• 제목/요약/키워드: Oxidation efficiency

검색결과 954건 처리시간 0.037초

Evaluation of DMS Flux and Its Conversion to SO(sub)2 in Tropical ACE 1 Marine Boundary Layer

  • Shon, Zang-Ho;Taekyung Yoon;Kim, Jungkwon
    • Environmental Sciences Bulletin of The Korean Environmental Sciences Society
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    • 제4권3호
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    • pp.139-148
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    • 2000
  • A mass balance/photochemical modeling approach was used to evaluate the sea-to-air dimethyl sulfide (DMS) fluxes in tropical regions and part of the Southern Ocean. The flux determinations were based on 10 airborne observations by ACE 1 transit flights (i.e., Flights 4-9 and 29-32). The DMS flux values for the tropical regions ranged from 1.0 to 7.4 $\mu$mole/$m^2$/day with an average estimate of 4.2$\pm$2.3 $\mu$mole/$m^2$/day. The seasonal variations in the DMS flux predicted for the equatorial Pacific Ocean based on atmospheric DMS measurements were not entirely consistent with those derived from seawater DMS measurements were not entirely consistent with those derived from seawater DMS measurements reported in previous literature. Inhomogeneities in the DMS flux field were found to cause significant shifts in the atmospheric DMS levels even in the same sampling location. Accordingly, no definitive statement can be made at this stage regarding systematic differences or agreements in the DMS flux estimates from the two approaches. Moreover, this study strongly suggests that DMS oxidation is the most likely dominant source of SO$_2$in tropical regions, which is also supported by another set of compiled observations. Finally, these SO$_2$observations indicate that, when significant data was available for both the boundary and buffer layers, the vertical SO$_2$gradient between these two zones was primarily negative.

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Effects of Pre-reducing Sb-Doped SnO2 Electrodes in Viologen-Anchored TiO2 Nanostructure-Based Electrochromic Devices

  • Cho, Seong Mok;Ah, Chil Seong;Kim, Tae-Youb;Song, Juhee;Ryu, Hojun;Cheon, Sang Hoon;Kim, Joo Yeon;Kim, Yong Hae;Hwang, Chi-Sun
    • ETRI Journal
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    • 제38권3호
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    • pp.469-478
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    • 2016
  • In this paper, we investigate the effects of pre-reducing Sb-doped $SnO_2$ (ATO) electrodes in viologen-anchored $TiO_2$ (VTO) nanostructure-based electrochromic devices. We find that by pre-reducing an ATO electrode, the operating voltage of a VTO nanostructure-based electrochromic device can be lowered; consequently, such a device can be operated more stably with less hysteresis. Further, we find that a pre-reduction of the ATO electrode does not affect the coloration efficiency of such a device. The aforementioned effects of a pre-reduction are attributed to the fact that a pre-reduced ATO electrode is more compatible with a VTO nanostructure-based electrochromic device than a non-pre-reduced ATO electrode, because of the initial oxidized state of the other electrode of the device, that is, a VTO nanostructure-based electrode. The oxidation state of a pre-reduced ATO electrode plays a very important role in the operation of a VTO nanostructure-based electrochromic device because it strongly influences charge movement during electrochromic switching.

초내열합금 GTD-111의 고온 저주기피로 수명예측 (Low-Cycle Fatigue Life Prediction in GTD-111 Superalloy at Elevated Temperatures)

  • 양호영;김재훈;유근봉;이한상;유영수
    • 대한기계학회논문집A
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    • 제35권7호
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    • pp.753-758
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    • 2011
  • 초내열합금인 GTD-111은 고온강도와 내산화성이 우수하여 가스터빈에서 사용되는 소재이다. 초내열합금의 피로 수명 예측은 가스터빈의 효율을 개선하기 위하여 매우 중요하다. 본 연구에서의 저주기 피로시험은 실제 운전 환경과 유사하게 변형률 범위, 온도를 다양하게 설정하여 시험을 수행하였다. GTD-111의 저주기 피로수명을 예측하기 위하여 변형률 에너지 밀도와 파단 사이클과의 관계를 이용하였다. 시험결과를 토대로 변형률 에너지법과 Coffin-Manson법에 의하여 피로수명을 예측하였다.

