• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.51-59
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• 1996

체외수정 시술을 위해 중앙대학교부속병원 산부인과학 교실 불임크리닉을 방문한 환자중 1993년 3월부터 1994년 8월까지 난관폐쇄로 인하여 불임이 된 환자 113명(119주기)을 대상으로 GnRH-a 병합요법 중 Short protocol 방법으로 과배란시 임신된 45명(47주기)과 임신이 되지 않은 68명(72주기)에서 hCG 투여 당일 혈청내 E2 및 P4 수치를 측정하여 임신의 결과를 비교하였다. 1. 환자의 평균 연령 및 불임기간은 임신군에서 $33.2{\pm}14.8$세 및 $4.2{\pm}3.4$년이었으며 비 임신군에서는 $34.5{\pm}21.7$세 및 $3.9{\pm}2.8$년으로 연령 및 불임기간의 차이는 없었다. 2. hGC 투여 당일 측정한 혈중 E2치는 임신군에서는 $1643{\pm}987.9$ pg/ml, 비임신군에서는 $1367{\pm}875.8$ pg/ml로 임신군에서 유의하게 높았다(P<0.01). 또한 혈중 LH치는 인신군 에서는 $16.7{\pm}10.4$ ng/ml, 비임신군에서는 $18.3{\pm}8.3$ ng/ml로 임신군에서 유의하게 낮았다 (P<0.01). 혈중 P4치는 임신군에서는 $1.0{\pm}0.7$ ng/ml이었고 비임신군에 서는 $2.1{\pm}1.4$ ng/ml로서 임신군에서 유의하게 낮았다(P<0.001). 3. hCG 투여당일 E2/P4 비는 임신군에서 $1865.6{\pm}318.1$, 비임신군에서는 $1324{\pm}377.7$ 로서 유의한 차이가 있었다(P<0.01)(Table 3). 4. 주기당 수정율은 임신군에서 $61.3{\pm}21.3%$, 비임신군에서는 $41.1{\pm}20.3%$로 임신군에서 의미있게 높았고(P<0.01) 이식된 배아의 수는 임신군 47주기에서 $4.2{\pm}2.2$개, 비임신군 72주기에서는 $2.3{\pm}1.2$개로 두 군간의 차이는 없었다(Table 4). 이상에서 임신이 된 군은 임신이 안된 군보다 혈중 progesterone 치가 의미있게 낮았고 혈중 estradiol 치는 의미있게 높았음을 알 수 있었다. 혈중 progesterone 및 estradiol치는 과배란 유도 후 체외수정시술에 있어서 수정율 및 임신율에 영향을 줄 수 있다고 생각되며 이는 체외수정시술시 과배란후 임신의 예후판정에 효용성이 있을것으로 사료된다.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.95-103
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• 1999

본 연구는 초산의 Wistar 계 rat를 이용하여 포유기간 중 제한포유시기와 이유시기를 조절하여 혈중 progesterone 수준을 검토하였다. 정상포유군 (NL)은 포유자의 수를 8 마리로 조절하였으며, 제한포유군 (RL)과 완전이유군 (W)은 RL0, RL5, RL10, RL15 및 RL20, 그리고 W0, W5, W10, W15 및 W20으로 각각 5 개 군으로 구분하여, 제한포유군은 각 개시일에 포유자의 수를 8마리에서 4마리로 조절하였으며, 완전이유군은 각 개시일에 포유자의 수를 완전히 이유시켰다. 1. 포유자의 발육상태는 제한포유군에서 정상포유군보다 성장이 유의적 (P＜0.05)으로 증가하였고, 또한 분만직후 (RL0) 와 포유 5(RL5), 10(RL10), 15(RLl5) 일에 제한포유를 실시한 군에서는 시간이 경과함에 따라 정상포유군에 비해 유의적 (P＜0.05) 으로 증가하였으나, 포유 20 일(RL20) 에 제한포유군에서는 정상포유군과 차이가 없었다 . 초산 rat 의 임신기간은 21.53$\pm$0.04일이었고 산자수는 13.75$\pm$0.07 마리였다. 2. 포유기간 중 모체의 성주기 변화는 정상포유군은 발정징후가 관찰되지 않았으나 분만직후 제한포유군은 20 일을 전후하여 불규칙적인 성주기가 관찰되었고, 분만직후 완전이유군은 10일을 전후하여 정상적인 성주기가 관찰되었다. 3. 정상포유군의 progesterone 농도는 포유 0 일에 33.16$\pm$2.64ng/$m\ell$에서 포유 10 일에 122.55$\pm$3.68ng/$m\ell$ 까지 증가하여 포유 20 일까지 높은 수준을 유지하다가 그 후 25 일에 97.30$\pm$3.21ng/$m\ell$ 까지 급속히 감소 (P＜0.05) 하였다. 포유초기 (RL0, RL5)와 포유중기 (RL10)의 제한포유군은 제한포유실시 이후 5일 까지는 정상포유군과 같은 수준을 유지하다가 그 후 급격히 (P＜0.05) 감소하였다. 결론적으로 흰쥐에 있어서 분만 후 포유자의 포유자극이 모체 난소의 기능에 중요하게 작용하는 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국동물번식학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국동물번식학회 2000년도 국제심포지움
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• pp.10-12
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• 2000

Members of the glycoprotein family, which includes CG, LH, FSH and TSH, comprise two noncovalently linked $\alpha$- and $\beta$-subunits. Equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG), known as PMSG, has a number of interesting and unique characteristics since it appears to be a single molecule that possesses both LH- and FSH-like activities in other species than the horse. This dual activity of eCG in heterologous species is of fundamental interest to the study of the structure-function relationships of gonadotropins and their receptors. CG and LH $\beta$ genes are different in primates. In horse, however, a single gene encodes both eCG and eLH $\beta$-subunits. The subunit mRNA levels seem to be independently regulated and their imbalance may account for differences in the quantities of $\alpha$ - and $\beta$ -subunits in the placenta and pituitary. The dual activities of eCG could be separated by removal of the N-linked oligosaccharide on the $\alpha$-subunit Asn 56 or CTP-associated O-linked oligosaccharides. The tethered-eCG was. efficiently secreted and showed similar LH-like activity to the dimeric eCG. Interestingly, the FSH-like activity of the tethered-eCG was increased markedly in comparison with the native and wild type eCG. These results also suggest that this molecular can implay particular models of FSH-like activity not LH-like activity in the eCG/indicate that the constructs of tethered molecule will be useful in the study of mutants that affect subunit association and/or secretion. A single-chain analog can also be constructed to include additional hormone-specific bioactive generating potentially efficacious compounds that have only FSH-like activity. The LH/CG receptor (LH/CGR), a membrane glycoprotein that is present on testicular Leydig cells and ovarian theca, granulosa, luteal, and interstitial cells, plays a pivotal role in the regulation of gonadal development and function in males as well as in nonpregnant and pregnant females. The LH/CGR is a member of the family of G protein-coupled receptors and its structure is predicted to consist of a large extracellular domain connected to a bundle of seven membrane-spanning a-helices. The LH/CGR phosphorylation can be induced with a phorbol ester, but not with a calcium ionophore. The truncated form of LHR also was down-regulated normally in response to hCG stimulation. In contrast, the cell lines expressing LHR-t63I or LHR-628, the two phosphorylation-negative receptor mutant, showed a delay in the early phase of hCG-induced desensitization, a complete loss of PMA-induced desensitization, and an increase in the rate of hCG-induced receptor down-regulation. These results clearly show that residues 632-653 in the C-terminal tail of the LHR are involved in PMA-induced desensitization, hCG-induced desensitization, and hCG-induced down-regulation. Recently, constitutively activating mutations of the receptor have been identified that are associated with familial male-precocious puberty. Cells expressing LHR-D556Y bind hCG with normal affinity, exhibit a 25-fold increase in basal cAMP and respond to hCG with a normal increase in cAMP accumulation. This mutation enhances the internalization of the free and agonist-occupied receptors ~2- and ~17-fold, respectively. We conclude that the state of activation of the LHR can modulate its basal and/or agonist-stimulated internalization. Since the internalization of hCG is involved in the termination of hCG actions, we suggest that the lack of responsiveness detected in cells expressing LHR-L435R is due to the fast rate of internalization of the bound hCG. This statement is supported by the finding that hCG responsiveness is restored when the cells are lysed and signal transduction is measured in a subcellular fraction (membranes) that cannot internalize the bound hormone.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.357-364
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• 2000

