• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.230-237
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• 2018

Objective: To compare adverse event reporting patterns between ethical-the-counter and over-the-counter drugs from community pharmacies and outpatient settings. Methods: We conducted a descriptive study using the adverse event reporting database, wherein data were collected from the regional pharmacovigilance centers of the Korean Pharmaceutical Association between January 1, 2016 and December 31, 2016. The reported drugs were classified into either ethical-the-counter or over-the-counter drugs, and we compared the distribution of patient age and gender, frequent adverse events and medications, serious adverse events, and causality assessment results, where causality assessments were performed according to the World Health Organization-The Uppsala Monitoring Centre's system. Results: We included 17,570 reports (75,451 drug-adverse event pairs). Ethical-the-counter and over-the-counter drugs accounted for 81.4% and 18.6% of the total adverse event reports, respectively. The use of over-the-counter drugs was higher in females and patients aged <18 years, whereas the use of ethical-the-counter drugs was higher in those aged >65 years. Alimentary tract and metabolism drugs, and respiratory system drugs were the most frequent ethical-the-counter and over-the-counter drugs, respectively. From causality assessment results, "possible" (75.4%) was the most commonly assigned category for ethical-the-counter drugs, while "possible" (44.0%) and "unlikely" (47.7%) were the most common categories for over-the-counter drugs. The distribution of serious adverse events were similar for both ethical-the-counter and over-the-counter drugs. Conclusion: Differences were observed in age, gender, reported medications, and symptoms for both ethical-the-counter and over-the-counter drugs. Further pharmacovigilance activities considering the adverse event characteristics of over-the-counter drugs, which are comparable to ethical-the-counter drugs, should be performed.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.49-56
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• 2013

Objective: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the patterns of Over-the-Counter (OTC) drugs and their interactions with prescription drugs in adults visiting a community pharmacy. Method: The subjects were 151 adults aged over 20 years visiting a community pharmacy in Asan-si from December 16th 2011 to February 1st 2012. We used a survey questionnaire. The survey inquired about the prevalence and the details of any OTC drug use and the characteristics of the study subjects. The drug interaction classification system from Lexicomp's Lexi-interact data fields was used to identify OTC drugs likely to have clinically significant interactions with prescription drugs. Results: The patterns of OTC drug use were related to thirties (from 30 to 40 years old), female gender, higher education, non-smoking, sometimes use of alcohol, and self-perceived normal health status. The most commonly used OTC drug category was antipyretic-analgesics (n=104, 53.3%), and the most commonly used ingredient was acetaminophen (n=67, 64.4%). The biggest motivation for taking OTC drugs was suggestion by pharmacists, reported by 55.6%. After reviewing each patient's prescription drugs and OTC drugs, 14 patients (36.8%) of 38 patients using prescription drugs were taking drug combinations with potential for clinically significant interactions. The concomitant use of OTC drugs with prescription drugs may lead to increased potentially harmful interactions. Conclusion: It is suggested that health-care professionals should be more aware of the potential and possible interactions and take into better account their patients' OTC drug use.

• 의료법학
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.265-291
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• 2011

