• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.143-158
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• 2008

The purpose of the study was to investigate the wife and husband role division in household financial management between dual-income household and single-income household. Household financial management included the following five categories: financial planning, consumption/expenditure management, savings/investment management, risk management and credit management. Data for this research was collected through 610 married women living in Seoul, Korea. Using SAS-PC program, Chi-square and t-test Analyses were executed. The results showed that dual- and single-income households tend to have different perspectives on marital role division in household management. Wives of dual-income households had more significant roles in financial management rather than wives of single income households. Especially, wives of dual-income managed more active credit management and saving/investment management. On the other hand, wives of single-income households played a major role in making decision over cheap items than that of wives of dual-income household.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.7 no.10
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• pp.571-579
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• 2020

This paper examines how human capital and other economic variables, such as private investment, economic growth, government investment, inflation, and unemployment influence inequality in Indonesia's provinces. We apply panel data model with fixed effect estimation for the data of 34 provinces from the period 2013 to 2019. We develop a new index for human capital using the education index approach. The results show that human capital has a negative and significant effect on income inequality. An increase in human capital is related to an increase in knowledge and competence due to the longer average school year and expectations of the school year. Human capital has increased the possibility of a person being accepted into the job market and earning a higher income; hence, it lowers income inequality. We also find that inflation leads to a higher gap of income distribution. A further implication of this situation is that the rise in inflation causes an increase in low-income people, and as a consequence, makes their lives worse off. This paper will be beneficial for policy-makers for whom human capital, which is measured using an education index, is an important factor that significantly affects income inequality, in addition to other economic factors.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.87-98
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of wife's employment status on the household expenditures of timesaving market substitutes for houseworks. Seven expenditure categories were considered such as food away from home, convenient/prepared food, housing care service, clothing care service, childcare, supplemental education, and domestic services. The data were taken from 1999 Family Expenditure Survey by National Statistical Office. The sample consisted of 29,963 households with 33.2% dual-income households. The average monthly expenditure for food away from home was 127,795 won for dual-income households, while 103.100 won for single-income households. The expenditure for childcare of dual-income households was over six times of single-income households'. Dual-income households spent over ten times of single-income households for domestic services. For most expenditure categories, households with wife working at white-color jobs spent more than other dual-income households. After being other household characteristics to be constant, wife's occupation had found to be related with the household expenditures for most market substitutes. For the expenditures on both food away from home and childcare, employed-wife households with any kind of jobs were found to have higher possibility to spend and to be spent more than non-employed-wife households. The households with wife employed at white-color jobs spent more on clothing care service and domestic services than the households with the not working. Employed-wife households had higher possibility to spend on supplemental education, but they did not spend more on the expenditure, compared to nonemployed-wife households.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.169-186
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• 1998

The purpose of the study is to examine the effects of wife's employment to the family expenditures. The data used in the study was 28,329 husband-wife families taken from 1994 Expenditure Survey of Urban Families. The results showed that total expenditure for employed-wife families was 1,171,651won, which is more than 1,078,788won for non-employed-wife families. After controlling other income(total family income minus wife's income), employed-wife families spent more than non-employ-wife famillies for all expenditure categories. Also, when family income and other characteristics to be constant, expenditures of employed-wife families were more on food way from home, domestic services, public transportation, personal care services, and fees, but less on food at home, utilities, health care, and communication, compared to those of non-employed-wife families. Families with high-income-employed wife spent more on clothing services, but less on education, than those with non-employed-wife families.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.26 no.1
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• pp.57-67
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• 2019

Income distribution is a major concern in economic theory. In regional economics, it is often of interest to compare income distributions in different regions. Traditional methods often compare the income inequality of different regions by assuming parametric forms of the income distributions, or using summary statistics like the Gini coefficient. In this paper, we propose a nonparametric procedure to test for heterogeneity in income distributions among different regions, and a K-means clustering procedure for clustering income distributions based on energy distance. In simulation studies, it is shown that the energy distance based method has competitive results with other common methods in hypothesis testing, and the energy distance based clustering method performs well in the clustering problem. The proposed approaches are applied in analyzing data from China Health and Nutrition Survey 2011. The results indicate that there are significant differences among income distributions of the 12 provinces in the dataset. After applying a 4-means clustering algorithm, we obtained the clustering results of the income distributions in the 12 provinces.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.108 no.3
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• pp.392-404
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to identify the impact of various income sources on income inequality of forestry households. Data from the Forestry Household Economy Survey from 2013-2016 were analyzed using the Gini coefficient decomposition method via income source. In particular, the income inequality analysis of forestry households was broken down into separate analyses based on group, i.e., the whole of forestry households and the five income quintile classes. The results of the analyses showed that income inequality of forestry households is primarily affected by forestry and nonforestry incomes and income quintile class. Moreover, income inequality of the highest income quintile class was largely affected by forestry income compared with other sources of income, whereas that of other income quintile classes was largely affected by nonforestry income. Therefore, in order to reduce income inequality in forestry households, it is necessary to increase the proportion of forestry income in the lower four quintile classes. Given that the income of the lowest quintile class is negative, it is necessary to devise ways to improve the proportion and quantity of forestry income. At the same time, as forestry income increases, a policy alternative is also required to improve inequality in forestry income.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.114-122
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• 1988

