• 농업과학연구
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.265-278
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• 1986

동력경운기(動力耕耘機) 탑재용(塔載用) 6kW 수냉식(水冷式) 디젤기관(機關)의 성능향상(性能向上)을 도모(圖謀)하기 위(爲)하여 현존(現存)의 냉각장치(冷却裝置)는 그대로 이용(利用)하고 냉각수(冷却水) 용량(容量)만을 2700cc에서 2800cc, 2900cc, 3000cc, 3100cc 로 4수준(水準)으로 변화(變化)시키면서 기관(機關)의 출력(出力), 연료소비율(燃料消費率), Torque, 냉각수(冷却水) 및 윤활유(潤滑油)의 온도(溫度)와 기관(機關)의 마찰손실(摩擦損失)을 D.C. dynamometer를 이용(利用)하여 측정(測定)한 결과(結果)는 다음과 같은 결론(結論)을 얻었다. 1. 공시기관(供試機關)의 출력성능(出力性能)은 한국공업표준규격범위(韓國工業標準規格範圍)에는 들었으나 정격표시마력(定格表示馬力)이 실험결과(實驗結果)보다 약(約) 10% 정도(程度) 낮게 표기(表記)되어 있으며 연료소비율(燃料消費率)은 297.78g/kW-h 로 약간(若干) 높은 수준(水準)이었으며 냉각수(冷却水) 온도(溫度)는 $101^{\circ}C$로 SAE기준(基準)인 $88^{\circ}C$보다는 $13^{\circ}C$ 정도(程度)가 높았다. 2. 공시기(供試機)의 마찰손실(摩擦損失)은 정격상용회전(定格常用回轉)인 2200rpm에서 3.65kW 이었으며 기보고(旣報告)된 측정치(測定値)보다 약간(若干) 높은 범위(範圍)이었다. 3. 냉각수(冷却水) 용량(容量)을 2700cc에서 3100cc로 14.8% 증가(增加)시켰을 때 출력(出力)은 6.7kW에서 7.13kW로 0.43kW의 6.3%가 증가(增加)하였다. Torque도 냉각수(冷却水) 용량(容量) 2700cc일 때 28.85N.m에서 3100cc일 때 30.706N.m로 6.39%가 증가(增加)하는 경향(傾向)을 보였다. 4. 냉각수(冷却水) 용량(容量) 2700cc에서 3100cc로 증가(增加)시켰을 때 연료소비율(燃料消費率)은 310.85g/kW-h에서 304.14g/kW-h로 6.69g/kW-h가 감소(減少)하였으며 30분간(分間) 전하중운전시(全荷重運轉時) 냉각수(冷却水)의 온도(溫度)는 냉각수(冷却水) 용량(容量)이 2700cc에서 $101^{\circ}C$였고 냉각수(冷却水) 용량(容量)이 3100cc에서 $88^{\circ}C$로 $13^{\circ}C$가 감소하여 3100cc일 때는 SAE 표준(標準)과 같았고 윤활유(潤滑油) 온도(溫度)는 냉각수(冷却水) 용량(容量)이 2700cc일 때, $76.7^{\circ}C$였으며 냉각수(冷却水) 용량(容量)이 3100cc에서는 $70.4^{\circ}C$로 $6.4^{\circ}C$가 감소하였다. 5. 기계효율(機械效率)은 냉각수(冷却水) 용량(容量)이 2700cc에서 70.08%였고 냉각수(冷却水) 용량(容量)이 3100cc일 때는 71.08%로 0.95%가 증가(增加)하였다.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제41권11호
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• pp.775-784
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• 2017

