김제만경평야(金堤萬頃平野)의 답토양특성(沓土壤特性)과 그 분류(分類)에 관(關)한 연구(硏究) (Characteristics and classification of paddy soils on the Gimje-Mangyeong plains)
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- 한국토양비료학회지
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- 제5권2호
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- pp.1-38
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- 1972
우리나라 답토양(畓土壤)에 대(對)한 토지(土地)의 합리적(合理的) 이용(利用), 토지기반조성(土地基盤造成) 및 생산성 향상(向上) 그리고 토양(土壤)에 관(關)한 조사연구(調査硏究)의 방향(方向)을 뒷받침하기 위(爲)하여 김제만경평야(金堤萬頃平野)에 분포(分布)하고 있는 답토양(畓土壤)에 대(對)한 형태(形態) 및 이화학적(理化學的) 특성(特性) 그리고 그와 수도수량(水稻收量)과의 관계(關係)를 구명(究明)하고 이를 기초(基礎)로 하여 답토양(沓土壤)의 분류법(分類法)과 적성등급구분(適性等級區分)을 시안(試案)하였는 바 그 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 답토양(畓土壤)의 형태(形態), 이화학적(理化學的) 특성(特性) 및 그와 수도수량(水稻收量)과의 관계(關係) 김제(金堤) 만경평야(萬頃平野)에 분포(分布)하고 있는 15개(個) 답토양통(畓土壤統)에 대(對)하여 이들 토양(土壤)의 형태(形態), 이화학적(理化學的) 특성(特性)을 보면 다음과 같다. 토양단면(土壤斷面)의 발달정도(發達程度)를 보면 공덕(孔德), 김제(金堤), 만경(萬頃), 백구(白鷗), 봉남(鳳南), 부용(芙蓉), 수암(水岩), 전북(全北), 지산(芝山) 및 호남통(湖南統)는 B(Cambic B)층(層)이 있고 극락(極樂)과 화동통(華東統)은 Bt(Argillic B)층(層)이 있으나 광활(廣活), 신답(新踏) 및 화계통(華溪統)에는 B층(層) 혹(或)은 Bt층(層)이 없다. 특(特)히 공덕(孔德) 및 봉남통(鳳南統)은 흑니층(黑尼層)이 심토(心土) 하부(下部)에 개재(介在)되여 있다. 토양단면(土壤斷面)의 토색(土色)을 보면 공덕(孔德), 광활(廣活), 백구(白鷗) 및 신답통(新踏統)은 대체(大體)로 청회색(靑灰色), 암회색(暗灰色)을 띄우고 김제(金堤), 만경(萬頃), 봉남(鳳南), 부용(芙蓉), 수암(水岩), 전북(全北), 지산(芝山) 및 호남통(湖南統)은 회색(灰色), 회갈색(灰褐色)을 띠우며 극락(極樂), 화계(華溪) 및 화동통(華東統)은 표토(表土) 및 표토하부(表土下部)의 회색(灰色)을 제외(除外)하고 황갈색(黃褐色), 갈색(褐色)을 띠운다. 토양단면(土壤斷面)의 토성(土性)을 보면 공덕(孔德), 극락(極樂), 김제(金堤), 봉남부용(鳳南芙蓉), 호남(湖南) 및 화동통(華東統)은 식질(埴質)이고 백구(白鷗), 전북(全北) 및 지산통(芝山統)은 식양질(埴壤質) 혹은 미사식양질(微砂埴壤質)이며 광활(廣活), 만경(萬頃) 및 수암통(水岩統)은 미사사양질(微砂砂壤質) 그리고 신답(新踏) 및 화계통(華溪統)은 사질(砂質) 혹은 석력사질(石礫砂質)이다. 표토(表土)의 탄소함량(炭素含量)은 0.29%~2.18% 범위(範圍)에 있으나 1.0~2.0%인 것이 많으며 표토(表土)의 전질소함량(全窒素含量)은 0.03%~0.24% 범위(範圍)에 있다. 이들은 심토(心土) 혹은 기층(基層)으로 갈수록 감소(減少)되는 경향(傾向)이나 불규칙적(不規則的)이다. 표토(表土)의 탄질비(炭窒比)는 4.6~15.5 범위(範圍)인데 8~10인 것이 많으며 심토(心土) 및 기층(基層)에서는 표토(表土)에 비(比)하여 그 범위(範圍)가 커서 3.0~20.25이다. 토양반응(土壤反應)은 pH4.5~8.0 범위(範圍)에 있으나 광활(廣活) 및 만경통(萬頃統)을 제외(除外)하고는 모두 산성(酸性)이다. 염기치환용량(鹽基置換容量)은 표토(表土)에서는 5~13 me/100g 범위(範圍)이며 심토(心土) 및 기층(基層)에서는 사질토양(砂質土壤)을 제외(除外)하고 모두 10~20 me/100g 범위(範圍)에 있다. 염기포화도(鹽基飽和度)는 공덕(孔德) 및 백구통(白鷗統)을 제외(除外)하고는 모두 60% 이상(以上)이다. 표토(表土)의 활성철함량(活性鐵含量)은 0.45~1.81% 범위(範圍)이고 역환원성(易還元性)망간은 15~148ppm 범위(範圍)이며 유효규산은 36~366ppm 범위(範圍)에 있다. 이들 3성분(成分)의 용탈(溶脫) 및 집적(集積)은 토양배수(土壤排水), 토성조건(土性條件)에 따라 다르지만 대체(大體)로 10~70cm 범위(範圍)에 집적(集積)하고 있으나 규산(珪酸)은 경우(境遇)에 따라 철(鐵), 망간 보다 깊은 층위(層位)에 집적(集積)되여 있다. 각(各) 토양통(土壤統)의 주요특성(主要特性)은 해안(海岸)에서 부터 거리에 따라 점변(漸變)하고 있으며 점토(粘土), 유기탄소(有機炭素) 및 pH는 해안(海岸)으로 부터 내륙(內陸)으로 옮겨가는 거리와 다음과 같은 상관(相關)이 있다. y(표상(表上)의 점토함량(粘土含量)) =
The success of the family planning program in Korea is reflected in the decrease in the growth rate from 3.0% in 1962 to 2.0% in 1971, and in the decrease in the fertility rate from 43/1,000 in 1960 to 29/1,000 in 1970. However, it would be erroneous to attribute these reductions entirely to the family planning program. Other socio-economic factors, such as the increasing age at marriage and the increasing use of induced abortions, definitely had an impact on the lowered growth and fertility rate. Despite the relative success of the program to data in meeting its goals, there is no room for complacency. Meeting the goal of a further reduction in the population growth rate to 1.3% by 1981 is a much more difficult task than any one faced in the past. Not only must fertility be lowered further, but the size of the target population itself will expand tremendously in the late seventies; due to the post-war baby boom of the 1950's reaching reproductive ages. Furthermore, it is doubtful that the age at marriage will continue to rise as in the past or that the incidence of induced abortion will continue to increase. Consequently, future reductions in fertility will be more dependent on the performance of the national family planning program, with less assistance from these non-program factors. This paper will describe various approaches to help to the solution of these current problems. 1. PRACTICE RATE IN FAMILY PLANNING In 1973, the attitude (approval) and knowledge rates were quite high; 94% and 98% respectively. But a large gap exists between that and the actual practice rate, which is only 3695. Two factors must be considered in attempting to close the KAP-gap. The first is to change social norms, which still favor a larger family, increasing the practice rate cannot be done very quickly. The second point to consider is that the family planning program has not yet reached all the eligible women. A 1973 study determineded that a large portion, 3096 in fact, of all eligible women do not want more children, but are not practicing family planning. Thus, future efforts to help close the KAP-gap must focus attention and services on this important large group of potential acceptors. 2. CONTINUATION RATES Dissatisfaction with the loop and pill has resulted in high discontinuation rates. For example, a 1973 survey revealed that within the first six months initial loop acceptance. nearly 50% were dropouts, and that within the first four months of inital pill acceptance. nearly 50% were dropouts. These discontinuation rates have risen over the past few years. The high rate of discontinuance obviously decreases the contraceptive effectiveness. and has resulted in many unwanted births which is directly related to the increase of induced abortions. In the future, the family planning program must emphasize the improved quality of initial and follow-up services. rather than more quantity, in order to insure higher continuation rates and thus more effective contraceptive protection. 