicity, cytotoxicity of xanthine oxidase/hypoxanthine (XO/HX) was examined using MTT, TBARS, and beating rate assay in the presence of water extract of Sujeom-san(SJS) or single consituents of its prescription. Myocardial toxicity was evaluated in neonatal rat myocardiocytes in cultures. In the present paper, XO/HX resulted in a decrease in viability and beating rate and increases in lipid peroxidation in cultured myocardial cells. In the effect of SJS water extract, it showed effects from the cardiocytotoxicity induced by XO/HX treatment such as increases in beating rate and decreases in lipid peroxidation. In the effect of Rhizoma Corydalis (RC), Faeces Trogopterori (FT), Fructus Amomi Tsaoko (FAT) and Myrrha on the cardiocytotoxicity, they were significantly effective in blocking the XO/HX-induced cardiocytotoxicity by increase of beating rate in FAT and FT group as well as decrease of lipid peroxidation in FT and RC group. These results show that oxygen free radical elicits toxic effects in cultured myocardial cells derived from neonatal rat, and suggest that water extract of Sujeomsan, Rhizoma Corydalis, Faeces Trogopterori, Fructus Amomi Tsaoko or Myrrha is very effective in the prevention of xanthine oxidase/hypoxanthine- induced cardiotoxicity.

• 동의신경정신과학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.309-320
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• 2013

Objectives : There is a possibility LRE as remedy in Alzheimer disease (AD), but it's nerve protection effect and mechanism have to be elucidate. In this research, we applied LRE on $A{\beta}_{25-35}$ pre-treated SH-SY5Y cells, to find out the nerve protection effect and mechanism in AD cell model. Methods : We tried to confirm that effect by experimenting with 20, 50, and $100{\mu}g/ml$ concentration of LRE as a medicine. Next experiment, we assessed damage effect which induced $A{\beta}_{25-35}$, known to cause AD, on SH-SY5Y cell. In addition, cellular viability test is executed under $H_2O_2$ treatment condition in a SH-SY5Y cell. Results : 1. In $A{\beta}_{25-35}$ treated SH-SY5Y cell, LRE exhibited an anti-phosphorylation effect about tau protein, JNK, and IKB. 2. LRE prevent nerve cell apoptosis, which indued $A{\beta}_{25-35}$ and oxidative stress, modify JNK engaged synaptic structure and $NF{\kappa}B$ induced p75-neurotrophin receptor polymorphism. Conclusions : We found that LRE prevented oxidative stress-induced cellular destruction, for example, increased SOD activity of $A{\beta}_{25-35}$ treated SH-SY5Y cell and reduced toxicity of oxygen free radical. Consequently, the ingredients of LRE have a role as a catalyzer for $A{\beta}_{25-35}$ clearance and as scavenger for active oxygen free radical.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.165-172
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• 2006

The backs with a hair cut of 6-week-old healthy ICR male mice were once exposed to a dose of $400mJ/cm^2$ UVB. An acute dermal inflammation was observed, and the inflamed skins were almost completely cured after 6 days of the exposure. At 24 hours after exposure, the epidermal keratinocytes showed a cell-membrane damage with the destruction of intercellular junctions, agglutination of tonofilaments within the cytoplasm and nucleus damage. The activity of XO showed a significant increase (p<0.05) in up to 144 hours. The activities of CAT and SOD showed a significant decrease (p<0.05) in up to 96 hours, but they were not significantly different from the normal value at 144 hours. The GST activity was significantly decreased (p<0.01) in up to 96 hours, not so at 24 hours. However, that was not significantly different from the normal value at 144 hours. There was a significant decrease (p<0.01) in the contents of TBARS at 48 and 96 hours, without any significant difference at 144 hours. While the content of GSH was significantly lower (p<0.05) at 24 hours, that was not significantly different thereafter up to 144 hours from the normal value. Therefore, it is assumed that skin damage with a dose of $400mJ/cm^2$ UVB irradiation might be caused by the oxidative stress which was resulted from the unbalance of oxygen fret radical generating and scavenging enzymes.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.119-124
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• 1997

