• BMB Reports
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• v.42 no.12
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• pp.769-775
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• 2009

Periplasmic glucans (PGs) are general constituents in the periplasmic space of Proteobacteria. PGs from bacterial strains are found in larger amounts during growth on medium with low osmolarity and thus are often been specified as osmoregulated periplasmic glucans (OPGs). Furthermore, they appear to play crucial roles in pathogenesis and symbiosis. PGs have been classified into four families based on the structural features of their backbones, and they can be modified by a variety of non-sugar substituents. It has also recently been confirmed that novel PGs with various degrees of polymerization (DPs) and/or different substituents are produced under different growth conditions among Proteobacteria. In addition to their biological functions as regulators of low osmolarity, PGs have a variety of physico-chemical properties due to their inherent three-dimensional structures, hydrogen-bonding and complex-forming abilities. Thus, much attention has recently been focused on their physico-chemical applications. In this review, we provide an updated classification of PGs, as well as a description of the occurrences of novel PGs with substituents under various bacterial growth environments, the genes involved in PG biosynthesis and the various physico-chemical properties of PGs.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.73-78
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• 1968

The changes of urinary excretion after alcohol drinking on 6 normal subjects sweated in a hot chamber were studied. The results are summarized as follows: 1. The urinary minute flow is increased rapidly to maximum about 60 minutes after intake of alcohol, and this is supposed to be originated from the antidiuretic suppressive action on osmoreceptor by ethyl alcohol. 2. Free water clearance and osmolarity of the urine showed the maximal and minimal values respectively at the sane time when the urinary flow is maximal. 3. The concentrations of Na, K and Cl were roughly proportionate to the urinary osmolarity and the minimal values after drinking were diluted to more than 10-fold than those before drinking, but the minute amounts of these ions is decreased only slightly during tile diuresis. 4. The concentrations of urea were decreased less than 10-fold but the minute amounts were rather increased slightly. 5. The diuresis could not excrete whole quantity of fluid intake in the period of 2 hours, and considerable amount of water was still retained in the body.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.927-935
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• 1989

Using an isolated Rat heart preparation of the Sprague Dawley strain, the YUMC cardioplegic solution k the St. Thomas Hospital Cardioplegic Solution were compared in the non waking K working heart perfusion systems by evaluating the hemodynamics, [bio] chemical, and light microscopic finding The heart rate k coronary flow of the two groups in the 20 minutes post ischemic recovery time were 288.6*6.5 vs 283.7*12 and 21.3*1.0 vs 19.0*1.7 respectively with no statistical significance existing. However the aortic systolic pressure, aortic overflow, cardiac output which were 81.7[4.2 vs 78.4*1.8, 18.3*1.1 vs 13.0*2.5 and 36.9*0.9 vs 32.0*3.2 respectively with P < 0.01 indicate that the comparison of these three parameters is statistically meaningful. The amount of CPK extracted in the 20 minutes post 120 minutes of ischemia was compared for the two cardioplegic solution, the results of which turned out to be similar, light microscopic findings were also found to be similar. It is thought that the YUMC cardioplegic solution provided better results than the St. Thomas hospital solution because of the differing composition of the two solution such as glucose, mannitol, albumin were put only in the former solution enhancing osmolarity of the cardioplegic solution providing better hemodynamic results.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.169-174
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• 2005

This study was comducted to examine the effects of culture medium, and the osmolarity and osmotic change of the culture medium on in vitro maturation of porcine oocytes and developement of porcine parthenogenetic embryos. In Experiment 1, cumulus-oocyte complexes were matured in NCSU-23, mWM and mKRB, respectively, There was no difference in maturation rate($62.1\~71.3\%$) among groups. In Experiment 2, matured oocytes in each medium were activated and cultured for 6 days in the same media. Blastocyst formation rate was higher in NCSU-23($22.9\%$) than those of others($0\~0.6\%$, P<0.05). In Experiment 3, parthenogenetic embryos were cultured for 6 days in NCSU-23 with different osmolarity(300, 280 and 256 mOsmols) adjusted by NaCl. There were no differences in development rates to the blastocyst stage($11.0\~14.4\%$) among groups. In Experiment 4, activated oocytes were cultured for 2 days in NCSU-23 with 300, 280 and 256 mOsmols and then transferred to increased or decreased osmotic condition. Blastocyst formation rate was higher in a group which was transferred from the higher osmotic condition to the lowe. osmotic condition($21.0\%$) than a contrary group( $11.8\%$, (P<0.05). This result shows that the culture medium and the osmolarity of the culture medium affect the development of porcine parthenogenetic embryos, and the change of osmolarity from the higher condition to the lower condition at a certain developmental stage can enhance the development of porcine parthenogenetic embryos.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.24 no.11
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• pp.1058-1067
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• 1991