3. INDUCED ABORTION As noted earlier. the use of induced abortions has been increase yearly. For example, in 1960, the average number of abortions was 0.6 abortions per women in the 15-44 age range. By 1970. that had increased to 2 abortions per women. In 1966. 13% of all women between 15-44 had experienced at least one abortion. By 1971, that figure jumped to 28%. In 1973 alone, the total number of abortions was 400,000. Besides the ever incre.sing number of induced abortions, another change has that those who use abortions have shifted since 1965 to include- not. only the middle class, but also rural and low-income women. In the future. in response to the demand for abortion services among rural and low-income w~men, the government must provide and support abortion services for these women as a part of the national family planning program. 4. TARGET SYSTIi:M Since 1962, the nationwide target system has been used to set a target for each method, and the target number of acceptors is then apportioned out to various sub-areas according to the number of eligible couples in each area. Because these targets are set without consideration for demographic factors, particular tastes, prejudices, and previous patterns of acceptance in the area, a high discontinuation rate for all methods and a high wastage rate for the oral pill and condom results. In the future. to alleviate these problems of the methodbased target system. an alternative. such as the weighted-credit system, should be adopted on a nation wide basis. In this system. each contraceptive method is. assigned a specific number of points based upon the couple-years of protection (CYP) provided by the method. and no specific targets for each method are given. 5. INCREASE OF STERILIZA.TION TARGET Two special projects. the hospital-based family planning program and the armed forces program, has greatly contributed to the increasing acceptance in female and male sterilization respectively. From January-September 1974, 28,773 sterilizations were performed. During the same time in 1975, 46,894 were performed; a 63% increase. If this trend continues, by the end of 1975. approximately 70,000 sterilizations will have been performed. Sterilization is a much better method than both the loop and pill, in terms of more effective contraceptive protection and the almost zero dropout rate. In the future, the. family planning program should continue to stress the special programs which make more sterilizations possible. In particular, it should seek to add the laparoscope techniques to facilitate female sterilization acceptance rates. 6. INCREASE NUMBER OF PRIVATE ACCEPTORS Among the current family planning users, approximately 1/3 are in the private sector and thus do not- require government subsidy. The number of private acceptors increases with increasing urbanization and economic growth. To speed this process, the government initiated the special hospital based family planning program which is utilized mostly by the private sector. However, in the future, to further hasten the increase of private acceptors, the government should encourage doctors in private practice to provide family planning services, and provide the contraceptive supplies. This way, those do utilize the private medical system will also be able to receive family planning services and pay for it. Another means of increasing the number of private acceptors, IS to greatly expand the commercial outlets for pills and condoms beyond the existing service points of drugstores, hospitals, and health centers. 7. IE&C PROGRAM The current preferred family size is nearly twice as high as needed to achieve a stable poplation. Also, a strong boy preference hinders a small family size as nearly all couples fuel they must have at least one or more sons. The IE&C program must, in the future, strive to emphasize the values of the small family and equality of the sexes. A second problem for the IE&C program to work. with in the: future is the large group of people who approves family planning, want no more children, but do not practice. The IE&C program must work to motivate these people to accept family planning And finally, for those who already practice, an IE&C program in the future must stress continuation of use. The IE&C campaign, to insure highest effectiveness, should be based on a detailed factor analysis of contraceptive discontinuance. In conclusion, Korea faces a serious unfavorable sociodemographic situation- in the future unless the population growth rate can be curtailed. And in the future, the decrease in fertility will depend solely on the family planning program, as the effect of other socio-economic factors has already been maximumally felt. A second serious factor to consider is the increasing number of eligible women due to the 1950's baby boom. Thus, to meet these challenges, the program target must be increased and the program must improve the effectiveness of its current activities and develop new programs.
