• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.92-98
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• 2012

This study analyzed the effect of zoning on the distribution of pressure differentials caused by stack effect and air pressurization in a center core type of 80 story super-tall building. The results showed that maximum pressure difference more than 250 Pa can be generated by stack effect without zoning. Zoning of stairwell only resulted in 10 Pa reduction of maximum pressure difference, however, zoning of both stairwell and EV shaft especially at the same floor revealed 50 % reduction in stack effect. It was also analysed that the minimum required air flow rate occurred when the stairwell temperature reached 50 % of temperature difference between indoor and outdoor.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.438-446
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• 2013

Objectives: This study was performed in order to determine airborne fungi levels in homes and find related factors that may affect airborne fungi concentration. Methods: Fifty homes were study subjects for measuring airborne fungi. For sampling airborne fungi, the impaction method on agar plates was used and samples were counted as colony forming units per cubic meter of air ($CFU/m^3$). In addition, information regarding housing characteristics and atopic disease in each home were collected via questionnaire. Results: The geometric means (GM) of airborne fungi concentrations in fifty living rooms and bedrooms were 68.03 and 62.93 $CFU/m^3$, respectively. The GM of airborne fungi concentration in atopy homes was 78.42 $CFU/m^3$. This was higher than non-atopy homes' 54.34 $CFU/m^3$ (p-value=0.051). In the results of the multiple regression analysis, outdoor airborne fungal concentration proved a strong effective factor on indoor airborne fungal concentration. Also, construction year, floor area of house, indoor smoking and frequency of ventilation were factors that showed a significant association with indoor airborne fungi concentration. Conclusions: The results of this study show that some housing and living characteristics may affect the development and increase of airborne fungi. In addition, exposure to airborne fungi may be a risk factor for the prevalence of childhood atopic diseases.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.22-32
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• 2013

The quality of apartment houses has been gradually upgraded. However the changes in demographic composition of residents such as seniors, disabled persons, and etc. have not been considered in the process of planning. If apartment houses are designed on the base of the concept of universal design, their residents could live as long as they want to live in. This study evaluates the Korean standard-sized apartment housing units and the common spaces of those apartment buildings, and it's outdoor environments from the perspective of universal design. The observation and measuring was conducted with the questionnaire survey with 100 residents living in those housing units. 60 items were designed for evaluating them in relation to the principles of universal design. The results are as follows : 1) In general, the principles of universal design were relatively applied to the apartment houses. However their application needs to be broadened. 2) The number of parking lots needs to be increased and the width of individual parking lot to be increased. Also, the location of gazebo and senior center needs to be placed in easily accessible areas. 3) The shape, color, finishes of the ramp and the entrance area of the apartment building and housing unit should be made more homelike. Also, the entrance area of apartment building and housing unit needs to be made large enough for residents themselves and meeting with neighbors. 4) Among all of the rooms in a housing unit, bathroom should be improved immediately. Also, the width of doors should be at least 80cm wide and the floor should be made even.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.57-65
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to analyze the energy performance by applying new technologies for passive and active control. Method: We selected new technologies for passive and active control which are based on formal study by analyzing technology applied to the High-Performance Buildings in various countries. Also, we analyzed energy saving potential for each technologies by breakdown the result of the energy saving rates in detail. Result: For the wall and roof insulating methods, preceding studies showed that up to 21% energy could be saved by improving roof insulation and applying proper outside insulation compared to non-insulation. For the windows and glazing system, preceding studies showed that Low-E glazing system could save up to 11% energy compared to single glazing system. Studies about solar and daylighting controls revealed that effective daylighting dimming control could save 13% of energy compared to uncontrolled situation. Studies on DOAS (Dedicated Outdoor Air System) showed that about 23% energy could be saved compared to standard VAV system. Studies on the active chilled beam showed that about 25% energy could be saved compared to standard VAV system and studies of applying UFAD (Under Floor Air Distribution) could consume 31% less energy than applying overhead system.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.75-80
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• 2014

