• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제7권1호
• /
• pp.19-29
• /
• 1994

The annual income (gross margin) in 1989/90 of a sample of 274 farmers in seven milk cooperatives was analyzed in the sugar cane, cassava, and horticulture areas in East Java. On average dairying contributed 42%, crops 29% and off-farm revenue 29%. Dairy income was highest in the cassava area, where it compensated for the low crop income, and lowest in the sugar cane area. Farm area and average milk yield per day per cow correlated positively with farmer's income, whereas crop income increase significantly with farm area and with the number of cows. The level of total cost per cow had a negative impact on dairy and with the number of cows. The level of total cost per cow had a negative impact on dairy and on total income. Government officials and other professionals engaged in dairying had a significantly higher total income than those with their main occupation in dairying, cropping or working as farm labourers. Uneducated farmers obtained a significantly larger income through crops, whereas farmers with tertiary education obtained more income through off-farm work, This study suggests that more attention must be paid to the actual use of labour and the improvement of the dairy output/cost ratio.

• 대한지구과학교육학회지
• /
• 제8권2호
• /
• pp.139-151
• /
• 2015

In this study, we studied the effects of creative science activities of children from low-income family. Before and after the creative science activity programs, we investigated the children from low-income family on scientific attitude, self-esteem and self-efficacy. Also, after the creative science activity programs for low-income family children were interviewed and the results were analyzed. The result of this study was summarized as following. First, the creative science activities has a positive effect on scientific attitude of low-income family children. Through the creative science activities, the children from low-income familie's average of scientific attitude increased meaningfully. Second, the creative science activities has a positive effect on self-esteem and self-efficacy of low-income family children. Through the creative science activities, the children from low-income familie's average of self-esteem increased meaningfully. In the case of the self-efficacy's average points increased, but there was no statistically meaningful. Based on the results of this research, the children from low-income family were influenced positively by the creative science activities. Especially, the children from low-income families who have fewer chances of science experience than other general children were positively influenced in every aspect of this study.

• 유통과학연구
• /
• 제17권1호
• /
• pp.21-31
• /
• 2019

Purpose - As the market economy deepens, the issue of social equity caused by income distribution becomes more and more significant. Therefore, this paper attempts to exploit the determinants of income distribution in terms of macroeconomics. Research design, data, and methodology - The data set from 1990 to 2017 will be used to conduct an empirical analysis under a menu of econometric approaches such as vector autoregressive model and impulse response function. The income distribution and other macroeconomic variables such as foreign direct investment and employment will be used to conduct an empirical analysis to explore the determinants of income distribution in terms of macroeconomics. Results - The findings indicate that the income distribution is related with macroeconomics. More specifically, the export, import, GDP and foreign direct investment play a role in deteriorating the income distribution. Conversely, the industrialization, inflation and employment can improve the income distribution. Unfortunately, the inflation and employment do not get through under 5% significant test. Conclusions - Due to that a good income distribution can be beneficial for both a country and an individual, this paper provides a new scope for China's government to improve its income distribution in terms of macroeconomics.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
• /
• 제8권4호
• /
• pp.613-624
• /
• 2021

This paper analyzes the relationship between income distribution and energy consumption from a Pareto optimal approach. For this purpose, the causality relationship between electricity consumption per capita (kWh) with respect to country groups and energy consumption per capita (kg of oil equivalent) along with gross domestic product per capita was analyzed. In addition to this purpose, a Pareto analysis was conducted to determine the countries with the highest per capita national income, how much of the world total energy they consume, and whether the law of power in the energy and electricity markets exists. Finally, the impact of official development assistance provided to low-income countries by high-income countries on the low-income countries' electricity and energy consumption was analyzed. In other words, it was questioned whether pareto redistribution policies serve the purpose or not. The Engle-Granger causality approach was used in the analysis of the causality relationship between variables. Our analysis indicated that, first, the energy data of the country groups may be inadequate in revealing income inequalities. Second, the existence of Pareto law of power and global income inequality can be explained based on energy data. Finally, Pareto optimal redistribution policies to eliminate income inequality remain inadequate in practice.

• Asian Journal of Business Environment
• /
• 제11권2호
• /
• pp.27-38
• /
• 2021

Purpose: The study mainly investigates bankruptcy risk and income smoothing tendency of Non-Banking Financial Institutions (NBFIs) in Bangladesh. External parties of NBFIs take investment decisions based on financial reports. Stable and predictable income is one of their preference. On the other hand, poor income is one of the signs of NBFIs having bankruptcy risk. Hence the study tries to find whether the NBFIs having bankruptcy are involved in income smoothing or not. Research design, data and methodology: Data were collected from the annual report of twenty-two listed NBFIs in Bangladesh. Data from 2013 to 2017 were used. Altman's Z score and Eckel's model are used to detecting bankruptcy risk and income smoothing respectively. Results: Result implies that most of the NBFIs which have bankruptcy risk are not involved in income smoothing. Therefore, NBFIs which has bankruptcy risk are involved less with income smoothing. Conclusions: The present study revealed that most of the listed NBFIs in Bangladesh are facing bankruptcy risk. They didn't use any fraudulent technique to show smooth income. The findings will help the investor to take an investment decision on NBFIs in Bangladesh. It will convey signals to the stock market in Bangladesh.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
• /
• 제9권2호
• /
• pp.49-59
• /
• 2022