Out of a total of 58 species of helminthic and protozoan parasitic infections in Korea, so far 38 species were reported as intestinal parasites of man. Quite a few species of the intestinal parasitic infections have long been prevalent throughout the country and this has been a significant public health problem. In this paper, current status and transition of the intestinal parasitic infections in the past years were presented. Chronological reviewing of data show background and prospects of change in the prevalence of infections. In the national prevalence survey on parasitic infections conducted once every five years since 1971, stool examinations were done by both cellophane thick smear and brine flotation techniques. Every egg positive case of Ascaris lumbricoides and Clonorchis sinensis was further examined by Stoll's dilution egg counting technique. In 1981, perianal swab using adhesive cellulose tape was added for Enterobius infection. For protozoan cyst examination conducted by province and city in '81, fecal specimens were fixed in SAF solution and examined by the formalin-ether concentration technique. High prevalence of parasitic infection in ana before the 1960s can be easily understood from the data given by the Ministry of Health and Social Affairs in 1967. From a parasite control point of view, the 1960s was the preparatory period particularly for control of soil-transmitted helminthiasis. Several organizations which have contributed to parasite control were founded in this period and the prevention law of parasitic infections was passed in '66. In the '70s, overall prevalence rates of the common intestinal parasitic infections, which were highly prevalent in the past were turned into reduction phase for the first time. The '80s can be said to be an active control period of parasitic infections. Intestinal helminths According to the reports of the national prevalence survey on parasitic infections, the prevalence of helminthic infections was 84.3%(number of person examined:24,887) in '71, 63.2%(27,178) in '76, and 41.1%(35,018) in '81. By area, the prevalence rate in '81 was 35.1%(20,569) in urban areas and 49.6%(14,447) in rural areas. Intestinal nematodes Ascaris lumbricoides The prevalence of Ascaris infection has decreased significantly in recent years. Among students, the prevalence was 55.4%, in '69 and decreased to 4.7% in '83. In the national prevalence surveys, the prevalence decreased to 13.0% in '81 from 54.9% in '71. By area, the prevalence decreased to 8.5% in '81 from 46.4% in '71 in urban area and 19.4% in '81 from 59.6% in '71 in rural area. By age, the prevalence has become in recent years relatively even in all age groups, although higher prevalence used to be seen in young age groups of around 10 years old, particulary in the highly prevalent rural areas. By sex, the prevalence was higher in the female than in the male. Unfertilized egg positive rates among the ascariasis cases increased gradually up to 55.4% on the average in '81. The intensity of the infection was also significantly decreased. Trichuris trichiura Trichuris infection had also decreased to 23.4% in '81 from 65.4% in '71. By area, the decreasing tendency of the prevalence became faster in urban areas than in the rural areas. The prevalence in urban and rural areas in '71 was 69.7%, and 63.1% respectively and decreased to 19.5% and 29.0% respectively in '81. By age, the prevalence reached a peak at the 10-14 age group and showed relatively even distribution throughout all age groups. By sex, the prevalence was close in young age groups, but in the 30s or over age group, especially in rural area, the prevalence was significantly higher in the female than in the male. The prevalence has much fluctuated depending in the area. The prevalence in rural areas surveyed in the '80s shows a range between 20.9% and 73.7% by locality. It is anticipated that the prevalence of Trichuris infection will drop more rapidly, when mass treatment is conducted. Hookworms Hookworm infection by mostly Ancylostoma duodenale and a few by Necator americanus has decreased to a negligible levels in recent years. In the national prevalence surveys, the prevalence was 10.7% in '71, 2.2% in '76, and 0.5% in '81. The prevalence was higher in rural areas than in urban areas. Wide application of multi-specific anthelminthics in the ascariasis control programmes conducted in the past decade appear to have