This paper aims to identify the characteristics of the tenant farm's income compared with farm household consumption. Farm household surplus is a critical criteria for the reproduction of agriculture. The degree of self sufficiency of farm household consumption according to agricultural income was rapidly decreasing for the period of 1980's. Only 78.9 percents of farm household consumption was earned by agricultural income. Tenant farms were classified according to the following characteristics; self-supported, semi self-supported, leased, deleted, over-consumption. Self-supported tenants are one of the backbones of Korea's future agriculture, because they are able to meet their household needs by only their farm work without other income producing endeavors. The rent paid by those tenants surveyed was estimated at 26.2 percents of their farm household income. However, the national average for such rental payment is equivalent to 4.7 percents of farm household income. 63 percents of paddy rental fee was paid by inkind of rice and 80 percents of the upland rental fee was paid by cash. Self-supported farms as 20 percents of total surveyed should be the target of agricultural price policy and semi self-supported & over-consumption farms as 30 percents be that of rural development policy, and the other half be that of social welfare policy.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.21-33
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• 2007

In present study, using longitudinal data of 161 families from Durham Child and Development Study, we examine the characteristics of infant child care chosen by families of different income levels and ethnicity in the U.S. Time-related changes in child care selection for the first year of the child's life were also investigated. Infants from high-income families were more likely to be cared for by someone other than the mother, compared to infant from lower-income families. African-American families were more likely to use non-maternal care for their infant compared to European-American families. Although the effects of income on type of care were not significant, descriptively, more low-income families used relative care while high-income families used more formal arrangements such as daycare center. Infants from low-income families began care earlier and low-income families paid less for care than other families. The findings call for attention to the importance of child care policy for low-income families as well as further research examining the function of cultural differences in selection of infant child care.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.619-627
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• 2022

In Korea, apples and pears are among the most important agricultural products to farmers who seek to earn money as income. Generally, farmers make decisions at various stages to maximize their income but they do not always know exactly which option will be the best one. Many previous studies were conducted to solve this problem by predicting farmers' income structure, but researchers are still exploring better approaches. Currently, machine learning technology is gaining attention as one of the new approaches for farmers' income prediction. The machine learning technique is a methodology using an algorithm that can learn independently through data. As the level of computer science develops, the performance of machine learning techniques is also improving. The purpose of this study is to predict the income structure of apples and pears using the automatic machine learning solution H2O.AI and to present some implications for apple and pear farmers. The automatic machine learning solution H2O.AI can save time and effort compared to the conventional machine learning techniques such as scikit-learn, because it works automatically to find the best solution. As a result of this research, the following findings are obtained. First, apple farmers should increase their gross income to maximize their income, instead of reducing the cost of growing apples. In particular, apple farmers mainly have to increase production in order to obtain more gross income. As a second-best option, apple farmers should decrease labor and other costs. Second, pear farmers also should increase their gross income to maximize their income but they have to increase the price of pears rather than increasing the production of pears. As a second-best option, pear farmers can decrease labor and other costs.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.52 no.7
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• pp.57-69
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• 2002

The Purpose of this study were to find out general characteristics of apparel purchase behavior of high-income consumers, and to segment the high-income consumers according to their shopping attitude. One hundred and ninety-five high-income consumers living in Kang-nam area of Seoul were surveyed. and the following results were found : 1) high-income consumers were less conscious of 'price'. and more conscious of'prestige'and'design'compared to the ordinary consumers. (2) and prefer information they gain during store shopping to mass communication information. (3) High-income consumers were more agreed on 'price-conscious shopping attitude' than 'conspicuous' & 'hedonic shopping attitude'. (4) According to shopping attitude, high-income consumers were divided into two different segments. 'conspicuous&hedonic group' and 'reasonable shopping group', and their age, income, and purchase behavior factors were significantly different from each other.