• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.76-83
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• 2001

This study was designed to determine serum osmolality and to investigate the association among serum osmolality, health-related factors and biochemical indices. Two hundred thirty seven elderly(86 male, 151 female : mean age 73.8) residing in the chungbuk area participated. Sociodemographic data and self-perceived health status were obtained by interview, and biochemical parameters were measured. The mean serum osmolaity was 301.2$\pm$10.1 mOsm/kg(range 240.8~328.9 mOsm/kg) and serum osmolality of the females(302.4 mOsm/kg) was significantly(p＜0.05) higher than that of the males(299.0 mOsm/kg). Only 11.0% of the elderly were within the accepted normal range(280~295 mOsm/kg) and the majority of the subjects were in a hyperosmolar state(60.8% : 296~307 mOsm/kg). It was observed that serum osmolality was reduced with increasing age but not statistically significant. There was no significant difference in serum osmolality according to marital status. Serum osmolality was significantly lower(p＜0.05) in the elderly with higher self-perceived health scores than the elderly with lower self-perceived health scores, however no significant difference was observed between the presence or absence of disease. Serum osmolality tended to be higher(p=0.06) in the elderly with difficulty in mobility than the elderly who have no problem in mobility. Serum osmolality tended to be higher(p=0.06) among drug users compared to that of non-users. There was a significant association between serum osmolality and serum albumin in females but not in males. Significant associations were shown between serum osmolality and serum transferrin in both sexes. However, there was no significant correlation between serum osmolality and hemoglobin or hematocrit except with hematocrit in females only. The results of this study indicated that the elderly were dehydrated and hydration state seems to influence health status and, the elderly should be encouraged to drink an adequate amount of fluids. Also, the hydration state is required to be assessed and considered for the interpretation of biochemical parameters.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.187-191
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• 2000

삼투질농도가 감성돔(Acanthopagrus schlegeli) 정자의 운동성에 미치는 영향을 연구하였다. 감성돔 정자는 정장과 등장인 삼투질농도에서 운동성이 억제되었으나, 전해질(NaCl, KCl, $CaCl_2$, $MgCl_2$) 및 비전해질(mannitol, glucose, fructose, sucrose) 희석액의 삼투질농도가 증가할 때, 운동성을 획득하였다. 희석액의 삼투질농도에 의한 정자운동지수(SMI)의 변화는 포물선을 그렸다 모든 희석액에서 SMI는 해수의 삼투질농도와 유사한 약 1,000 mOsm/kg에서 가장 높았고 그 이상에서는 다시 낮아졌다. 비록 정자의 운동성이 희석액의 삼투질농도에 의해 유발되고 해수와 비슷한 농도의 고장인 희석 액에서 SMI가 가장 높았지만, 고장이나 저장의 희석액에 정자를 노출시키는 것은 정자의 운동성 감소를 유발하였고 생존에 유해하였다.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.85-89
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• 2015

Background: We examined the usefulness of urine osmolality, as a predictive factor in the treatment of monosymptomatic nocturnal enuresis (NE) with combination therapy of imipramine and desmopressin. Methods: From May 2014 to April 2015, 59 monosymptomatic NE patients participated in this study. Early morning urine osmolality was measured at 1 week and 1 day before combination therapy of imipramine and desmopressin, and at 1 week and 2 weeks after therapy. The response to combination therapy was evaluated at 3 months after treatment. The mean period of combination therapy was $6.4{\pm}4.2weeks$. Therapeutic response was classified as complete (0-1 wet night/week), partial (over 50% reduction of night) and non-responders (less than 50% reduction of night). Results: The cumulative rate of the complete and partial responders was 76.3%. Among the 3 groups, the statistically lowest value of pre-treatment urine osmolality was observed in the complete responder group (p<0.001). Urine osmolality increased in all groups after treatment, however, statistically the greatest difference between pre and post-treatment urine osmolality was observed in the complete responder group (p=0.024). No serious side effects were observed. Conclusion: Early morning urine osmolality and change of urine osmolality between pre and post-treatment have predictive values in the response to combined imipramine and desmopressin for treatment of monosymptomatic NE.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제19권12호
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• pp.1716-1721
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• 2006