been effective against hookworm infection. Trichostrongylus orientalis As in the case with hookworm infection, the prevalence of Trichostrongylus infection has reached a negligible levels. In the national prevalence surveys, the prevalence was 7.7% in '71, 1.0% in '76 and 0.2% in '81. Enterobius vermicularis In the national prevalence survey in '81, the egg positive rate was 12.0%. Higher prevalence is expected when examined repeatedly. The prevalence rate was 10.3% in urban area and 14.6% in rural area. In recent surveys conducted in rural areas among schoolchildren, the prevalence was 32.4% in Gimhae Gun in '82 and 64.1% in Yeongyang Gun in '83. By age, the egg positive rate was higher in young age groups of around 10 and sharply decreased in age groups of around 20 and then somewhat increased again in middle age groups. By sex, the prevalence was higher in the female than in the male. Strongyloides stercoralis Strongyloides stercoralis infection has rarely been found in Korea. Three cases were reported in 1914. And 0.1-0.5% were found infected out of 2,642 persons examined at the prisoner-of-war camp on Geojedo in 1956. One case was reported in '54 and '82, respectively. Anisakis spp. No systematic survey has been conducted for anisakiasis In Korea. So far, only several cases have been found 1 case in Seoul in '71, 5 cases in Busan in '81 and 1 case in Busan in '84. Intestinal trematodes Metagonimus yokogawai In the national prevalence survey conducted in 1981, the egg positive rate was 1.24% on the average. High endemic areas are located in the southwestern part of Korea. The prevalence in Hadong Gun was 29.1% on the average in '79. In a survey conducted in 76, the prevalence was 44.0% in Gwangyang, 55.0% in Gogseung and 29.0% in Gurye. The infection is closely correlated with raw sweetfish consumption in these areas. Other intestinal trematodes A human case of Heterophyes heterophyes was reported in 1914. Several species were reported in the '80s : 17 cases of Fibricola seoulensis, 9 cases of Pygidiopsis summa, 8 cases of Heterophyes heterophyes nocens, 1case of Heterophyopsis continua, 2 cases of Stellantchasmus falcatus, 1 case of Stictodora sp., 1 case of Echinostoma hortense, and 4 cases of Echinochasmus japonicus. As the intermediate hosts, snakes and frogs play a role for F.seoulensis and fish for the rest of the species. Intestinal cestodes Taenia saginata and T. solium Egg positive rates in the national prevalence survey were 0.7% in '76 and 1.1% in '81. The prevalence in '81 was 0.6% in urban area and 1.8% in rural area. The proglottid positive rate in Jeju Do was 19.2% on the average. On Udo, Jeju Do in 1983, the egg positive rate among the inhabitants was 2.9%. Hymenolepis nana In the national prevalence survey, egg positive rates were 0.6% in '76 and 0.4% in '81. No difference was seen in the prevalence by area and sex. Hymenolepis diminuta Infected cases were reported : 3 in '64 and I in '66. Egg positive rate in '81 was 0.01% in the national prevalence survey. Diphylobothrium latum So far, about 30 cases have been reported. The cases have been reported more frequently in recent surveys. Mesocestoides sp. A case was reported from a hospitalized patient in Seoul in '67. Spirometra erinacei Two cases were reported in '84 following reidentification of the adult worms collected in '74. Intestinal protozoa Out of a total of 23 species of human protozoan infections in Korea, 13 species were reported as intestinal protozoa : Entamoeba histolytica, E coli, Endolimax nana, Iodamoeba b
본 연구는 소비자가 지각하는 유통업체의 위치기반 모바일 쇼핑정보 서비스에 대한 정보의 상황관련성과 정보자극에 대한 PAD 감정변수들(환기, 지배력, 즐거움) 간의 상호 인과관계와 이용의도에 대한 이들의 효과를 실증 연구 하였다. 미국 내 모바일 이용자를 대상으로 무작위 표본추출법에 근거하여 추출되었고, 총 335명의 사용가능한 응답이 수거되었다. 분석결과, 환기와 상황관련성은 즐거움에 정(+)의 영향을 주었으나 지배력은 즐거움에 유의한 영향력을 나타내지 않았다. 즐거움은 이용의도에 정(+)의 영향을 주었다. 본 연구를 통해 위치기반 모바일 서비스에 대한 소비자의 인지적 반응과 감정적 반응을 통합적으로 살펴보았으며, PAD 감정차원간의 체계적인 관계를 규명하였다. 연구결과를 바탕으로 모바일 쇼핑서비스 개발자, 유통업체, 그리고 마케팅 실무자를 위한 시사점을 논의하였으며, 연구의 한계점과 더불어 향후 연구 방향을 제시하였다.
목적: N2 병기 비소세포폐암에서 수술 전 동시화학방사선요법과 수술을 적용하여 급성 부작용, 수술 절제가능성 및 수술 후 병기 강하율을 보고하고자 한다. 대상 및 방법: 1997년 5월부터 1998년 6월까지 삼성서울병원에서 N2 병기 비소세포폐암으로 진단 받은 15명의 환자들을 대상으로 하였다. 환자들 연령의 중앙값은 61세(45~67세), 남녀 성비는 12:3 이었으며 세포 조직형은 편평상피암종이 11명, 선암종이 4명이었다. 치료 전 임상적 T병기는 T1, T2, 및 T3가 각각 2명, 12명, 및 1명씩이었으며 모든 환자들이 N2 병기로서 이중 10명은 종격동내시경을 통한 조직생검을 통하여 종격동 림프절 전이를 확인하였고 나머지 5명은 흉부 CT 영상 상 종격동 림프절 전이가 강력히 의심된 경우였다. 수술 전 방사선치료는 흉부 CT영상을 기준으로 하여 원발 병소, 동측 폐문부 및 종격동 림프절에 대하여 10MV X-선을 이용하여 45Gy를 5주간에 걸쳐서 조사하도록 계획하였다(일회 선량 1.8 Gy, 일일 1회, 주 5회). 수술 전 복합화학요법은 cis-Platin(100mg/m