Changes in a drug's availability from prescription only to over-the-counter (OTC) status is of concern to physicians from both public health and individual patient perspectives. Government has generally been supportive of changes in medications from prescription(Rx) to over-the-counter (OTC) status in Korea, however, recognizing that there are both benefits and risks to any health care intervention, health care professionals are conservative in implementing changes to either the process or structure of health care. Changes in status of a drug from Rx to OTC can represent a change in both structure and process. Cost and convenience seem to be major factors in determining whether, given the choice, patients purchase a medicine over the counter or obtain it on prescription. With current arrangements, exemption from prescription charges provides an incentive to continue to obtain products on NHS prescription even when they are available over the counter. There is therefore no simple relation between the availability of over the counter medicines and the level of prescribing of deregulated products. The appropriate use of over the counter medicines-particularly those that have only recently been deregulated-places a burden of care on community pharmacists and calls for closer working relationships with general practitioners. In particular, systems for referral and for recording details of both prescribed and over the counter medicines need to be developed, and a direct route needs to be established for community pharmacists to report adverse drug reactions to over the counter products. Reclassification of prescription medicines-by making them available through pharmacies without a prescription-provides the opportunity for consumers to purchase a wider range of medicinal products without making a demand on NHS resources. There is, however, no simple relation between availability of over the counter medicines and demand for NHS prescriptions. In the late 1980s the UK government fuelled the over the counter market by making it easier to reclassify certain medicines from prescription only status to allow over the counter sale in pharmacies. To explore the influence of deregulation of medicines on NHS prescribing, this article presents analyses of consumer behaviour in using medicines and prescribers' attitudes to over the counter medication and collates findings from research. Policy makers should be aware that patients' expectations in relation to OTC medicines may be in conflict with evidence-based practice.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2003년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.2-2
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• pp.71.2-72
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• 2003

This presentation is to enhance the pharmacist's role in Over-The-Counter(OTC) drug selection and patient counseling for diversification of pharmacy management after the separation of prescribing and dispensing practice in Korea. Self-medication by OTC drugs may be viewed as one element of the broader self-care treatment. The patient may use a OTC drug to manage a minor ailment, a process that may be supported by counseling from a pharmacist. Pharmacists involved in self-medication decisions have a greater involvement with patients and an enhanced professional role. (omitted)

• 약학회지
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• 제57권1호
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• pp.55-62
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• 2013

Objective: This study aims to assess the following issues - acquisition level in terms of the information on frequently used drugs of youth, access paths for the information, actual status of the use of drugs frequently used by youth, types of the used drugs, drug abuse among youth, and the consequent drawbacks. This study also takes aims at suggestion of correct role of pharmacists in consideration of drug abuse among youth. Methods: During the period from August 1, 2011 to October 31, 2012, a research design and a question development have been conducted. To the students of the schools that were randomly selected (elementary school's N=99, middle school's N=106, high school's N=115 and university's N=115), it was asked to complete given questionnaire from August 1, 2012 to August 31, 2012. During the period from September 1, 2012 to October 30, 2012, the questionnaires were collected back and the analysis and evaluation of them were carried out. Results: Drugs known to the respondents were a total of 115 different medicines and most of the drugs belonged to over-the-counter drugs. The most well known drug was pain reliever and the second most familiar drug was wound ointment. Most of the respondents found the drugs through direct use and advertisement. In everyday life, more than half of the respondents were using over-the-counter drugs as well as health supplements. The most commonly used drug was analgesic drug. It was showed that the respondents also frequently used the drugs for improving their grades and appearances. It was shown that among the cases of drug use, there were also the cases of misuse and abuse of drugs for the respondents or people around them. Reliability of pharmacists was shown to be high and many students were also satisfied with the pharmacists' guidance for medication. Conclusion: Currently many students are using different kinds of drug in daily life, and there is a possibility that the risk of misuse and abuse of drugs will be increased. Those age groups can easily engage in bad habit of drug use. Thus, promotion on accurate drug information has to be strengthened, and pharmacists are required to conduct correct guidance for drug user's medication in terms of use amount, usage, interactions among different drugs, and potential risks.