The relationship between income inequality and capital account openness is empirically investigated in this study, where macroeconomic variables have opposing effects. Panel data used in the study from the KAOPEN Index and World Bank consists of 28 Asian countries and has been examined; it contains annual observations from 1970 to 2018. The data is examined using a random-effect model based on GMM estimates. Income inequality and capital account openness are positively and significantly related, according to our findings. Overall, the findings imply that increasing income gaps reduced capital investment in nations with large discrepancies. The growing economic discrepancy is being caused by the rich's increasing income share at the expense of the poor. In Asia, inward capital account openness exacerbates income inequality, while outward capital account openness exacerbates it. As a result, income inequality slows economic growth, leading to inflation, unemployment, and increased government spending in several Asian countries. Our control factors, GDP, and other secondary school enrolments, all had a statistically significant negative relationship with income inequality. Income disparity has a positive and statistically significant association with government spending, inflation, population, trade openness, and unemployment. Income disparity has a negative association with capital account openness, gross domestic product, and secondary school enrollment.

• Architectural research
• /
• 제2권1호
• /
• pp.27-34
• /
• 2000

Most research on high-rise housing has focused on low-income residences, and usually the psychological and social well-being of women and children. The validity of such findings are questionable for other populations since high-rise living has served other groups and their various needs in particular settings. Lack of knowledge and understanding about high-rises has represented an obstacle to the accurate representation of American urban reality in residential environments. The review of literature and factor analysis identified Important environmental factors. The survey was conducted in the selected downtown high-rise communities of major U.S. cities. Analyses revealed that there were unique characteristics of residents who prefer to live in this type of housing. It was also found that living in middle-income urban high-rise condominiums does not contribute significantly to the problems associated with high-rise living itself. Even though there were some deficiencies of social interaction and activities among residents, the middle-income condominiums were serving particular residents as maintenance-free and safe place imprinted by a positive image of sweet memories or sometimes by a window view presiding over downtown skyline.

• 가족자원경영과 정책
• /
• 제22권1호
• /
• pp.63-78
• /
• 2018

This study examined the insolvency of debtors using multiple-indicator approaches and compared the outcomes across income levels with the 2016 'Household Financial and Welfare Survey'. This study used (1) the total debt to total assets ratio (DTA), (2) the total debt service ratio (DSR), and (3) the Household Default Risk Index (HDRI) recently developed by the Bank of Korea. Households in the lowest income quintile were more likely to be insolvent than any other income group. Demographics, such as age and gender of the household head, and most of the financial variables significantly increased the likelihood of insolvency based on the DTA. The number of household members and job status increased the likelihood of insolvency based on the DSR. Also, age, gender of the household head, and most of the financial variables increased the likelihood of household insolvency based on the HDRI after controlling for other demographics and financial variables.

• 한국산림과학회지
• /
• 제106권4호
• /
• pp.497-508
• /
• 2017

이 연구는 임가의 소득불평등과 양극화의 추이를 살펴보기 위한 목적으로 수행되었다. 이를 위해 소득불평등도는 지니계수와 엣킨슨 지수를 활용하여 분석하였으며 양극화는 DER 지수를 이용하였다. 그리고 이들 지수들은 임가소득과 함께 이것을 구성하는 하부소득인 임업소득, 겸업소득 그리고 이전소득으로 세분화하여 살펴보았다. 분석결과, 임가의 소득불평등도는 우리나라 전체 가구의 소득불평등도보다 상대적으로 높은 수준으로 분석되었다. 그리고 이전소득을 제외한 임가소득, 임업소득, 겸업소득에 있어서 소득 불평등은 심화되는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 추세는 양극화에서도 볼 수 있다.

• 한국주거학회논문집
• /
• 제20권4호
• /
• pp.69-78
• /
• 2009

The purpose of this study is to identify which is the better indicator to forcast housing tenureship between permanent income and current income, and study the effects of non-human capital asset on housing tenureship. To forcast permanent income, a statistic regression equation is used with current income as the dependent variable. Multi-nomial logistic model is used to forcast the housing tenureship Using current income as the dependent variable delivered a more accurate result than using permanent income. Current income is used as a dependent variable and sex, age, education and occupation are used as independent variables to forcast permanent income. Non-human capital asset is also used as an independent variable. Also, excluding non-human capital asset variable when forcasting bothe permanent income and housing tenureship proved to be more accurate. Because permanent income, the sum of future income and current asset, is a good indicator of current consumption including housing, the result with permanent income should be more accurate than the forcast using current income. This implies an underdevelopment of a housing mortgage system that enables people to consume now on the basis of their future income. The Korea's unique Chonsei housing rental system has also made it difficult to forcast housing tenureship based on people's permanent income and asset. While, the Key-money of Chonsei housing and the housing asset of homeowners with debt are very similar in their amount, the result is completely different. One is a renter and the other is a homeowner.