본 연구의 목적은 운행자동차에 있어서 안전운행과 환경에 문제가 없는 효과적인 엔진튜닝의 작업가능성을 확인하고, 튜닝엔진의 특징을 파악하여 엔진튜닝 검사의 기초자료를 분석하는 것이다. 비튜닝 및 튜닝 엔진 2-1, 2-2, 2-3의 4종류에 대한 넓은 범위의 엔진회전수 하에서 4행정, 4기통 DOHC, 터보 인터쿨러, 수냉 가솔린엔진의 실제 운행자동차를 사용하여 공연비 및 성능 특성에 미치는 튜닝엔진의 효과를 실험적으로 조사했다. 운행 가솔린자동차에 대한 엔진의 튜닝 부분은 흡기 다기관, 흡기 파이프, 공기필터, 배기 다기관, 배기 파이프 및 소음기를 포함한다. 1인이 탑승한 5단 자동변속기를 갖는 운행 가솔린자동차 비튜닝 및 튜닝 엔진의 공연비 및 토크는 차대 동력계(Dynojet 224xLC)에 의하여 실험에 의해 측정하였다. 운행 가솔린자동차 튜닝엔진의 최대 토크는 비튜닝엔진보다 평균 103.68% 만큼 증가되었고, 튜닝엔진의 최대 출력은 비튜닝엔진보다도 평균 119.68% 만큼 증가되었음을 알았다.

• 해양환경안전학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.429-435
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• 2020

엔진의 출력을 측정하기 위한 방법은 실린더의 연소압력을 측정하여 지시마력을 구하는 방법과 축토크를 측정하여 축마력을 구하는 방법이 있다. 축토크로 실린더의 상태를 확인하기에는 한계가 있으며, 엔진의 성능 측정과 실린더의 연소 해석을 위해서는 실린더의 연소 상태를 확인할 수 있는 연소압력을 측정하는 방법이 가장 정확하다. 측정에 있어 연소압력은 크랭크샤프트 회전 각도에 따른 실린더 압력이 도시되어야하기 때문에 정확한 실린더 앵글각도를 정확히 인지시키는 작업이 가장 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 실제 운항선의 발전기 엔진을 대상으로 실린더 압력을 측정하기 위하여 크랭크 앵글 센서로 엔코더를 사용하였고 엔코더에서 인지하는 TDC(TDC_encoder)와 압축압력에 의한 TDC(TDC_comp) 간의 실측을 통하여 차이가 발생하는 원인에 대하여 고찰하였다. 또한 0 %, 25 %, 50 %와 60 % 부하에서 측정된 실린더의 TDC_comp와 TDC_encoder 간의 차이를 통하여 크랭크샤프트의 제작에 의한 영향, 부하증가에 따른 엔진과 발전기 사이의 커플링 영향에 대한 결과를 고찰하였으며, 발전기의 부하가 증가할수록 최대 3°CA까지 TDC의 오차가 발생함을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.60-72
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• 1981

This study was carried out to find out the effects of the sheaf size of paddy harvested by the binders on the threshing performance, load characteristics and power requirement of an auto-feed thresher. The results of the study are summarized as follows: 1. The seperating performance of the thresher appeared to be satisfactory for all the sheaf sizes although the amount of rubbishes and empty grains slightly increased with the sheaf size of paddy. 2. There was no significant difference in grain output quality of the thresher among the three sheaf sizes. However, the amount of grains left unthreshed increased with the sheaf size. In the case of the largest sheaf size with the feed rate of 780kg/h, it exceeded the limit set by the national inspection regulations. 3. The position of the feed-chain rail gave a significant effect on the power requirement of the thresher. At the feed rate of 780kg/h, the net power required to convey sheafs through the feed chain was in the range of 0.37 to 0.50 PS for the middle and lowest position of feed-chain rail, and there was no significant difference among the sheaf sizes. At the highest position, however, it appeared that the smallest sheaf required more power than the others. The net power requirements at this position were 1.03, 0.59. 0.65 PS for the smallest, medium and largest sheafs respectively. 4. The torques of both the thresher and the engine shaft increased with the feed rate and were not affected by the sheaf size for the lower two feed rates of 520 and 780kg/h. At the highest feed rate of 1,040 kg/h, however, they were affected by the sheaf size. In this case, the medium sheaf size gave lower values than the others. 5. The variations in the thresher and the engine torque increased with the feed rate and were not affected by the sheaf size for the feed rate of 520kg/h. At the feed rate of 780kg/h, however, they increased with sheaf size. And at the feed rate of 1,040 kg/h, the torque variations increased greatly for all the sheaf sizes due to an over-load operating condition. 6. It appeared that the average and maximum power requirements of the thresher increased with the feed rate. But, there was no significant difference in power requirement among the sheaf sizes for the lower two feed rates. 7. The threshing efficiency of the thresher was in the range of 214-249 kg/ps.h with the feed rates of 520 and 780 kg/h, and it was not affected by both the sheaf size and the feed rate. At the feed rate of 1,040 kg/h, however, it decreased to as low as 171-174 kg/ps.h because of a sudden increase in power requirement. 8. The average power requirements of the engine were slightly higher than those of the thresher due to the slippage of flat belt between the thresher and engine. It appeared that power transmission from the engine to the thresher was maintained properly since slippages were moderately low with the range of 2.78 to 6.51% throughout the tests. 9. The specific fuel consumption of the engine (diesel 8PS) decreased as the feed rate increased. However, there was no significant reduction in specific fuel consumption as the feed rate increased above 780 kg/h.