오존에 의한 활성오니처리 방류수의 탈색처리 연구 (Decolorization System of Effluent of Activated Sludge Process Using Ozone)

  • 최희철;곽정훈;최동윤;권두중;김형호;이덕수;강희설;최영수;천상석
    • 한국축산시설환경학회지
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    • 제8권3호
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    • pp.153-158
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    • 2002
  • 활성오니처리를 한 양돈폐수 방류수의 잔여오염물질을 정화하고 색도 구성물질을 분해하고자 4개의 오존처리조와 폭기조, 침전조 등으로 구성된 처리소 총 처리조용량이 594.5l이고 1일 200l씩 처리가 가능한 20g/hr의 오존발생기가 부착된 오존이용 탈색 시스템을 개발하였으며 그 시험 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 오존처리시 온도는 반응열에 의하여 처리전 31.$0^{\circ}C$에서 처리중에는 41.9$^{\circ}C$까지 증가하였으며 pH도 처리 과정 중에 계속적으로 증가했다. 2. 산화환원전위차는 처리전에 148㎷였으나 처리중에 증가하여 330㎷까지 증가하였으며 처리가 완료된 후 방류조에서는 다시 감소하였다. 3. BOD의 경우 처리전 11mg/l였으나 처리후에 1mg/l로 낮아졌으며 CO $D_{MN}$ 의 경우에도 83mg/l에서 1.0mg/l으로 낮아졌다. 4. 활성오니처리 방류수의 색도는 442도였으나 오존처리후에는 색도가 6도로 98.6%의 높은 색도제거효율을 보였다.

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고질소 둔감에너지 물질인 DNAM(Dinitroammeline) 합성공정 개발 (Synthesis of a Nitrogen-rich Insensitive Energetic Material, DNAM(Dinitroammeline))

  • 설민정;김민준;김진석;김승희
    • 한국추진공학회지
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    • 제20권1호
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    • pp.50-57
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    • 2016
  • 본 논문은 DNAM(Dinitroammeline)합성공정 개발을 위한 Lab scale 합성 과정을 소개하고 분석결과를 기록한 것으로 주요 내용은 다음과 같다 Melamine을 출발물질로 하여 니트로화와 산화 반응을 통해 DNAM을 합성하였다. 수율과 순도의 최적 조건을 찾기 위해 투입순서, 반응시간, 반응물 당량 등을 변경하여 실험을 수행하였다. DNAM 합성의 최적화된 조건은 3시간에서 3시간 30분 정도 반응시간이고, 니트로화 혼합물의 무게비는 1:1.4(아세트산 무수물:농질산)이며, 최종 수율은 60% 이상이다.

Synthesis of Solution-Processed Cu2ZnSnSe4 Thin Films on Transparent Conducting Oxide Glass Substrates

  • Ismail, Agus;Cho, Jin Woo;Park, Se Jin;Hwang, Yun Jeong;Min, Byoung Koun
    • Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • 제35권7호
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    • pp.1985-1988
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    • 2014
  • $Cu_2ZnSnSe_4$ (CZTSe) thin films were synthesized on transparent conducting oxide glass substrates via a simple, non-toxic, and low-cost process using a precursor solution paste. A three-step heating process (oxidation, sulfurization, and selenization) was employed to synthesize a CZTSe thin film as an absorber layer for use in thin-film solar cells. In particular, we focused on the effects of sulfurization conditions on CZTSe film formation. We found that sulfurization at $400^{\circ}C$ involves the formation of secondary phases such as $CuSe_2$ and $Cu_2SnSe_3$, but they gradually disappeared when the temperature was increased. The formed CZTSe thin films showed homogenous and good crystallinity with grain sizes of approximately 600 nm. A solar cell device was tentatively fabricated and showed a power conversion efficiency of 2.2% on an active area of 0.44 $cm^2$ with an open circuit voltage of 365 mV, a short current density of 20.6 $mA/cm^2$, and a fill factor of 28.7%.

아세트알데히드와 오존 복합악취 저감을 위한 망간기반 촉매 성능 연구 (A Study on the Removal of Complex Odor including Acetaldehyde and Ozone Over Manganese-based Catalysts)

  • 서민혜;이민석;이수영;조성수;엄성현
    • 공업화학
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    • 제28권2호
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    • pp.193-197
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    • 2017
  • 본 연구에서는 대형 직화구이 음식점으로부터 배출되는 유증기 및 미세먼지 제거를 위해 습식 플라즈마 전기집진 공정을 적용할 경우, 집진공정 후단에서 나오는 잔여 오존을 활용하여 제거되지 않은 아세트알데히드와 오존을 제거함으로써 복합악취를 저감할 수 있는 오존 산화 촉매 공정을 개발하였다. 망간산화물 기반 촉매는 분말 촉매 제조 후 압출하여 펠렛 형태로 성형하였으며, 성형촉매 상에서 아세트알데히드와 오존 모두 높은 제거율을 나타낼 수 있도록 최적 조건을 도출하고자 하였다. 제조한 $Mn_2O_3$$CuMnO_x$ 촉매는 각각의 성능을 평가하였으며, 이 두 가지 촉매를 2단으로 적용하였을 때 공간속도 $10,000h^{-1}$, 반응온도 $100^{\circ}C$인 조건에서 아세트알데히드는 85% 이상, 오존은 100% 저감시킬 수 있었다.

