• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.77-83
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• 2017

Background: Although there have been multiple reports on surgical outcomes of superior labral anterior to posterior (SLAP) lesions in overhead athletes, only a few reports exist in the literature about the results of nonoperative treatment in elite (collegiate or professional) overhead athletes. To determine the clinical outcomes of nonoperative treatment of SLAP lesions in elite overhead athletes. Methods: Between January 2006 and December 2011, 69 patients were selected. Initial arthroscopic SLAP repair was performed in 19 patients and of the 50 patients who underwent nonsurgical treatment, such as range of motion gain and periscapular muscle strengthening, 14 patients were converted to surgical treatment; 5 patients were lost to follow-up. Medical records of 31 elite overhead athletes who underwent nonsurgical treatment were retrospectively reviewed. Four clinical outcome measures were used: visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain, VAS for satisfaction, American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons (ASES) score, and subjective feeling of recovery. Results: The average follow-up period was 35.9 months (range, 24-62 months). The VAS for pain decreased from 6.5 to 2.2 (p<0.01) and VAS for satisfaction was 7.6. The ASES score increased from 54.1 to 85.9 (p<0.01). The overall average value of subjective feeling of recovery was 72%. Twenty-three out of 31 elite athletes (74.2%) returned to play after rehabilitation; these 23 athletes performed at the same or higher levels after rehabilitation. Conclusions: Nonsurgical treatment in elite overhead athletes with SLAP lesion should be considered as a treatment option.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.235-240
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• 2019

Ulnar collateral ligament injuries of the elbow are frequent among overhead athletes. The incidence of ulnar collateral ligament reconstructions (UCLRs) in high-level players has increased dramatically over the past decade, but the optimal technique of UCLR is controversial. Surgeons need to manage the patients' expectations appropriately when considering the mode of treatment. This article reviews current studies on the management of ulnar collateral ligament injuries, particularly in overhead athletes.

• The Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Ultrasound Society
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.81-88
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• 2012

Purpose: To evaluate the ultrasonographic (US) findings in both shoulders of asymptomatic high school overhead athletes and compare with healthy control. Materials and Methods: 33 individuals (age: $17.5{\pm}1.4$ years) participated in this study. We recruited two groups of high school male athletes, 13 baseball and 10 volleyball players without shoulder pain for recent 6 months as well as one control group of 10 untrained healthy high school students who were age-matched. Ultrasound measurements of thickness of biceps and supraspinatus tendon and acromio-humral distance (AHD) at 0o abduction were taken in dominant and nondominant shoulders. Results: On US examination, subacromial bursa effusion was observed in 5 of the dominant shoulders and in 1 of the nondominant shoulder of 23 overhead athletes and in none of the asymptomatic controls. The thickness of the biceps and supraspinatus tendons and AHD in both shoulders were significantly greater in the athletes than in the controls (P<0.05). We also found that the thickness of the biceps and supraspinatus tendon and AHD of the dominant shoulder were significantly greater than the non-dominant shoulder in overhead athletes (P<0.05), but there were no differences between baseball and volleyball players. Conclusion: Subacromial effusion could be found even in the asymptomatic stage overhead athlete and the thickness of the biceps and supraspinatus tendons and AHD were significantly greater in the overhead athletes than in the healthy controls. Our data is useful reference guide for the ultrasonographic diagnosis of shoulder pathologies occurring in overhead athletes.

• Journal of the Korean Orthopaedic Association
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.302-308
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• 2019

A painful shoulder is common among athletes, particularly those involved in overhead throwing. Professional and recreational athletes in throwing activities have an increased risk of partial thickness tears of the rotator cuff. The manuscript was to reviews the literature on the characteristics of injury, treatment strategies, and their results in throwing athletes.

• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.59-66
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• 2008

• 대한정형외과스포츠의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.53-59
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• 2005

• 대한정형외과스포츠의학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.04a
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• pp.33-43
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• 2007

• The Korean journal of sports medicine
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.173-179
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• 2018

A variety of theories have been reported as causes of shoulder pain in overhead throwing athletes. Recently, an explanation with microinstability of the shoulder and internal impingement has been proposed. The concept of the microinstability is that pathologic laxity of the anterior capsule caused by repeated abduction and external rotation of the shoulder leads to abnormal glenohumeral biomechanics and causes internal impingement of the shoulder. Based on the understanding of the pathology, it is recommended to identify the causes of shoulder pain in the overhead throwing athletes and perform appropriate rehabilitation or surgical treatment.

• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.119-126
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• 2003

The shoulder is a complex joint and, by virtue of having a large range of motion, is inherently unstable, relying on the surrounding soft tissue structures for stability. The bony joint consists of the glenoid, acromion, and humoral head, while the soft tissues include the glenoid labrum, the glenohumeral ligaments. and coracoacromial ligament as well as the muscles of the rotator cuff, the long head of the biceps, and the scapulothoracic muscles. Dysfunction in any one of these components can cause shoulder problems. The throwing motion involves a series of phases that stress to their limits the dynamic and static restraints of the glenohumeral and scapulothoracic joints. . Therefore, maintaining a balance of proper biomechanical forces is essential to avoiding shoulder injuries in throwing athletes. Over the last decade, signficant advances have been made in the study and understanding of the shoulder mechanics, and pathophysiology of injury. Additionally, advances in surgical techniques, particularly arthroscopy , have aided in the diagnosis of and the developement of less invasive surgical treatments for injuries that do not respond to nonoperative measures. In this article, we reviewed the pathophysiology of injuries , diagnostic techniques, and surgical management of shoulder injuries in throwing athletes .

• Journal of Korean Orthopaedic Sports Medicine
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.95-99
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• 2005

Acromioclavicula. joint injuries occur as a result of force applied directly to the shoulder or indirectly through the humerus. Even though the main cause of injuries are direct trauma, indirect injury due to repetitive stress on the joint also could occur to the throwing athletes. The extent of injury to the ligaments responsible for acromioclavicular joint stability along with trapezius and deltoid muscle attachments determines the direction and degree of injury. Correct classification of injury based on clear understanding of anatomy and mechanism of injury can assist in tailoring a treatment to a throwing athletes.