• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.72-85
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• 1983

This presentation firstly is discussed the characteristics of estrus, the time of first postpartum estrus, and the relative accurate of various estrus detection aids and secondly discussed the abnormalities of estrus and ovarian function and its control by treatment of exogenous hormones in cattle and pig. Longer estrus cycles as well as the shorter than 18 day cycles showed the lowered conception rates as compared to the normal cycles of 18 to 25 days. Other characteristics of est겨s such as duration of estrus, intensity of estrus and time of estrus are reviewed to affect fertility. The first postpartum ovulation and estrus in cows usually occurs about 20 to 30 days and 40 to 50 days after parturition, respectively. Irregularities in estrus cycle length have been conducted during early postpartum period. In sows, weaning is followed by ovulation and estrus although there is some individual variation. The most common method of estrus detection is direct visual observation on standing estrus behavior, but various aids of estrus detection have been empolyed with varying degree of effectiveness. The results from heat detector devices are about as accurate as twice-daily observation(about 90%). The abnormal estrus can be classified into three types; irregular or continuous estrus, silent estrus and anestrus. Cystic ovarian disease, follicular cysts and luteal cysts, is a serious cause of reproductive failure in cattle and pig. The follicular cysts are much more common than luteal cysts and the incidence of ovarian cysts in dairy cattle is higher than beef cattle and pig. The occurrences of ovarian cysts have been closely associated with levels of milk production, stages of postpartum period, nutritional levels and seasons. The luteal cysts and persistent corpora lutea are responsive to the luteolytic effects of the recently synthetic analogues of PGF2$\alpha$ in cows and sows and recently GnRH or LH-RH has been successfully used as a treatment for cows and sows with ovarian follicular cysts.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.474-478
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• 2001

A female mixed miniature pinscher dog, about 5 years old, 4 kg, was referred to veterinary teaching hospital of Chungnam National University with chief complaint of excessive hemorrhagic vaginal discharge for a month, partial alopecia and hyperpigmentation. There are no specific change with CBC, blood chemistry and X-ray findings but we figured out high estrogen concentration with hormone analysis and detected a majority of the superficial epithelial cells with pyknotic nuclei by cytologic examination of vaginal smear preparation and multiple ovarian cysts on both ovaries by ultrasonography. Based on the clinical signs, hormone analysis, vaginal smear preparation and ultrasonography, the authors diagnosed this case as hyperestrogenism with ovarian cysts.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.2597-2603
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• 2016

Ovarian cancer is a highly malignant neoplasm with high mortality rates. Research to identify markers facilitating early detection has been pursued for many years. Currently, diagnosis is based on the CA 125 and HE4 markers, as well as the ROMA algorithm. The search continues for new proteins that meet the criteria of good markers A total of 90 patients were included in the present study, allocated into: group 1, ovarian cancer, with 29 patients; group 2, endometrial cysts, with 30s; and group 3, simple ovarian cysts, with 31. Following histopathological verification, the CA 125, HE4, and metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3) levels were determined and the ROMA algorithm was calculated for all patients. The mean concentrations of all determined proteins, CA 125, HE4, and MMP3, as well as the ROMA values, were significantly higher in group 1 (ovarian cancer) compared to group 3 (simple ovarian cysts). The highest significant differences for the CA 125 levels (p<0.000001) and ROMA (p<0.000001) values were observed in postmenopausal women. For HE4, statistical significance was at the level of p=0.00001 compared to p=0.002 for MMP3. For the differentiation between ovarian cancer and endometrial cysts, the respective AUC ratios were obtained for CA 125, HE4, and MMP3 levels, as well as the ROMA values ( 0,93 / 0,96 / 0,75 / 0,98). After removing the post-menopausal patients, the MMP3 AUC value for ovarian cancer vs. benign ovarian cysts increased to 0.814. For post-menopausal women, the MMP3 AUC value for ovarian cancer vs. endometrial cysts was 0.843. As suggested by the results above, both the CA 125 and HE4 markers, as well as the ROMA algorithm, meet the criteria of a good diagnostic test for ovarian cancer. MMP3 seems to meet the criteria of a good diagnostic test, particularly in postmenopausal women; however, it is not superior to the tests used to date.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.141-151
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• 1987

A total of 1200 Korean native cow and 240 dairy cow genitalia were collected during the slaughtering process in Seoul and Kwang Ju abattoir and were examined from July 1985 to March 1986. Ovarian follicles were classified as cystic if the diameter was greater than 2.5cm or if follicles were multiple. In order to investigate the ovarian cysts, anatomical and histological examinations were performed. In addition progesterone and estrogen level in different types of cystic follicular fluid and serum were measured by radioimmunoassay. The results were summerized as follows: 1. The incidences of ovarian cysts were 2.0% in Korean native cow and 7.9% in dairy cow. 2. In distribution of cysts in the left, right and both ovaries, the most encountered ovary was right one. The frequency was 45.8% in right ovaries, 33.4% in left ovaries and 20.8% in both ovaries in Korean native cow. On the contrary the frequency was 42.1% in right ovaries, 31.8% in both ovaries and 26.3% in left ovaries in dairy cow. 3. Six speciemens (25.0%) of Korean native cow and six specimens (31.6%) of dairy cow were associated with corpora lutes in both ovaries. 4. The luteinization of theca layer was most significant in the group 2Aa (71.4%) and 2Ba (38.5%) which associated with no granulosa cell and corpora lutea in the same cystic ovaries. 5. Correlation of progesterone concentration between cystic fluid and serum was found only in the group 2Aa and 2Ab (r=0.86). Progesterone and estrogen concentrations in cystic fluid were closely related to the degree of degeneration of granulosa cell layer. The cystic follicles that consist of thickened theca and degenerated granulosa cell layers contained a large amount of progesterone, and small amount of estrogen. In conclusion, various types of ovarian cysts with various levels of progesterone and estrogen were observed in Korean native cow.