The present study was conducted to observe the effect of osmolality of glycerolated TEST-yolk glycerol extenders on post-thawing sperm kinematics of ram spermatozoa of the native Malpura breed maintained in a semi-arid tropical environment. Good quality semen obtained from adult rams was pooled, split and diluted to 1,000 million spermatozoa per ml in complete TEST-yolk-glycerol extenders of 900, 1,200, 1,500 and 1,800 mOsm/kg osmolality. Diluted semen samples were loaded in 0.25 ml straws and cooled down to $-125^{\circ}C$ freezing temperature at the rate of $-25^{\circ}C$ per minute under controlled conditions before plunging into liquid nitrogen for storage. The thawing of straws was performed at $50^{\circ}C$ in a water bath for 10 seconds and sperm kinematics of the frozen-thawed spermatozoa were assessed by a computer-assisted sperm analysis technique. Osmolality of diluent had no significant effect on post-thawing % motility, % rapid, % medium and % slow moving frozen-thawed spermatozoa but significantly (p< 0.05) affected the % linearity and % straightness. The post-thawing % motility and % rapid motile spermatozoa were highest in samples extended in diluent of 1,500 mOsm/kg osmolality and lowest in 900 mOsm/kg. The curvilinear velocity of spermatozoa was significantly (p<0.05) higher for samples extended in 1,800 mOsm/kg, compared to those in 900 and 1,200 mOsm/kg, but the effect was not significantly different to those extended in diluent of 1,500 mOsm/kg osmolality. The study indicated that ram spermatozoa could tolerate a wide osmolality range for dilution in the complete TEST-yolk-glycerol extender for their cryosurvival. The highest recovery of motile spermatozoa following thawing was achieved in samples extended in the TEST-yolk-glycerol diluent of 1,500 mOsm/kg osmolality.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.246-250
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• 2004

Survival of 12.7 g (average body weight) Litopenaeus vannamei was examined at temperatures of 14, 16, 18, 28, 32, 34 and 36$^{\circ}C$ and salinities of l0, 20, 30 and 40 ppt after 7 days. Hemolymph osmolality was measured at 12 combinations of salinities (l0, 20, 30 and 40 ppt) and temperature levels (18, 28 and 34$^{\circ}C$) after 14 days. The results show that the species have their best survival between temperatures of 18 and 3$0^{\circ}C$ and salinity above 20 ppt. Hemolymph osmolality increased with increased salinity at all temperatures tested. The isosmotic point calculated from the linear relationship between hemolymph osmolality and medium osmolality and recorded as 826, 809 and 1,117 mOsm/kg which is equivalent to 29.4, 28.8 and 40.2 ppt at 18, 28 and 34$^{\circ}C$, respectively. The slopes obtained from the relationship between hemolymph osmolality and medium osmolality were 0.314, 0.276 and 0.541 for L. vannamei at 18, 28 and 34$^{\circ}C$, respectively, suggesting that the shrimp at 34$^{\circ}C$ regulated osmotic concentration much worse than those at 18 and 28$^{\circ}C$. This result also indicated that L. vannamei living at 34$^{\circ}C$, showed more fluctuation in hemolymph osmolality than those at 18 and 28$^{\circ}C$.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제24권8호
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• pp.1069-1085
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• 2011

In large-type goats that were fed on dry forage twice daily, dry forage intake was markedly suppressed after 40 min of feeding had elapsed. The objective of this study was to clarify whether or not increases in plasma osmolality and subsequent thirst sensations produced by dry forage feeding suppress dry forage intake. Eight large-type male esophageal- and ruminal-fistulated goats (crossbred Japanese Saanen/Nubian, aged 3 to 6 years, weighing $72.3{\pm}2.74$ kg) were used in two experiments conducted under sham feeding conditions. The animals were fed ad libitum a diet of roughly crushed alfalfa hay cubes for 2 h from 10:00 to 12:00 h during two experiments. Water was withheld during feeding in both experiments but was available for a period of 30 min after completion of the 2 h feeding period. In experiment 1, an intraruminal infusion of artificial parotid saliva (RIAPS) in the control replenished saliva lost via the esophageal fistula and an intraruminal infusion of hypertonic solution (RIHS) in the treatment was carried out in order to reproduce the effects of changing salt content due to feed entering the rumen. In experiment 2, the RIHS control was conducted in the same manner as the RIHS treatment of experiment 1. The treatment group consisted of RIHS-with an intravenous infusion of artificial mixed saliva (VIAMS) treatment that was carried out for 3 h to prevent increases in plasma osmolality during feeding. The results of the RIHS treatment in experiment 1 showed that ruminal fluid osmolality increased and then an increase in plasma osmolality was observed. This resulted in the production of thirst sensations and the reduction of cumulative dry forage intake to 43.3% (p<0.05) of the RIAPS control. The results of the RIHS-VIAMS treatment in experiment 2 indicated that ruminal fluid osmolality was the same as the RIHS control but plasma osmolality significantly decreased, and thirst level was markedly reduced. This caused a significant increase of 31.4% (p<0.05) in cumulative dry forage intake in the RIHS-VIAMS treatment compared to the RIHS control. These results indicate that increases in ruminal fluid osmolality during dry forage feeding indirectly suppresses dry forage intake by causing an increase in plasma osmolality and subsequently inducing thirst sensations. The results of the present study suggest that marked decreases in dry forage intake after 40 min of feeding are caused by increases in plasma osmolality and subsequent thirst sensations produced by dry forage feeding.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.55-59
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• 1976