토양 혼합여재를 이용한 질소산화물 제거특성 (Removal Characteristics of NOx Using a Mixed Soil-Biofilter)

  • 조기철;신은상;황경철;조일형;이내현;여현구
    • 환경위생공학
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    • 제21권3호
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    • pp.15-26
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    • 2006
  • As traffic in city-centre around the world continues to increase, so levels of atmospheric pollutants continue to rise. High concentrations of NOx can have negative effects on human health, and we must find new ways to reduce their levels in the air we breathe. Nitrogen oxide gas (NOx), consisting of nitrogen monoxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide $(NO_2)$ produced using $O_3$ oxidation, at a low concentration corresponding to that on roads as a result of exhaust from automobiles, was carried out to evaluate the removal characteristics of NOx through a laboratory-scale biofilter packed with soil as a packing material. A mixture media (yellow soil (30%): soil (40%): compost (10%): a used briquet (20%)) was applied. After about 1day of operation, the removal efficiency for $NO_2$ in all experiments with a constant condition ($25^{\circ}C$ and water humidity (60%)) was over 98%. The retention times of the section between phase I and phase II for formation and reduction of $NO_3$ NO and $NO_2$ on the initial $NO_3$ concentration was 50min $(O_3:195\;ppb),\;55min\;(O_3:925\;ppb),\;65min\;(O_3:1743\;ppb),\;70min\;(O_3:2616\;ppb),\;75min\;(O_3:3500\;ppb)$, respectively The soil biofilter system is a unique technology that purifies urban air by utilizing the natural processes that take place in the soil. Although some of the processes are quite complex, they can broadly be summarized as adsorption onto soil particles, dissolution into soil pore water, and biochemical.

전자빔 조사에 의한 오염토양중의 PAHs및 PCBs의 분해 (Removal of PAHs and PCBs in artificially contaminated soils using electron beam irradiation)

  • 김석구;정장식;김이태;배우근
    • 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
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    • 제7권3호
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    • pp.61-70
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    • 2002
  • 난분해성 유기오염물로 오염된 토양 복원을 위한 전자빔 직접조사 공정의 적용가능성을 평가하기 위하여 PAHs 와 PCBs로 오염시킨 토양에 대한 전자빔 조사실험을 수행하였다 전자빔 흡수선량 600kGy에서 PAHs의 제거율은 약 97% 이었고 PCBs는 800kGy에서 약 70%가 제거되었다. PAHs는 PCBs에 비해 낮은 흡수선량에서도 높은 제거율을 나타내었다. 오염물의 분해는 가속된 전자와 물의 반응으로 생성된 반응성 높은 중간생성물에 의한 산화/환원 반응보다는 고에너지 전자와 대상오염물의 직접적인 반응에 기인한다. 전자빔 조사에 의해 난분해성 오염물질로 오염된 토양을 효과적으로 제거할 수 있으나 이를 위해 높은 에너지를 요구하므로 비경제적인 공법이 될 수 있다. 따라서, 전자빔 직접조사 공정보다는 기존 토양복원 공법의 후처리 공정으로 개발하는 것이 경제적이고 실용화 가능할 것으로 판단된다.

물 재이용을 위한 하수처리장 방류수 색도의 자외선처리에 미치는 과산화수소의 영향 (Effect of Hydrogen Peroxide on UV Treatment of Color in Secondary Effluent for Reclamation)

  • 박기영;맹승규;김기팔;이석헌;권지향;안규홍
    • 상하수도학회지
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    • 제18권3호
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    • pp.377-384
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    • 2004
  • In the present study, a feasibility of an advanced oxidation process using UV/Hydrogen peroxide($H_2O_2$) system equipped with a medium pressure lamp for secondary effluent reclamation was investigated. Initial concentration of $H_2O_2$ and pH were changed to determine the optimum operation condition for the system. The removal efficiency of color was than 80% with 14.3mg/L of initial $H_2O_2$ and 5 minute of contact time in the UV/$H_2O_2$ system. The color removal was analyzed using first-order reaction equation. The dependence of rate constant (k) on initial $H_2O_2$ represented the rational relationship with maximum value. Residual $H_2O_2$ caused increase of effluent COD, since analyzing agent, dichromate, reacted with $H_2O_2$ in the sample. Therefore, excess initial concentration of $H_2O_2$ would significantly affect effluent COD measurement. At pH variation experiment, both residual $H_2O_2$ and color showed peak in the neutral pH range with the same pattern. Effect of $H_2O_2$ dose also enhanced color removal but raised residual $H_2O_2$ problem in the continuous operation UV system. In conclusion, these results indicated that medium pressure UV/$H_2O_2$ system could be used to control color in the secondary effluent for reclamation and reuse.