• 약학회지
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• 제60권3호
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• pp.146-153
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• 2016

Over-the-counter (OTC) drugs refer to medicines that are generally safe when used according to the product label. We aimed to assess and reflect upon changes in perception of health and health-related demands by decades in Korea according to the consumption and sales trends of OTC drugs. This study was conducted by literature search on the production and sale rankings of OTC drug market in Korea. Changes in the OTC drug market were analyzed and organized by decades to evaluate changes in drug demands and the influence of national and societal factors. There was a specific trend in the most popular drugs by decades. In the 1950s, drugs of top necessity were antibiotics and helminthics. In the 1960s, the pharmaceutical industry quickly grew and invigorators, such as Bacchus$^{(R)}$, Alps$^{(R)}$, Aronamin$^{(R)}$, were top manufactured drugs. Popularity of these invigorating drinks and vitamin products continued until the 1990s. In 1990s, sales of topical nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (Ketotop Plaster$^{(R)}$, Trast Patch$^{(R)}$), and in 2000s, gum disease medicine (Insadol$^{(R)}$) and liver and intestine supplement (Ursa$^{(R)}$) were prominent. However, after the separation of prescribing and dispensing in 2000, the sales of OTC drugs decreased dramatically from 58.7% of the total market share in 1990s to 39.6% in 2000 and this trend has continued. In 2012, thirteen OTC drugs were allowed to be sold in convenience stores, and as the sales of health functional foods have been expanding beyond pharmacies, sales of invigorators and nutritional supplements in pharmacies have continued to decrease. As government's drug expenditure will continue to grow, reclassification of OTC drugs based on established safety information and deliberate team efforts on continued development of OTC drugs to meet the health demands of Koreans are required by the healthcare professionals, pharmaceutical industries, and the government.

• 정신신체의학
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.172-178
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• 2018

연구목적 본 연구에서는 독거노인에서의 비처방 일반의약품의 사용행태를 조사하고 그 예측 인자를 확인하고자 하였다. 방 법 본 연구는 일 지역에 거주하는 독거노인 1,099명을 대상자로 시행되었다. 비처방 일반의약품의 사용행태, 인구사회학적 정보, 신체 건강상태(Cumulative illness rating scale, CIRS), 인지기능, 기분 장애 등을 자가설문지와 훈련된 간호사의 면담을 통해 조사하였다. 통계분석은 비처방 약물 사용행태나 인구학적 변인에 대해서는 기술적 통계분석을 시행하였으며 비처방 약물 사용과 관련된 예측인자를 확인하기 위해 로지스틱 회귀분석을 사용하였다. 결 과 전체 대상자의 35.4%가 비처방 약물을 복용하고 있었으며 진통제는 가장 많이 처방되는 약물로서 비처방 약물 복용군의 38.3%가 진통제를 처방받았다. 우울증(OR=1.44, 95% CI=1.10~1.87)과 누적질환평가척도(Cumulative illness rating scale, CIRS)로 측정한 신체건강 중증도(OR=1.08, 95% CI=1.03~1.12)가 비처방 약물 사용과 유의한 상관성이 있었다. 결 론 독거노인에게서 우울장애와 신체건강 중증도는 비처방 약물 사용의 예측인자가 될 수 있으며 임상가는 노인의 비처방 약물의 사용에 대해 주의를 기울여야 한다.

• 한국임상약학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.282-287
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• 2014

Objective: Objective of this study was to investigate community pharmacy-based pharmaceutical care accessibility in Korea. Survey on the current pharmaceutical care service provision was performed by PM2000 XE, a real-time pharmacy manager program, operated by Korea Pharmaceutical Information Center beginning November 4, 2013 until December 6, 2013 towards all community pharmacies throughout the nation which use the program. Method: The survey questionnaire consisted of four sections: pharmacy type, time-based accessibility, item-based accessibility, and spatial accessibility for non-prescription drugs. Results: Number of pharmacy responded to the survey was 331, and size of the responding pharmacy was mostly medium-scale (66.47%) with 30-99 prescription fillings a day. Proportion of pharmacy with opening hour of 12 hours or longer was only 53.77% and it was less than 25% during saturdays and holidays. Item-based accessibility was generally acceptable for prescription and non-prescription drugs, medical devices, and health supplements. However, spatial accessibility for non-prescription drugs was problematic because only one quarter of the drugs was displayed over the counter, and most of the drugs were behind the counter so that customers could not reach out. Conclusion: Based on the survey result, current situation for accessibility of pharmaceutical care service in Korea is concluded inadequate and therefore needs multidimensional efforts to improve accessibility of the service at national level such as Korea Pharmaceutical Association and Ministry of Health and Welfare.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.356-361
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• 2012