Most investigators have come to stress two different concepts of mechanism controlling renin release; intrarenal baroreceptor theory and the macula densa theory(Vander 1967, Thurau and Masson 1974). In the macula densa theory, the specific macula densa parameter, most commonly suggested as a possible signal, is either the osmolality or the concentration of sodium in the tubular fluid (Thurau 1964, Vander and Miller 1964, Reeves and Sommers 1965). It has been shown that sodium plays an important role in the release of renin either in vivo (Thurau 1964, Vander and Miller 1964, Thurau et al 1972) or in vitro experiments(Oelkers et al 1970, Hammerson et al 1971, Michelakis 1971). On the other hand the osmolality appears to have no effect on the release of renin in vivo (Vander 1967, Thurau and Masson 1974). However, there has been little attempt to study the effect of osmolality on in vitro renin release. We therefore undertook the present investigation to elucidate the effect of osmolality on renin release and to further test the sodium influence upon the release of renin from isolated kidney slice preparations. Isolated renal cortical slices were washed with normal Krebs-Hensenleit bicarbonate buffer solution and incubated for 30 minutes in a medium containing an appropriate concentration of sodium and osmolality. The renin released into the medium was measured by the method of radioimmunoassay(Haber et al 1969). The results obtained are as follows; 1. The release of renin from renal cortical slices was progressively inhibited as the sodium concentration in the medium increased. 2. No significant alteration in renin release was observed when osmolality of the medium was changed. These results suggest that the release of renin from the renal cortical slices is directly affected by the changes in sodium concentration in the medium, but is not influenced by the alterations in osmolality.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제50권5호
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• pp.430-435
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• 2007

Even though we drink and excrete water without recognition, the amount and the composition of body fluid remain constant everyday. Maintenance of a normal osmolality is under the control of water balance which is regulated by vasopressin despite sodium concentration is the dominant determinant of plasma osmolality. The increased plasma osmolality (hypernatremia) can be normalized by the concentration of urine, which is the other way of gaining free water than drinking water, while the low plasma osmolality (hyponatremia) can be normalized by the dilution of urine which is the only regulated way of free water excretion. On the other hand, volume status depends on the control of sodium balance which is regulated mainly by renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, through which volume depletion can be restored by enhancing sodium retention and concomitant water reabsorption. This review focuses on the urine concentration and dilution mechanism mediated by vasopressin and the associated disorders; diabetes insipidus and syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.199-208
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• 1992

These studies were carried out to investigate optimal physological conditions for in vitro fertilization (IVF) of mouse ova. The unfertilized ova were obtained by superovulation from ICR mice of 4 to 6 weeks old. Tyrode's 280 solution was used as basal media, and pH and osmolality of basal media were adjusted with the supplementation of sodium bicarbonate and sodium chloride, respectively. The optimal pH, and osmolality of culture media and the optimum period of sperm preincubation were examined in fertilization in vitro of mouse ova and the subsequent culture in vitro of embryos. The pH range of media examined was designed from 6.5 to 7.5 with 0.2 interval and the range of osmolality from 250 to 370 mOsm with 20 interval, and the period of sperm preincubation examined was 30, 60, 120, and 180 minutes. The ova developed to 2-cell embryosafter 26hrs. of incubation with preincubated sperm were evaluated as in vitro fertilized ones. The results obtained were summarized as follows: 1. The percentage of in vitro fertilized ova was highest (64.7%) in media of pH 7.1 and lowest (38.0%) in pH 6.7. No significant difference in % fertilized ova was found from the media of pH 7.1 to 7.5. Compared with the result from pH 7.1 medium, the pollyspermy was increased signifciantly (p<0.05) in the media of pH over 7.5 and below 6.9;, and the % degenerated ova was significantly (p<0.05) increased in the media of pH below 6.9. 2. The percentage of in vitro fertilized ova was highest (69.4%) in media of osmolality 330 mOsm and lowest (47.9%) in osmolality 250 mOsm. No significant difference in % fertilized ova was found from the media of osmolality 310 to 350 mOsm. Compared with the result from osmolality 330 mOsm in medium, the polyspermy aws increased significantly(p<0.05) in the media of osmolality over 350 mosmol and blow 290 mOsm, and the % degenerated ova was significantly (P<0.05) increased in the media of osmolality below 290 mOsm. 3. The percentate of in vitro fertlilized ova was highest (62.7%) in media of period sperm preincubation 180 min. and lowest (40.4%) in sperm preincubation 30 minutes. No significant difference in % fertilized ova was found from the media of sperm preincubation 120 to 180 minutes. Compared with the result from sperm preincubation 180 minutes in medium, the polyspermy was low differ no significantly(P<0.05) in the media of period sperm preincubation, and the % degenerated ova was signifciantly(P<0.05) increased in the media of sperm presincubation below 60 minutes.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제49권5호
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• pp.463-469
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• 2006

Sodium is the major cation of the extracellular fluid and the primary determinant of extracellular osmolality. Therefore, hypernatremia causes water movement out of cells, while hyponatremia causes water movement into cells, resulting in cellular shrinkage and cellular swelling, respectively. Serious central nervous system symptoms may complicate both conditions. Since hypernatremia and hyponatremia are accompanied by abnormalities in water balance, it is essential to understand the mechanisms regulating extracellular osmolality and volume as well as the pathophysiology of hypernatremia and hyponatremia, in order to manage both conditions with swiftness and safety.