Chronic hypertension is associated with impaired endothelial function such as reduced synthesis/release of endothelium-derived relaxing factor(EDRF, nitric oxide) and increased synthesis/release of endothelium-derived contracting factor(EDCF) including prostaglandin endoperoxide($PGH_2$) , superoxide anion both in animals and in humans. We have previously shown that ginsenosides lower the blood pressure and enhance the release of nitric oxide(NO) from endothelial cells in the rat aorta of the normotensive rats. The aim of the present study is to examine whether in vivo treatment of spontaneously hypertensive rats(SHRs) with protopanaxatriol ginsenosides(PPT) reduces the blood pressure and improves endothelial function in the isolated thoracic aorta of SHR. In addition, the contractile response to $PGH_2$ and superoxide anion in the aorta treated with PPT was assessed. SHRs at the age of 16 weeks were savaged with PPT(30 mg/kg/ day) for 2 weeks and systolic blood pressure was measured by the tail-cuff method. Whereas blood pressure was significantly increased in SHRs by 5.4 mmHg during this period of treatment, treatment of SHRs with PPT blocked the elevation of blood pressure. Endothelium-dependent relaxation to acetylcholine was significantly increased in the PPT-treated animals. $PGH_2$- and oxygen-derived free radical-induced contractions were significantly suppressed in aortic rings without endothelium from PPT-treated SHR. These findings indicate that PPT reduces the blood pressure of SHR, which may be associated with either increase of NO release or by antagonizing superoxide anion and PGH2 in the aortic smooth muscle.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.177-183
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• 2012

Interruption of blood flow through coronary arteries and its subsequent restoration triggers the generation of a burst of reactive oxygen species (ROS), leading to myocardial cell death. In this study, we determined whether a methanol extract of Cassia mimosoides var. nomame Makino could prevent myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury. When radical scavenging activity of the extract was measured in vitro using its ${\alpha}$,${\alpha}$-diphenyl-${\beta}$-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical quenching ability, the extract showed an activity slightly lower than that of ascorbic acid. Three days after oral administration of the extract (400 mg/kg/day) to rats, myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury was generated by 30 min of ligation of the left anterior descending coronary artery (LAD), followed by 3 hr reperfusion. Compared with the vehicle-treated group, administration of the extract significantly reduced infarct size (IS) (ratio of infarct area to area at risk) in the extract-treated group by 28.3%. Reduction in the cellular injury was mediated by attenuation of Bax/Bcl-2 ratio by 33.3%, inhibition of caspase-3 activation from procaspase-3 by 40%, and subsequent reduction in the number of apoptotic cells by 66.3%. These results suggest that the extract attenuates myocardial injury in a rat model of ischemia-reperfusion by scavenging ROS, including free radicals, and consequently blocking apoptotic cascades. Therefore, intake of Cassia mimosoides var. nomame Makino might be beneficial for preventing ischemic myocardial injury.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.279-285
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• 2003

In our ongoing study to identity antioxidants from natural sources, the antioxidant activity of Nelumbo nucifera stamens was evaluated for their potential to scavenge stable 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radicals, inhibit total reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, in kidney homogenates using 2 ,7 -dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (DCHF-DA), and scavenge authentic peroxynitrites ($ONOO^-$). A methanol (MeOH) extract of the stamens of N. nucifera showed strong antioxidant activity in the $ONOO^-$system, and marginal activity in the DPPH and total ROS systems, so were therefore fractionated with several organic solvents, such as dichloromethane ($CH_2 Cl_2$), ethyl acetate (EtOAc) and n-butanol (n-BuOH). The EtOAc soluble fraction, which exhibited strong antioxidant activity in all the model systems tested, was further purified by repeated silica gel and Sephadex LH-20 column chromatographies. Seven known flavonoids [kaempferol (1), kaempferol 3-Ο-$\beta$-D-glucuronopyranosyl methylester (2), kaempferol 3-Ο-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside (3), kaempferol 3-Ο-$\beta$-D-galactopyranoside (4), myricetin 3 ,5 -dimethylether 3-Ο-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside (5), kaempferol 3-Ο-$\alpha$-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1$\rightarrow$6)-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside (6) and kaempferol 3-Ο-$\beta$-D-glucuronopyranoside (7)], along with $\beta$-sitosterol glucopyranoside (8), were isolated. Compound 1 possessed good activities in all the model systems tested. Compounds 2 and 7 showed scavenging activities in the DPPH and $ONOO^-$ tests, while compounds 3 and 4 were only active in the $ONOO^-$ test. Conversely, compound 8 showed no activities in any of the model systems tested.