• 한국유체기계학회 논문집
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• 제18권6호
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• pp.63-70
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• 2015

This paper proposes a novel airfoil named "KA2" for the blade of the wind turbine systems. Dynamic loads characteristics are analyzed and compared using aerodynamic data of ten airfoils including the proposed airfoil. The blade is divided into the sixteen elements in the longitudinal direction of the blade for applying the Blade Element Method Theory (BEMT) method, and in each element, torque, thrust, and pitching moment are calculated using turbulent time varying wind speed and aerodynamic data of each wing. Additionally, each force and torque is accumulated in the whole region of the blade for the estimation of representative values. The magnitude of such forces is comparatively analyzed for different airfoils. The angle of attack is constant below the rated wind speed due to the fact that the tip speed ratio is kept at the constant value, and it increases in the region of over rated wind speed as the tip speed ratio decreasing with constant rated rpm and increasing wind speed. Such increase in the angle of attack causes the changes of the force acting on the airfoil with different characteristics of lift and drag in the stall region of each different airfoil. Even though the mean wind speed is in the rated speed in a given time, because of the turbulence, it has either the over rated or under rated speed most of the time. Furthermore, the dynamic properties of each force are analyzed in this rated wind speed in order to objectively understand the dynamic properties of the blades which are designed based on the different airfoils. These dynamic properties are also compared by the standard deviation of time varying characteristics. Moreover, the output characteristics of the wind turbine are investigated with different airfoils and wind speeds. Based on these investigations, it was revealed that the proposed airfoil (KA2) is well applicable to the blade with passive pitch control system.

• 한국지능시스템학회논문지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.361-366
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• 2012

본 논문은 퍼지 제어기를 이용하여 전기 이륜차의 속도를 제어한다. 전기 이륜차는 스로틀에 대하여 빠른 응답성과, 정속주행 시 안정성이 요구 된다. 그러나 현재 양산중인 전기 이륜차는 1.5KW(50cc)급으로 탑승자 및 수화물 중량, 도로 상태(비포장 길, 아스팔트 길) 및 바람의 저항 등 부하 변동에 따라 속도 변화가 매우 크므로 정속 주행이 어려우며, 오르막길과 내리막길의 경사도에 따라 급격한 속도 변화가 발생된다. 이러한 문제점을 해결하기 위하여 속도의 오차와 오차의 변화량을 퍼지 제어기의 입력 값으로 사용하고, 모터의 Q축 제어 량을 퍼지 제어기의 출력 값으로 설정 하여 퍼지 제어기를 구성하였다. 모터의 D축 제어 량은 Q축 제어 량에 비례적으로 설정하여 매입형 영구 자석 동기 전동기(Interior Permanent Magnet synchronous Motor, IPMSM)를 장착한 전기 이륜차를 구동하였다. 본 논문에 적용된 제어 대상은 1.5KW급 전기이륜차로서 모터의 속도 제어를 위하여 제안된 알고리즘을 이용한 퍼지 제어기를 사용 하였으며, 매입형 영구 자석 동기전동기의 토크 제어를 위하여 D, Q축 전류 제어기를 사용 하였다. 제안된 알고리즘을 이용한 퍼지 제어기는 설정된 속도를 잘 추종하였다.