목적 : 유방암 환자에서 골전이는 Tc-99m MDP를 이용한 전신 골스캔이 주로 이용되며, 이 검사 기법은 높은 예민도를 나타내나 특이도가 낮다는 단점을 가진다. F-18 FDG를 이용한 PET 검사는 높은 해상도를 가지며 골스캔이 비하여 높은 분해능을 가지며 골전이 진단성능이 높다. PET에 CT 영상 기법이 도입된 F-18 FDG PET/CT는 PET 검사와 동시에 CT 영상정보를 제공함으로써, 유방암환자의 골전이 평가에 PET 보다 더 높은 검사의 정확도를 나타낼 수 있다. 본 연구는 유방암 환자에서 골 전이여부를 평가하는데, F-18 FDG PET/CT와 골스캔의 진단성능과 유용성을 비교해 보았다. 대상 및 방법 : 유방암으로 진단받은 후 병기 판정위하여 혹은 유방암 수술후 재발 평가를 위하여, Tc-99m MDP 골스캔과 F-18 FDG PET/CT를 1주일 간격이내에 시행한 여성환자 157명 (
1 : 탁주양조(濁酒釀造)에 가장 큰 미생물원(微生物源)이 되는 누룩중(中)의 미생물군(微生物群)과 효소(酵素)를 조사하기 위(爲)하여 충남대학교(忠南大學校) 농과대학(農科大學)에서 제조(製造)한 누룩(S)와 시판(市販) 누룩(T)을 공시(供試)하여 사상균(絲狀菌), 호기성세균(好氣性細菌), 유산균(乳酸菌) 및 효모(酵母)를 검색(檢索) 계수(計數)하고 특(特)히 효모(酵母)는 TTC-agar 처리(處理)로서 그 정색별(呈色別)에 따라 유별(類別)하였으며 또한 Amylase 및 Protease 역가(力價)를 측정(測定)하여 얻은 결과(結果)는 다음과 같다. (a) S 누룩 1gm. 중(中)에는 Aspergilles eryzae group:
본연구(本硏究)에서는 연구(硏究)의 대상(對象)을 저습답(低濕畓)에 두기보다는 지하수위(地下水位)가 낮은 점질토(粘質土)의 건답(乾畓)에 두고 이 점질토(粘質土)논에 대(對)한 수잉전(移秧前)의 처리(處理)에 있어서 심경(深耕)을 한 것 답면(畓面)을 건조(乾燥)시켜 구열발달(龜裂發達)을 기(期)하게한 것 및 암거(暗渠)가 설치(設置)된 곳에서의 답면(畓面)을 건조(乾燥)시켜 구열발달(龜裂發達)을 기(期)하게 한 것 중에서 어떤 처리방법(處理方法)을 적용(適用)한 것이 뿌리신장(伸長)이 심층화(深層化)되여 벼의 수량(收量)을 높일 수 있고 동시(同時)에 지하배수기능(地下排水機能)이 제대로 발휘(發揮)되여 수확작업(收穫作業)에 대형기계(大型機械)를 도입(導入)하였을 때 농업기계(農業機械)의 주행성면(走行性面)에서 유리(有利)한가를 발견(發見)코저 한 것이다. 그래서 시험구처리(試驗區處理)에 있어서는 (1)이앙(移秧) 39일전(日前)에 경운(耕耘)하여 풍건(風乾)시킨 것(경운구(區)) (2) 이앙(移秧) 39일전(日前)에 경운(耕耘)하여 물로 포화(飽和)시켜 쓰린후(後) 구열(龜裂)을 발생(發生)시켜 이앙(移秧) 2일전(日前)에 15cm 깊이로 경운(耕耘)한 것(균열구(區)) (3) 이앙(移秧) 39일전(日前)에 암거설치(暗渠設置)와 동시(同時)에 경운(耕耘)하여 물로 포화(飽和)시켜 쓰린후(後) 구열(龜裂)을 발생(發生)시켜 이앙(移秧) 2일전(日前)에 15cm 깊이로 경운(耕耘)한 것(균암구(區))의 3요인(要因)에 15cm. 25cm, 35cm 깊이의 3수준(水準)으로 하고 15cm 깊이 경운구(區)를 Control구(區)로 정(定)하였는데 이에 의(依)하여 얻은 시험결과(試驗結果)는 대략(大略) 다음과 같이 요약(要約)될 수 있다. 1. 소비수량(消費數量)은 균암구(區)에 있어서는 경운구(區) 및 균열구(區)보다도 소비수량(消費水量)을 나타냈다. 따라서 유효우량은 균암구(區)에서 가장 크고 경운구(區), 균열구(區)의 순(順)으로 작은값을 나타냈고 순용수량(純用水量)에 있어서는 여전(如前)히 균암구(區), 경운구(區), 균열구(區)의 순(順)으로 작어저 균암구(區)가 가장 큰 양(量)을 나타냈다. 심도(深度)에 불구(不拘)하고 순용수량(純用水量)의 크기는 균암구(區)에서 105cm 내외(內外), 경운구(區)에서 70cm 내외(內外), 균열구(區)에서는 45cm 내외(內外)를 나타냈다. 2. 뿌리중량(重量)이 구열최대심도(龜裂最大深度)에 예민(銳敏)하게 영향(影響)을 받고 있는 경향(傾向)으로 미루어 볼 때 뿌리 발달(發達)은 답면상(畓面上)의 구열(龜裂)에 의(依)하기 보다는 구열심도(龜裂深度)에 더 큰 영향(影響)을 받는 것으로 되어 있다. 따라서 깊은구(區)일수록 뿌리중량(重量)은 커지는 경향(傾向)을 가졌고 처리간(處理間)에는 균열구(區), 균암구(區), 경운구(區) 순(順)으로 증대(增大)하는 경향(傾向)을 가졌다. 3. 초장(草丈)의 신장(伸長)에 있어서는 어느구(區)를 막론(莫論)하고 생육초기(生育初期)(분얼최성기(分얼最盛期))에는 별(別)로 차이(差異)를 발견(發見)할 수 없으나 생육중기(生育中期)(분얼종료기(分얼終了期)부터 유수형성기(幼穗形成期) 사이에서는 심도(深度)가 깊은구(區)일수록 그 성장(成長)이 떨어지고 생육후기(生育後期)(수잉기)(穗잉期)에 접어들면서 부터는 도리여 심도(深度)가 깊은구(區)가 얕은구(區)보다 더 왕성(旺盛)한 신장(伸長)을 하였다. 이것은 시험처리별(試驗處理別)로 볼 때 생육중기(生育中期) 이후(以後) 균열구(區)는 어느 다른 구(區)보다 떨어지고 균암구(區)와 경운구(區) 간(間)에는 별차이(別差異)는 없으나 균암구(區)가 여간(與干) 초장신장(草丈伸長)이 우세(優勢)한 경향(傾向)을 나타냈다. 4. 경수(數)에 있어서는 전생육기간(全生育期間)을 통(通)하여 심도(深度)가 깊은구(區)일수록 그 수(數)가 적어지는 경향(傾向)을 나타냈고 이것을 시험처별(試驗處別)로 볼 때 균열구(區)는 늘 균암구(區)와 경운구(區)보다 떨어졌으며 또 경운구(區)는 균암구(區)보다 약간(若干) 우세(優勢)한 경향(傾向)을 나타냈다. 5. 수량(收量)(조곡중)(租穀重))에 있어서는 시험처리별(試驗處理別) 각(各) 시험구(試驗區)의 수량(收量)을 Control 구(區) 15-경운구(區)와 대비(對比)할 때 35-경운구(區)에 있어서는 17%, 35-암거구(區)에 있어서는 10% 기타구(其他區)에 있어서는 모두 Control구(區)와 같거나 떨어졌다. 그리고 전체적(全體的)으로 볼 때 심도(深度)가 깊은구(區)일수록 수량(收量)은 증가(增加)하였고 경운구(龜)는 균암구(區)보다, 균암구(區)는 균열구(區)보다 수량(收量)이 높았으며 심도구(深度區)에는 1%의 유의성시험처리(有意性試驗處理)에는 5%의 유의성(有意性)이 존재(存在)하였다. 6. 조곡중(粗穀重)에 더 많은 영향(影響)을 주는 감수심(減水深)은 후기감수심(後期減水深)이며 15cm 구(區)에서는 2.7cm/day 이내(以內)에서 25cm 구(區)에서는 3.0cm/day 이내(以內)에서 35cm 구(區)에서는 3.3cm/day이내(以內)의 범위(範圍)에서 감수심(減水深)이 증대(增大)하면 조곡중(粗穀重) 증대(增大)하였고 동시(同時)에 동일감수심(同一減水深)에서는 심도(深度)가 깊은구(區) 일수록 조곡중(粗穀重)은 증대(增大)하였다. 따라서 동일감수심도(同一減水深度)가 깊은구(區)일수록 수량면(收量面)에서 유리(有利)함을 암시(暗示)하고 있다. 7. 뿌리중량(重量)에서 비례(比例)하여 조곡중(粗穀重)은 증대(增大)하였으며 벼뿌리중량(重量)이 동일(同一)할때는 심도(深度)가 깊은구(區)일수록 조곡중(粗穀重)은 증대(增大)하는 경향(傾向)을 보여주고 있다. 또 시험처리별(試驗處理別)로 볼 때는 벼뿌리 중량(重量)은 균열구(區), 균암구(區), 경운구(區)의 순(順)으로 컸고 따라서 조곡중(粗穀重)도 역시(亦是) 같은 순(順)으로 컸다. 그리고 조곡중(粗穀重)은 중간낙수기간(中間落水期間)의 최소함수비(最少含水比)와 그때의 평균지온(平均地溫)에 관계(關係)되나 함수비(含水比)가 40%이하(以下)에서는 평균지온(平均地溫)은 함수비(含水比)에 비례(比例)하여 증가(增加)하는 경향(傾向)이 있음으로 주(主)로 최소함수비(最小含水比)에 영향(影響)을 받는바가 크다. 8. 짚조곡중비(粗穀重比)는 심도(深度)가 얕은구(區)일수록 커지는 경향(傾向)을 보였고 또 벼뿌리중량(重量)에 역지수함수적(逆指數函數的)으로 증대(增大)하였다. 또 같은 심도(深度)의 구(區)에서는 15cm 구(區)를 제외(除外)하고는 짚조곡중비(粗穀重比)는 감수심(減水深)에 비례(比例)하여 증대(增大)하였다. 감수심(減水深)이 어느 한도(限度)까지 증대(增大)됨에 따라 조곡중(租穀重)이 증대(增大)하지만 동시(同時)에 짚조곡중비(粗穀重比)도 증대(增大)함을 보여주고 있다. 9. 동일토성(同一土性)에서 구열량(龜裂量)은 기상조건(氣象條件) 특(特)히 증발량(蒸發量)의 증대(增大)에 따라 증대(增大)하며 답면건조도중(畓面乾燥途中)에 강우(降雨)가 있으면 답면구열량(畓面龜裂量)은 현저(顯著)히 감소(減小)한다. 