High potassium cardioplegia is a widely accepted procedure to enhance myocardial protection from ischemic injuries associated with open heart surgery. Maintaining optimum osmolarity of the cardioplegic solution is one of the required conditions for an ideal cardioplegic solution Albumin is an frequently added component for maintaining optimum osmolarity of clinically used cardioplegic solutions. But the source of albumin is human blood so that the supply is limited and the cost of manufacturing is relatively high. Recently there are moves to minimized the use of blood product for fear of blood-associated infections or immunological disorders. In this experiment, we substituted mannitol or glucose for albumin added to the cardioplegic solution which has been used at the Wonju Medical College, To determine whether addition of mannitol or glucose instead of albumin in the cardioplegic solution can produce satisfactory myocardial protection during ischemia, three different groups of isolated rat heart perfused by modified Langendorff technique were studied. Wonju Cardioplegic Solution was selected as a standard high potassium[18mEq/L of K+] cardioplegic solution. Three kinds of cardioplegic solution were made by modifying the composition maintaining the same osmolarity[339$\pm$1mOsm/Kg] Isolated rat heart were perfused initially with retrograde nonworking mode and then changed to working mode. After measuring the heart rate, systolic aortic pressure, aortic flow, coronary flow, ischemic arrest by aorta cross clamp and cardioplegia was made maintaining the temperature of water jacket at 10oC. The heart was rewarmed and reperfused after 60min of ischemic arrest with intermittent cardioplegia at the 30min interval. The time to return of heart beat and the time required to get. Regular heart beat were observed after reperfusion. The recovery rate of the functional variables-heart rate, systolic aortic pressure, aortic flow, coronary flow and cardiac output were calculated and compared among the three groups of different cardioplegia-albumin, mannitol, and glucose. The wet weight and dry weight was measured and the water content of the heart as figured out for comparison. The time to return of heart beat was fastest in the albumin group, The functional recovery rates were best in the albumin group also. In the above conditions, albumin was the best additive to the cardioplegic solution compared to the mannitol or glucose.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.713-719
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• 2000

This study was performed to investigate the cytotoxic effect of the Prunus mume extracts containing beverages on the growth of SNU-16 gastric cancer cell, SNU-C2A colon cancer cell, SNU-449 liver cancer cell and HeLa cervical cancer cell. The inhibitory effect on the growth of the cancer cell lines was examined by MTT(3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay, cytotoxicity test and microscopy. Also this study aimed to compare the changes of blood electrolytes and osmolarity during submaximal exercise for the intake of the Prunus mume extracts containing beverages. 20% Prunus mume extracts containing beverage exhibited the greatest inhibitory effect on the growth of SNU-16 and significantly inhibited at the concentration of $1000\;{\mu}g/mL$ in the MTT assay. Morphological changes in SNU-16 which treated with the same beverage were observed under inverted microscope. The change of blood electrolytes and osmolarity during submaximal exercise showed no significant differences between before and after intake of the beverage in both groups.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.221-228
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• 2018