• 드라이브 ㆍ 컨트롤
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.27-36
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• 2020

The aim of this study is to design a simulation model for an electric All-Wheel-Drive (AWD) tractor to evaluate the performance of the selected component and agricultural work ability. The electric AWD tractor consists of four motors independently for each drive wheel, and each motor is combined with an engine generator, a battery pack, and reducers. The torque data of a 78 kW-class tractor was measured during plow tillage and driving operation to develop a workload cycle. A simulation model was developed by using commercial software, Simulation X, and it used the workload as the simulation condition. As a result of simulation analysis, the drive system, including an electric motor and reducers, was able to cope with high load during plow tillage. The SOC (State of Charge) level was influenced by the output power of the motor, and it was maintained in the range of 50~80%. The fuel consumed by the engine was about 18.23 L during working on a total of 8 fields. The electric AWD tractor was able to perform agricultural work for about 7 hours. In the future study, the electric AWD tractor will be developed reflecting the simulation condition. Research on the comparison between the simulation model and the electric AWD tractor should be performed.

• International Journal of Automotive Technology
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.421-428
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• 2007

This paper investigates the combustion and emission characteristics of a compression ignition engine fueled with neat and blended Shell's gas-to-liquid (GTL) fuel, which was derived from natural gas through the Fischer-Tropsch process. The experiments were conducted in a 6-cylinder DI diesel engine with pump timing settings of $6^{\circ},\;9^{\circ}\;and\;12^{\circ}$crank angle before TDC over ECE R49 and US 13-mode cycles separately and compared to a conventional diesel fuel. The results show that GTL exhibited almost the same power and torque output, improved fuel economy and effective thermal efficiency. It was found that GTL displayed lower peak in-cylinder combustion pressure and maximum heat release rate (HRR), the timings of the peak pressure and the maximum HRR were generally delayed, and the combustion durations were almost equivalent for diesel and GTL under the same speed-load condition. The results also indicate that, compared to diesel fuel, GTL blends showed a trend forward decreasing four regulated emissions simultaneously and a higher GTL fraction in blends contributing to further reductions in the emissions. In particular and on average, neat GTL significantly reduced HC, CO, NOx and PM by 16.4%, 17.8%, 18.3% and 32.4%, respectively, for all cases.

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.46-58
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• 1997

The energy saving is one of the most important factors for profit in marine transportation. In order to reduce the fuel oil consumtion the ship's propulsion efficiency must be increased as possible. The propulsion efficiency depends upon a combination of an engine and a propeller. The propeller has better efficiency as lower rotational speed. This situation led the engine manufacturers to design the engine that has low speed, long stroke and a small number of cylinders. Consequently, the variation of rotational torque became larger than before because of the longer delay-time in fuel oil injection process and an increased output per cylinder. As this new trends the conventional mechanical-hydrualic governors for engine speed control have been replaced by digital speed controllers which adopted the PID control or the optimal control algorithm. But these control algorithms have not enough robustness to suppress the variation of the delay-time and the parameter perturbation. In this paper we consider the delay-time and the perturbation of engine parameters as the modeling uncetainties. Next we design the robust servo controller which has zero offset in steady state engine speed, based on H sub($\infty$) control theory. The validity of the controller was investigated through the response simulation. We used a personal computer and an analog computer as the digital controller and the engine (plant) part respectively. And, we could certify that the designed controller maintains its robust servo performance even though the engine parameters may vary.

• 한국가스학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.7-12
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• 2013

자동차 배기가스 규제가 강화됨에 따라 천연가스에 수소를 첨가하는 수소-천연가스 혼합연료(HCNG)를 기존의 압축천연가스(CNG) 엔진에 적용하려는 많은 연구들이 진행되고 있다. 그러나 수소의 높은 연소 속도로 인한 역화, 조기착화, 노킹(knocking) 등의 이상연소 발생 가능성은 엔진의 가열 또는 열효율 및 출력의 저하를 야기하는 문제점이 발생할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 CNG 연료에 수소를 일정 부분 혼합한 HCNG 연료를 기존의 CNG 엔진에 적용하여 희박연소 한계 확장을 통해 연소 성능 개선을 확인하고, CNG와 HCNG 연료의 노킹 특성을 파악하고자 하였다. 공기과잉율의 변화에 따른 노킹 발생 조건을 관찰함으로써 HCNG 연료의 적용성 및 노킹마진을 평가하고자 하였다. HCNG 연료 사용 시 최적운전조건에서 노킹 문제없이 엔진을 운전할 수 있었으나 노킹이 일어날 수 있는 가능성이 높아져 이에 대한 대비가 필요할 것으로 판단된다.