Members of the glycoprotein family, which includes CG, LH, FSH and TSH, comprise two noncovalently linked $\alpha$- and $\beta$-subunits. Equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG), known as PMSG, has a number of interesting and unique characteristics since it appears to be a single molecule that possesses both LH- and FSH-like activities in other species than the horse. This dual activity of eCG in heterologous species is of fundamental interest to the study of the structure-function relationships of gonadotropins and their receptors. CG and LH $\beta$ genes are different in primates. In horse, however, a single gene encodes both eCG and eLH $\beta$ -subunits. The subunit mRNA levels seem to be independently regulated and their imbalance may account for differences in the quantities of $\alpha$ - and $\beta$-subunits in the placenta and pituitary. The dual activities of eCG could be separated by removal of the N-linked oligosaccharide on the $\alpha$-subunit Asn 56 or CTP-associated O-linked oligosaccharides. The tethered-eCG was efficiently secreted and showed similar LH-like activity to the dimeric eCG. Interestingly, the FSH-like activity of the tethered-eCG was increased markedly in comparison with the native and wild type eCG. These results also suggest that this molecular can implay particular models of FSH-like activity not LH-like activity in the eCG/indicate that the constructs of tethered molecule will be useful in the study of mutants that affect subunit association and/or secretion. A single-chain analog can also be constructed to include additional hormone-specific bioactive generating potentially efficacious compounds that have only FSH-like activity. The LH/CG receptor (LH/CGR), a membrane glycoprotein that is present on testicular Leydig cells and ovarian theca, granulosa, luteal, and interstitial cells, plays a pivotal role in the regulation of gonadal development and function in males as well as in nonpregnant and pregnant females. The LH/CGR is a member of the family of G protein-coupled receptors and its structure is predicted to of a large extracellular domain connected to a bundle of seven membrane-spanning a-helices. The LH/CGR phosphorylation can be induced with a phorbol ester, but not with a calcium ionophore. The truncated form of LHR also was down-regulated normally in response to hCG stimulation. In contrast, the cell lines expressing LHR-t631 or LHR-628, the two phosphorylation-negative receptor mutant, showed a delay in the early phase of hCG-induced desensitization, a complete loss of PMA-induced desensitization, and an increase in the rate of hCG-induced receptor down-regulation. These results clearly show that residues 632~653 in the C-terminal tail of the LHR are involved in PMA-induced desensitization, hCG-induced desensitization, and hCG-induced down-regulation. Recently, constitutively activating mutations of the receptor have been identified that are associated with familial male-precocious puberty. Cells expressing LHR-D556Y bind hCG with normal affinity, exhibit a 25-fold increase in basal cAMP and respond to hCG with a normal increase in cAMP accumulation. This mutation enhances the internalization of the free and agoinst-occupied receptors ~2- and ~17- fold, respectively. We conclude that the state of activation of the LHR can modulate its basal and/or agonist-stimulated internalization. Since the internalization of hCG is involved in the termination of hCG actions, we suggest that the lack of responsiveness detected in cells expressing LHR-L435R is due to the fast rate of internalization of the bound hCG. This statement is supported by the finding that hCG responsiveness is restored when the cells are lysed and signal transduction is measured in a subcellular fraction (membranes) that cannot internalize the bound hormone.