점질토(粘質土)의 구열량(龜裂量)은 대체(大體)로 함수비(含水比)가 25% 이상(以上)에서는 함량비(含量比)에 역지수적(逆指數的)으로 증가(增加)하는 경향(傾向)을 보였고 구열(龜裂)의 최대(最大) 심도(深度)는 31% 이하(以下)의 함수비(含水比)에서는 일정(一定)한 값을 유지(維持)하는 경향(傾向)이있다. 10. Cone 지수(指數)는 어느 한도(限度)까지는 구열량(龜裂量)에 비례(比例)하는 경향(傾向)이있으나 구열량(龜裂量)이 어느 한도(限度)를 넘으면 약간(若干) 구열량(龜裂量)에 역비례(逆比例)하는 경향(傾向)을 보여주고 있다. 그 한도(限度)의 함수비(含水比)는 25% 근처가 될 것이다. 11. 최종낙수후 (最終落水後)의 Cone 지수(指數)의 경시적(經時的) 증대(增大)는 생육후기(生育後期)의 감수심(減水深)에 비례(比例)하는 경향(傾向)을 보였고 동일감수심(同一減水深)에서 균암구(區)는 다른 두 구(區)보다 큰Cone지수(指數)를 나타냈고 경운구(區)는 심도(深度)가 깊은구(區)일수록 균열구(區)보다 작은 Cone 지수(指數)를 나타냈는데 특(特)히 35-경운구(區) Cone의 지수(指數)는 현저(顯著)하게 작은 값을 나타냈다. 12. 최종낙수후(最終落水後)의 답면건조(畓面乾燥)에 있어서는 함수비(含水比)의 감소상황(減少狀況) 및 Cone 지수(指數)의 증대상황(增大狀況)에 비추어 볼 때 시험처리별(試驗處理別)로는 균암구(區)가 다른 두 구(區)보다 밟르고 경운구(區)는 가장 늦어지고 심도(深度)가 깊은 구(區)에서는 더욱 늦어지고 있다. 농업기계(農業 機械)의 주행(走行)에 지장(支障)을 가져오지 않을 정도(程度)의 Cone 지수(指數)(
Much has teed changed in the field of hospital administration in the It wake of the rapid development of sciences, techniques ana systematic hospital management. However, we still have a long way to go in organization, in the quality of hospital employees and hospital equipment and facilities, and in financial support in order to achieve proper hospital management. The above factors greatly effect the ability of hospitals to fulfill their obligation in patient care and nursing services. The purpose of this study is to determine the optimal methods of standardization and quality nursing so as to improve present nursing services through investigations and analyses of various problems concerning nursing administration. This study has been undertaken during the six month period from October 1971 to March 1972. The 41 comprehensive hospitals have been selected iron amongst the 139 in the whole country. These have been categorized according-to the specific purposes of their establishment, such as 7 university hospitals, 18 national or public hospitals, 12 religious hospitals and 4 enterprise ones. The following conclusions have been acquired thus far from information obtained through interviews with nursing directors who are in charge of the nursing administration in each hospital, and further investigations concerning the purposes of establishment, the organization, personnel arrangements, working conditions, practices of service, and budgets of the nursing service department. 1. The nursing administration along with its activities in this country has been uncritical1y adopted from that of the developed countries. It is necessary for us to re-establish a new medical and nursing system which is adequate for our social environments through continuous study and research. 2. The survey shows that the 7 university hospitals were chiefly concerned with education, medical care and research; the 18 national or public hospitals with medical care, public health and charity work; the 2 religious hospitals with medical care, charity and missionary works; and the 4 enterprise hospitals with public health, medical care and charity works. In general, the main purposes of the hospitals were those of charity organizations in the pursuit of medical care, education and public benefits. 3. The survey shows that in general hospital facilities rate 64 per cent and medical care 60 per-cent against a 100 per cent optimum basis in accordance with the medical treatment law and approved criteria for training hospitals. In these respects, university hospitals have achieved the highest standards, followed by religious ones, enterprise ones, and national or public ones in that order. 4. The ages of nursing directors range from 30 to 50. The level of education achieved by most of the directors is that of graduation from a nursing technical high school and a three year nursing junior college; a very few have graduated from college or have taken graduate courses. 5. As for the career tenure of nurses in the hospitals: one-third of the nurses, or 38 per cent, have worked less than one year; those in the category of one year to two represent 24 pet cent. This means that a total of 62 per cent of the career nurses have been practicing their profession for less than two years. Career nurses with over 5 years experience number only 16 per cent: therefore the efficiency of nursing services has been rated very low. 6. As for the standard of education of the nurses: 62 per cent of them have taken a three year course of nursing in junior colleges, and 22 per cent in nursing technical high schools. College graduate nurses come up to only 15 per cent; and those with graduate course only 0.4 per cent. This indicates that most of the nurses are front nursing technical high schools and three year nursing junior colleges. Accordingly, it is advisable that nursing services be divided according to their functions, such as professional, technical nurses and nurse's aides. 