The osmolarity of a medium that is commonly used for in vitro culture (IVC) of oocytes and embryos is lower than that of oviductal fluid in pigs. In vivo oocytes and embryos can resist high osmolarities to some extent due to the presence of organic osmolytes such as glycine and alanine. These amino acids act as a protective shield to maintain the shape and viability in high osmotic environments. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of glycine or/and alanine in medium with two different osmolarities (280 and 320 mOsm) during IVC on embryonic development after parthenogenesis (PA) and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) in pigs. To this end, IVC was divided into two stages; the 0-2 and 3-7 days of IVC. In each stage, embryos were cultured in medium with 280, 320, or 360 mOsm and their combinations with or without glycine or/and alanine according to the experimental design. Treatment groups were termed as, for example, "T(osmolarity of a medium used in 0-2 days of IVC)-(osmolarity of a medium used in 3-7 days of IVC)" T280-280 was served as control. When PA embryos were cultured in medium with various osmolarities, T320-280 showed a significantly higher blastocyst formation (29.0%) than control (22.2%) and T360-360 groups (6.9%). Glycine treatment in T320-280 significantly increased blastocyst formation (50.4%) compared to T320-280 only (36.5%) while no synergistic was observed after treatment with glycine and alanine together in T320-280 (45.7%). In contrast to PA embryonic development, the stimulating effect by the culture in T320-280 was not observed in SCNT blastocyst development (27.6% and 23.7% in T280-280 and T320-280, respectively) whereas the number of inner cell mass cells was significantly increased in T320-280 (6.1 cells vs. 9.6 cells). Glycine treatment significantly improved blastocyst formation of SCNT embryos in both T280-280 (27.6% vs. 38.0%) and T320-280 (23.7% vs. 35.3%). Our results demonstrate that IVC in T320-280 and treatment with glycine improves blastocyst formation of PA and SCNT embryos in pigs.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.121-126
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• 2007

The objective of this study was to establish the optimal conditions for hypoosmotic swelling (HOS) test to assess the functional integrity of the membranes of boar fresh or frozen/thawed spermatozoa. When pooled semen sample was incubated for 30 min at $37^{\circ}C$ with different test solution of varied osmolarity, the highest percentage of HOS positive spermatozoa was observed in a 150 mOsmol fructose/Na-citrate solution (33.6%). Incubation time did not affect significantly the score of HOS positive spermatozoa observed in a 150 mOsmol fructose/Na-citrate solution at $37^{\circ}C$, but the osmolarity affected the score of HOS positive spermatozoa under the same condition above. Fresh semen was significantly better than frozen/thawed semen in semen parameters evaluated such as motility, viability, membrane integrity and lipid peroxidation (p<005). In the relationships of sperm parameters, motility vs viability, motility vs membrane integrity and viability vs membrane integrity were positively correlated ($0.82{\sim}0.94$) but lipid peroxidation vs other estimated factors was negatively correlated ($- 0.90{\sim}- 0.98$). Among the evaluation methods, motility vs Viability, motility vs membrane integrity and lipid peroxidation vs other estimated factors were significantly correlated (p<0.05). These results of this. study indicate that the optimal condition of HOST in boar spermatozoa is a 150 mOsmol fructose/Na-citrate solution for 30 min incubation at $37^{\circ}C$ and HOST can substitute the examination of motility, viability and lipid peroxidation.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.286-293
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• 1990

Studies were carried out to investigate the change in protiens and carbohydrates from diapausing pupae of the Oriental tobacco budworm, Heliothis assulta Guenee. The oxygen consumption rate of non-diapausing pupae through the whole pupal period showed an U-shaped curve, while that of diapausing pupae decreased to a mean level of 20$\mu$1/g/hr. But the rate of oxygen consumption increased in diapausing pupae before their emergence. The body weight of diapausing pupae showed almost no change during 12 days after pupation. The total contents of major carbohydrates and soluble proteins were higher in diapausing pupae than those in non-diapausing pupae and the change in carbohydrate and protein contents was more dynamic in non-diapausing pupae than that of diapausing pupae. the electrophoretic band patterns of proteins were similar in both of diapausing and non-diapausing pupae. Diapausing pupae increased their haemolmph osmolarity further when they were exposed to low temperatures.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.57 no.3
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• pp.284-288
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• 2004

Central diabetes insipidus (DI) is a disease caused by insufficient release of antidiuretic hormone. Central DI with lung cancer is very rare. Most of them are caused by the pituitary metastasis, and rarely, by the paraneoplastic syndromes. Central DI is diagnosed by the water deprivation test. The treatment consists of surgical resection, radiotherapy and administration of desmopressin. We report an unusual case of central DI with non-small cell lung cancer. The diagnosis was confirmed by water deprivation test. After the administration of desmopressin, the urine osmolarity was increased. The patient's symptoms and urine osmolarity were improved by intranasal desmopressin.