• Journal of Veterinary Science
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.725-734
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• 2018

Ovaries of 21 bitches presented with gynecopathies were surgically removed and histologically examined. Standard histological, as well as immunohistochemical, classification of 193 cystic structures resulted in the classification of 72 cysts of subsurface epithelial structures (SES), 61 follicular cysts (FCs), 38 cystic rete ovarii (CRO), 13 lutein cysts (LCs), and 9 non-classifiable cysts (NCCs). In addition to the histological classification, results were interpreted according to subject medical history, clinical examination outcome, and macroscopic observations during ovariohysterectomy. Dogs with ovarian cysts (OCs) and associated reproductive perturbations were mostly nulliparous, of large breed, and had an average of $9.5{\pm}3$ years. Prolonged or shortened inter-estrus intervals of past heats, however, seemed to be relatively low-risk factors for the development of OCs in dogs. Furthermore, we provide histological observations of a rarely seen canine LC including a degenerated oocyte in the central cavity.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.263-265
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• 2010

Echinococcosis is a multisystem disease and has propensity to involve any organ, an unusual anatomical site, and can mimic any disease process. Primary peritoneal echinococcosis is known to occur secondary to hepatic involvement but occasional cases of primary peritoneal hydatid disease including pelvic involvement have also been reported. We report here 1 such case of primary pelvic hydatidosis mimicking a malignant multicystic ovarian tumor where there was no evidence of involvement of the liver or spleen. Our patient, a 27-year-old female, was detected to have a large right cystic adnexal mass on per vaginal examination which was confirmed by ultrasonography. Her biochemical parameters were normal and CA-125 levels, though mildly raised, were below the cut off point. She underwent surgery and on exploratory laparotomy, another cystic mass was found attached to the mesentery of the small gut. The resected cysts were processed histopathologically. On cut sections both large cysts revealed numerous daughter cysts. Microscopic examination of fluid from the cysts revealed free scolices with hooklets and the cyst wall had a typical laminated membrane with inner germinal layer containing degenerated protoplasmic mass. The diagnosis of pelvic hydatid disease was confirmed and patient was managed accordingly. Hydatid disease must be considered while making the differential diagnosis of pelvic cystic masses, especially in endemic areas.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.39-42
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• 1989

Eighteen multiparous and 8 nulliparous cows with cystic ovarian disease (19 having follicular cysts, 7 with luteal cysts) were administered either 3000 I. U. HCG or $300{\mu}g$ LHRH. Ten animals responded satisfactorily leading to normal estrus within a period of 15 to 30 days and subsequent conception. In 8 animals cysts recurred and no effect of treatment was observed in 3 patients. Plasma progesterone concentration was significantly lower in animals having follicular cysts compared to those with luteal cysts.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.337-339
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• 1992

Successful induction of lactation in 5 nulliparous repeat breeding cows was achieved by administering diethyl stillboestrol (0.1 mg/kg B.W.) and hydroxyprogesterone caproate (0.25 mg/kg B.W.) for 3 days followed by reserpine (4 mg/day) for 4 days, and dexamethasone (16 mg/day) for one day. The treatment caused cystic ovarian condition in all the animals. Intravaginally progesteronesoaked sponges suppressed but did not eliminate the behavioural estrus. Administration of LHRH ($300{\mu}g$) regressed the cysts in all animals in the first instance but the cysts reappeared in 2 animals. One animal became pregnant and delivered a normal calf.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.59-67
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• 2006

To evaluate the functional status of ovarian cyst in Korean native cows, progesterone ($P_4$) and estrogen ($E_2$) level of cystic follicular fluid, ultrasonography for measuring the cystic diameter and thickness of cystic wall, and histological findings were investigated in cystic ovaries from slaughtered Korean native cows. Ovarian cysts were classified as single follicular cyst 51 cows (59.3%), multiple follicular cysts 19 cows (22.1%), single luteal cyst 13 cows (15.1%) and multiple luteal cysts 3 cows (3.5 %) by anatomical and ultrasonography. Ovarian cysts were classified as follicular cysts (54 cows), luteal cyst (16 cows) and non-functional ovarian cyst (16 cows) by hormone analysis, anatomical finding and ultasonography The luteal cyst was accurately diagnosed by cystic wall thickness, but follicular cysts was misdiagnosed 16 cows of 70 cystic cows The cystic fluid $P_4$ concentration was 3.3 ng/ml in follicular cysts and 30.1 ng/ml luteal cysts. There was significantly positive correlations between cystic wall thickness and serum $P_4$ concentration in follicular ($r^2=0.59$, p<0.001) and luteal cysts ($r^2=0.65$, p<0.001). These results indicated that ovarian cysts had various stages of degeneration and luteal cyst was accurately diagnosed measurement of cystic wall thickness by ultrasonography, but follicular cysts were not diagnosed only cystic diameter and cystic wall thickness.

• Neonatal Medicine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.100-104
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• 2008

Ovarian cysts are the most common cystic abdominal masses in female newborns. It is believed to be derived from an overstimulation of the ovarian follicles by maternal, placental, and fetal hormones. Although most ovarian cysts resolve spontaneously, surgical management is mandatory for life-threatening, complicated cases, including torsion, intracystic hemorrhage, and rupture of the cyst. Rupture of ovarian cysts is thought to be exceedingly rare, but can lead to severe hemorrhagic ascites or peritonitis. We managed a case of a ruptured ovarian cyst in a female newborn who presented with mild abdominal distension and two episodes of gross hematuria. Exploratory laparotomy revealed a right ovarian cyst with torsion and rupture. She was successfully treated with a right salpingo- oophorectomy with no sequelae.