7. The survey also shows that the purpose of nursing service administration in the hospitals has been regulated in writing in 74 per cent of the hospitals and not regulated in writing in 26 per cent of the hospitals. The general purposes of nursing are as follows: patient care, assistance in medical care and education. The main purpose of these nursing services is to establish proper operational and personnel management which focus on in-service education. 8. The nursing service departments belong to the medical departments in almost 60 per cent of the hospitals. Even though the nursing service department is formally separated, about 24 per cent of the hospitals regard it as a functional unit in the medical department. Only 5 per cent of the hospitals keep the department as a separate one. To the contrary, approximately 12 per cent of the hospitals have not established a nursing service department at all but surbodinate it to the other department. In this respect, it is required that a new hospital organization be made to acknowledge the independent function of the nursing department. In 76 per cent of the hospitals they have advisory committees under the nursing department, such as a dormitory self·regulating committee, an in-service education committee and a nursing procedure and policy committee. 9. Personnel arrangement and working conditions of nurses 1) The ratio of nurses to patients is as follows: In university hospitals, 1 to 2.9 for hospitalized patients and 1 to 4.0 for out-patients; in religious hospitals, 1 to 2.3 for hospitalized patients and 1 to 5.4 for out-patients. Grouped together this indicates that one nurse covers 2.2 hospitalized patients and 4.3 out-patients on a daily basis. The current medical treatment law stipulates that one nurse should care for 2.5 hospitalized patients or 30.0 out-patients. Therefore the statistics indicate that nursing services are being peformed with an insufficient number of nurses to cover out-patients. The current law concerns the minimum number of nurses and disregards the required number of nurses for operation rooms, recovery rooms, delivery rooms, new-born baby rooms, central supply rooms and emergency rooms. Accordingly, tile medical treatment law has been requested to be amended. 2) The ratio of doctors to nurses: In university hospitals, the ratio is 1 to 1.1; in national of public hospitals, 1 to 0.8; in religious hospitals 1 to 0.5; and in private hospitals 1 to 0.7. The average ratio is 1 to 0.8; generally the ideal ratio is 3 to 1. Since the number of doctors working in hospitals has been recently increasing, the nursing services have consequently teen overloaded, sacrificing the services to the patients. 3) The ratio of nurses to clerical staff is 1 to 0.4. However, the ideal ratio is 5 to 1, that is, 1 to 0.2. This means that clerical personnel far outnumber the nursing staff. 4) The ratio of nurses to nurse's-aides; The average 2.5 to 1 indicates that most of the nursing service are delegated to nurse's-aides owing to the shortage of registered nurses. This is the main cause of the deterioration in the quality of nursing services. It is a real problem in the guest for better nursing services that certain hospitals employ a disproportionate number of nurse's-aides in order to meet financial requirements. 5) As for the working conditions, most of hospitals employ a three-shift day with 8 hours of duty each. However, certain hospitals still use two shifts a day. 6) As for the working environment, most of the hospitals lack welfare and hygienic facilities. 7) The salary basis is the highest in the private university hospitals, with enterprise hospitals next and religious hospitals and national or public ones lowest. 8) Method of employment is made through paper screening, and further that the appointment of nurses is conditional upon the favorable opinion of the nursing directors. 