다양한 식품 중에 널리 분포되어 있는 생리활성 성분 카페인과 일반의약품 성분 AAP, Asp 및 Ibu와의 혼용 시 상호작용에 의한 세포 독성 변화를 장관계 세포모델에서 조사하였다. 카페인은 정상 장관계 세포 INT 407 및 대장암 세포 HCT 116에 농도의존적인 독성을 나타내었고, $IC_{50}$ 수치는 각각 1.91과 2.45 mM로써 정상세포에 유의적으로 높은 독성을 나타내었다. 카페인과 각각의 약물을 세포에 24시간 동시 처리한 결과 전체적으로 현저한 독성의 변화현상은 발생하지 않았으나, 약물처리 시를 기준으로 한 카페인의 상대적 독성 및 카페인 처리 시를 기준으로 한 약물의 독성이 INT 407 세포에서 유의적으로 증가하였다. 동시 처리 시 약물에 의해 감소된 GSH를 비롯한 thiol성 물질의 세포 내 수준이 카페인 존재 시에 유의적으로 증가하였다. 한편 카페인과 약물을 각각 순서를 달리하여 전후로 처리하였을 때, 특히 HCT 116 세포에서의 약물의 상대적인 독성이 강화되는 현상을 보였다. 일반의약품 AAP, Asp 및 Ibu과 카페인을 다양한 조합에 의해 장관계 세포에 처리하였을 때 일부 상대적인 독성의 강화 또는 약화 현상이 나타났으나 전체적으로 두드러진 독성발현 빛 활성변화는 발견되지 않았다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.641-647
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• 2011

본 연구에서는 녹차의 주요 생리활성 성분인 PPE와 일반 의약품 성분 AAP, Asp 및 Ibu와의 혼용 시 일어날 수 있는 상호 작용에 의한 세포독성 변화를 장관계 정상세포와 암세포 모델에서 비교하였다. PPE는 정상 장관계 세포 INT 407 및 대장암 세포 HCT 116에 농도의존적인 독성을 나타내었고, $IC_{50}$ 수치는 각각 29.9과 57.4 ${\mu}g/mL$로써 암세포에 더욱 강력한 독성을 보였다. PPE와 200 ${\mu}M$ 이하의 저농도 약물을 HCT 116 세포에 24, 48시간 복합 투여한 결과 전체적으로 현저한 독성의 변화현상은 발생하지 않았다. HCT 116 세포에서 항산화효소 SOD 존재 시에 PPE 독성의 유의적인 감소가 관찰되었으나, 이 조건에서도 약물에 의한 유의적인 변화는 나타나지 않았다. PPE로부터 생성되는 $H_2O_2$의 양은 5 mM 이상의 Asp 또는 Ibu에 의하여 감소하였고, AAP에는 영향을 받지 않았다. INT 407 세포와 HCT 116 세포에서 mM 이상의 고농도 약물과 PPE를 복합 처리하여 세포독성변화를 본 결과 현저한 독성의 변화가 관찰되지 않았으나, INT 407 세포에서 PPE 존재 시 AAP의 독성이 다소 증가하였다. 한편 PPE와 약물을 각각 순서를 달리하여 전후로 처리하였을 때 HCT 116 세포에서의 독성이 단독처리 시 각각의 합보다 20% 이내에서 증가하였다. PPE와 빈번히 복용되는 일반 의약품 AAP, Asp 및 Ibu를 여러 조합에 의해 장관계 세포에 처리하였을 때 이들의 상호작용에 의해 일부 독성의 강화현상이 나타났으나 전체적으로 두드러진 독성발현 빛 활성변화는 발견되지 않았다.