Development of temporary housing for victims whose house damaged is required. In this study is to plan temporary house space 'Mobile Energy Shelter House ; MeSH' that can be inhabited for a long time. And measure the indoor Environmental performance. 'Mobile Energy Shelter House : MeSH' was made by reflecting Passive Design, Universal Design. Also, thermal insulation that meets the 'Korea standard insulation' for use low energy. Winter season, measuring temperature, humidity, air velocity and radiation temperature when floor heating that temperature controllers ware installed is used. Confirmed the data for the 8:00pm to 8:00am because evening hours are expected as residents live. Average outdoor temperature was $-11.3^{\circ}C$ and Indoor temperature was from $16.09^{\circ}C$ to $20.63^{\circ}C$. Calculated the TDRi of the window surface for checked condensation risk. TDRi value was 0.185. Furthermore, PMV value was -0.08 to -0.85. It was satisfied to ISO comfort criterion ranged.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.25-33
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• 1987

This study was carried out to evaluate student exposures to dust in classroom of middle schools. A total of four schools, such as two in an urban and two in a rural area, were selected for this study. In this study, airborne dust concentrations were measured during a period from July 8 to July 18, 1986. Additional measurements of dust concentrations were conducted from November 4 to 7, 1986 to compare the results by seasonal variation. The results of this study were as follows. 1. Respirable dust concentrations were measured by both filtration method (C mg/m$^3$) and Digital Aerosol Monitor (cpm) to calculate anexchange factor K. K- value was 0.159 as follows. $K=\frac{c}{cpm} = \frac{2.71}{17.09} = 0.159$ 2. In summer when windows were opened, the concentrations of airborne respirable dusts measured by filter sampling method were 0.54-1.37 mg/m$^3$ in the morning and 0.79-1.75 mg/m$^3$ in the afternoon. Thus, higher levels were indicated in the afternoon. Meanwhile, the concentrations of airborne respirable dusts measured in winter were approximately twice as high as those in summer. 3. The highest dust concentrations were determined in School D which is a coeducational school with classroom of concrete floor. Walking roads in School D were not paved and students did not wear indoor-shoes. Dust levels in School D were approximately twice as high as levels in School B. All of the measured dust levels in four schools exceeded Korean Standard for outdoor air, 0.3 mg/m$^3$ for 24 hours. Results by Digital Aerosol Monitor indicated that there was no significant difference in dust levels among grades. The concentration of airborne dusts in the classroom was 1.5-3.0 times higher than that in the hall way. The concentration of airborne dusts during recess was 1.3-1.6 times higher than that during class. In winter, the dust concentrations during clean-up exceeded the permissible exposure limit, 10 mg/m$^3$ (as total dusts), for occupational exposures. 4. The concentrations of total dusts measured in winter were 1.5-2.4 times higher than those of respirable dusts measured simultaneously.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.51-58
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• 2017

This study proposes an appropriate level of insulation standards by region through annual heating energy requirements according to regional climate. The reference buildings out of non-residential buildings approved by the energy saving design standard for buildings were derived in the previous study, in which the annual heating energy requirements for each building were as follows when the insulation standard for building members in four regions (Pyeongchang, Seoul, Gwang-ju, and Jeju) suggested by the energy saving design standard for buildings: $29.8kWh/m^2$ in Pyeongchang, $17.5kWh/m^2$ in Seoul, $14.4kWh/m^2$ in Gwangju, and $16.7kWh/m^2$ in Jeju. To satisfy the passive level of insulation standards for these buildings, in case that roof/floor of buildings in Pyeongchang and Seoul was $0.2W/m^2K$, the minimum window thermal transmittance should satisfy $0.9W/m^2K$ and the minimum wall thermal transmittance should satisfy $0.1W/m^2K$ in the case of Pyeongchang. On the other hand, the minimum window thermal transmittance should satisfy $1.5W/m^2K$ and the minimum wall thermal transmittance should satisfy $0.14W/m^2K$ in the case of Seoul. For Jeju regions, the minimum wall thermal transmittance should satisfy $0.34W/m^2K$ to meet the passive level of buildings. Based on the above results, the thermal transmittance of each member by region should take the outdoor climate condition of the region into consideration to satisfy the passive level of buildings.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.45-53
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• 2006