9) The unemployment ratio for one year in 1971 averaged 29 per cent. The reasons for unemployment indicate that the highest is because of marriage up to 40 per cent, and next is because of overseas employment. This high unemployment ratio further causes the deterioration of efficiency in nursing services and supplementary activities. The hospital authorities concerned should take this matter into a jeep consideration in order to reduce unemployment. 10) The importance of in-service education is well recognized and established. 1% has been noted that on the-job nurses. training has been most active, with nursing directors taking charge of the orientation programs of newly employed nurses. However, it is most necessary that a comprehensive study be made of instructors, contents and methods of education with a separate section for in-service education. 10. Nursing services'activities 1) Division of services and job descriptions are urgently required. 81 per rent of the hospitals keep written regulations of services in accordance with nursing service manuals. 19 per cent of the hospitals do not keep written regulations. Most of hospitals delegate to the nursing directors or certain supervisors the power of stipulating service regulations. In 21 per cent of the total hospitals they have policy committees, standardization committees and advisory committees to proceed with the stipulation of regulations. 2) Approximately 81 per cent of the hospitals have service channels in which directors, supervisors, head nurses and staff nurses perform their appropriate services according to the service plans and make up the service reports. In approximately 19 per cent of the hospitals the staff perform their nursing services without utilizing the above channels. 3) In the performance of nursing services, a ward manual is considered the most important one to be utilized in about 32 percent of hospitals. 25 per cent of hospitals indicate they use a kardex; 17 per cent use ward-rounding, and others take advantage of work sheets or coordination with other departments through conferences. 4) In about 78 per cent of hospitals they have records which indicate the status of personnel, and in 22 per cent they have not. 5) It has been advised that morale among nurses may be increased, ensuring more efficient services, by their being able to exchange opinions and views with each other. 6) The satisfactory performance of nursing services rely on the following factors to the degree indicated: approximately 32 per cent to the systematic nursing activities and services; 27 per cent to the head nurses ability for nursing diagnosis; 22 per cent to an effective supervisory system; 16 per cent to the hospital facilities and proper supply, and 3 per cent to effective in·service education. This means that nurses, supervisors, head nurses and directors play the most important roles in the performance of nursing services. 11. About 87 per cent of the hospitals do not have separate budgets for their nursing departments, and only 13 per cent of the hospitals have separate budgets. It is recommended that the planning and execution of the nursing administration be delegated to the pertinent administrators in order to bring about improved proved performances and activities in nursing services.
우리나라는 근래(近來) 고도경제성장(高度經濟成長)으로 인(因)하여 목재수요(木材需要)가 급증(急增)하고 있으나 국내생산재(國內生産材)가 공급율(供給率)은 수요량(需要量)의 20% 정도(程度)에 지나지 않아 많은 외재(外在)를 도입(導入)하고 있으므로 장래(將來)의 목재(木材) 수요공급(需要供給)의 균형(均衡)을 이룩하기 위하여 강력(强力)한 산림자원(山林資源) 조성사업(造成事業)의 추진(推進)이 요망(要望)된다. 산림자원(山林資源) 조성사업(造成事業)을 추진(推進)하는데 있어서 가장 중요(重要)한 것은 조림의욕(造林意慾)을 높이고 조림사업(造林事業)에 필요(必要)한 산업자본(産業資本)을 산림(山林)에 유치(誘致)하도록 하는 일인데, 이러한 역할(役割)을 할 수 있는 경제적시설(經濟的施設)의 하나가 산림보험제도(山林保險制度)의 실시(實施)인 것이다. 산림보험(山林保險)을 실시(實施)하면 산림재해(山林災害)가 보상(補償)되므로 자본가(資本家)는 안심(安心)하고 조림투자(造林投資)를 할 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 산림(山林)을 담보(擔保)로 한 금융(金融)의 길도 열리어 투자(投資)한 산림(山林)에 환금성(換金性)이 주어지므로 산업자본가(産業資本家)가 산림투자(山林投資)를 회피(回避)하지 않게 되어 산림자원(山林資源) 조성사업(造成事業)이 촉진(促進)될 수 있다. 이러한 관점(觀點)에서 외국(外國)에서는 19세기말(世紀末)부터 산림보험제도(山林保險制度)가 실시(實施)되기 시작(始作)하여 주요(主要) 임업선진국(林業先進國)에서는 모두 산림보험(山林保險)을 실시(實施)하고 있는 것이다. 산림보험(山林保險)을 실시(實施)하는데 있어서 가장 중요(重要)한 것은 장기간(長期間)에 걸친 산림재해(山林災害)의 통계자료(統計資料)를 정확(正確)히 조사(調査)하는 일과 그 나라의 여건(與件)에 맞는 산림보험제도(山林保險制度)를 창설(創設)하는 일이다. 과거(過去) 10년간(年間)(1961~1970)의 년평균(年平均) 산림재해상황(山林災害狀況)을 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)는 산림화재(山林火災)가 9,000여정보(餘町步), 곤충피해(昆蟲被害)가 570,000정보(町步), 병균피해(病菌被害)가 694정보(町步)로 나타났다. 특(特)히 그중 외국(外國)의 산림보험(山林保險)에서 재해보상(災害補償) 대상(對象)의 으뜸이 되고 있는 산림화재(山林火災) 피해상황(被害狀況)을 과거(過去) 18년간(年間)(1953~1970)에 걸쳐서 조사(調査)한 결과(結果)에 의하면 산화면적(山火面積) 위험율(危險率)이