The study was intended to suggest the efficient usage plan of the village community center in rural area by examining the floor plan and usage pattern of the village community center and the needs of the elderly for them. This would be helpful to the welfare of the elderly in rural areas. The subjects were 24 community centers and representatives of each village, and 96 old peoples lived in there, GyungNam. The data were collected by sketching and taking pictures of community centers, and interviewing with the representatives and old peoples. The results were as follows : 1) when the percentage of old population, the physical conditions of private houses of the elderly, and the usage pattern and needs for village community center were considered, the village community center as the welfare center for the elderly would be efficient. 2) The necessary spaces in village community center were entrance, kitchen, 2 rooms, living room, restroom, and storage. In addition to these, healthcare room or auditorium can be added according to the conditions of each village. 3) The elderly wanted the village community center as a social exchange space. Therefore, two rooms which many centers had, can be used for it, one for men and another one for women. 4) The living room can be used as the space for dining. 5) Maintenance and its fee should be considered at the stage of planning. 6) The outdoor toilets should be upgraded and the indoor restroom would be desirable.

• Korean Institute of Interior Design Journal
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.111-121
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• 2008

In recent years, Korean population aged 65 and over has grown faster(7.2% in 2000, 14.4% projected in 2018 and 20.0% in 2026) than the other age groups and average life expectancy has increased from 65.8 years in 1980 to 75.9 years in 2000. The Aging Simulation Center(ASC) was built for people to give educational chance for further understanding of the elderly and the environment for the aged. People are able to recognize the changes including hearing loss, vision changes, and changes in the ability to touch and move after experiencing the simulated daily life of older persons. In general, ASC is composed of residential setting area and exhibition area of daily commodities for the elderly and care person. Currently, there are four ASCs in Korea. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the characteristics of space design and design elements of ASCs and to suggest design implementation for better residential environment for the elderly. For the research purpose, design characteristics such as floor plans and spatial design elements of three ASCs were analyzed and compared. As a whole, space design of three ASCs was almost same without distinguished characteristics. The major finding of this study indicates that the ASC is considerably helpful environment to understand aging. However, some of design elements such as lighting should be supplemented for safety issue. It is recommended for future design of ASC to include exterior space including outdoor stairs, paths and roads and so on. In addition, reception and preparation area should be arranged with universally designed furniture.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.19-25
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• 2003

The Address No.0 of Eco-friendly Architecture offers unique experience for those who visit the place to envisage the future architecture where nature, human and building exist in harmony. It is open to the general public including the students of elementary and secondary schools. This house has been built to provide opportunities for the general public to experience eco-friendly architecture. It's floor area is 42 pyung($140m^2$) and the overall site has the area of 180 pyung($600m^2$). The following illustrates some of its prominent features : ${\bullet}$ Remodeling of a traditional Korean residence ${\bullet}$ Application of passive solar systems ${\bullet}$ Use of clerestory windows and daylighting systems(washroom and machine room) ${\bullet}$ Operation of solar water heaters with flat plate collectors ${\bullet}$ Construction of Biotop(small ecological world) ${\bullet}$ Water circulation for Biotop by photovoltaic(150W) and wind power(400W) generation ${\bullet}$ Outdoor hot water supplied by all-glass evacuated solar tubes. Through this Address No.0 of Eco-friendly Architeture conclusions are as followings. 1. The array of tubes in collector has the best nice in that the number of tube is nine and the tilt angle is the latitude $+20^{\circ}$. 2. The thermal performance of the all-glass solar vacuum collector was excellent than of the flate-plate solar collector. 3. The adaption of new small wind power systems to buildings were proved to produce a profit if it is considered the expense of environment improvement and the wind speed increasing according to rise of building hight.