• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.90-102
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• 2008

This paper has aimed to determine how the Suwon Palkyong(水原八景: eight scenic wonders) were formed and the implicature of landscape, such as implicit intention and symbolic significance. For this, the significance and symbolic meaning of the Suwon Palkyong from the time of the 'Hwaseong Chunchu Palgyeong(華城春 秋入景)' have been investigated in order to determine the political and social arguments in Suwon Palkyong that surrounded the formation process and meaning. The 'Hwaseong Chunchu Palkyong' contains a variety of significant elements and factors of Pungmul(Korean drum & dance) as well as formative elements such as a castle. Plantings for beautiful scenery and water use for flood control have also been major elements in the development of Hwaseong. Therefore, it seems that the 'Hwaseong Chunchu Palkyong' is a catchphrase for the future image of the urban landscape. Most Suwon Palkyong sites such as Paldalsan, Namje, Yungneung, Manseokgeo, Chukmanje, Hwahongmun, and Yongji(a pond in Banghwa Suryujeong) are related to the 'Hwaseong Chunchu Palkyong'. 'Gwanggyo Jeokseol(光敎積雪: the landmark mountain, Mt. Gwanggyo with snow)' and 'Paldal Cheongnam(八達晴嵐: Mt. Paldal with shimmering air)' have also been added to Suwon Palkyong. Suwon Palkyong is either directly or indirectly related with water including the origin of Suwoncheon(水原川), an artificial reservoir for flood control and irrigation and Bibopungsu in Yungneung(隆陵), as well as the source of water for rituals after the death of King Jeongjo(正祖大王). Based on Suwon Palkyong, therefore, it can be said that water is a decisive medium in connecting old Suwon with Hwaseong New Town and essential element in the natural landscape. In conclusion, while Hwaseong is a 'Designed Landscape' that was created with a specific intention during the reign of King Jeongjo, the 'Hwaseong Chunchu Palkyong is a 'Desired Landscape' that envisioned a future landscape while Suwon Palkyong is an 'Evolved Landscape' related to the business affairs of the citizens. To completely restore Hwaseong, whose value and importance have been recognized internationally, therefore, the fundamental restoration of a cultural landscape as well as the restoration of the original form of the Hwaseong landscape including Suwon Palkyong is essential.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.103-115
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• 2008

This paper investigates the historical significance of Independence Park in Korean landscape architecture by examining the idea and goal, master plan and scheme, and meaning and limitation of the park The construction was announced in July and began with the Independence Arch in the middle of September, 1896. Dr. Philip Jaisohn (Suh Jai-Pil), Counselor of The Privy Office and president of the Independence newspaper, played an important role in park construction. He formally advised the arrangements and general planning of the park, but he actually played a leading role in the park as much as he designed and superintended the erection of the arch. He had the conception of a productive park for cultivating and experimenting with a variety of trees surrounding the monument. In terms of the history of Korean landscape architecture, Independence Park is important in that it is the first modem city park that was tried independently as part of the modernizing-Seoul project and the only park of which object and scheme were revealed. It also strengthens the roots of Korean modem landscape architecture by pushing Korean history of public parks into the prior time to Japanese colonial period and enriches the contents of Korean modem landscape architecture. Independence Park is the original realization of a public park because it was constructed with participation and donations from the planning stage to the construction and use. In addition, it is the goal and means to inspire the spirit of national independence and patriotism in Korean people and lead them to voluntary awakening, enlightenment, and participation. Independence Park, however, was not constructed according to Dr. Jaisohn's original intent due to the lack of funds and the rudimentary level of landscape construction technology. In addition, the location was too far from downtown and accessibility was very difficult. For these reasons, many do not consider the park as having been constructed. However, this kind of view must be changed. Other parks of the time were not detailed and decorated like typical western parks, but were left as public spaces. In other words, these parks should not be judged by comparing them to western parks. This is the same concept as that of the first parks of modem Korea being called 'park land.' These parks were more natural environments than planned gardens.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.31-41
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• 2020

Since its foundation in the unified Silla period, Sunam Temple in Jeollanam-do has well preserved its reputation as a representative temple in Honam. However, during the course of history as the temple went through many changes and development, much of its landscape identity were lost or damaged. At present, we found that some of distinctive features as traditional Korean temple are lost or damaged in Sunam temple and in some cases, Japanese style features were applied which calls for urgent restoration to the original landscape style. We found that vegetation pattern of Sunam temple was quite different from those of traditional Korean temples and garden components were rather similar to Japanese garden style. There are two reasons why these changes occurred to Sunam-temple. The first reason is changes made to the temple by Japanese people during the Japanese occupation period in Korea. The second is the renovation effort of the entire temple in 1976. The study aimed to examine landcape changes of Sunam temple in detail and understand Japanese style landscape components and methods applied to the Sunam temple to untimately understand landscape identity of Sunam temple. On-site research, literature research and interviews with monks were conducted and we found that Sunam-sa Temple was significantly influenced by the landscape style of Japan, and that more Japanese-style landscapes were produced while trying to hide these elements. However, this study was limited in understanding the very original landscape form of Sunam temple before the Japanese coloniral era.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture Conference
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• 2007.10b
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• pp.99-104
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• 2007

With their deity groves, Japanese Shinto shrines form unique green spaces. Further, many shrines are located between a settlement and the rural or natural environment. This location relates to the nature-worship of the Shinto tradition. However, when visiting present shrine precincts, it gives the impression that their original landscape location and green space is impaired by urban changes. This study focuses on the point how the scenic condition of district shrines at the fringe of Tokyo is challenged in the present, and presents an example of a successful preservation in the urban area. The key point of such preservation is that it goes beyond the shrine precinct itself. If there still exists a natural or beautiful scenery next to a shrine with some distinct historical or religious relationship, both shrine and scenery should be preserved together.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.71-80
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to suggest the criteria for the damaged mountainous landscape based on the shape, location and ratio of damaged landscape. For the study, the preference and landscape adjectives were analyzed on visual images and simulations. The variables for analysis were the amount of the damaged ratio(10%, 30%, 50%), the location of the damage (upper, middle, lower) and the various forms of the damage(spot, line, area). According to the results of this study, in accordance with the amount of damage, the visual preference recorded its lowest with the a rate of 50%. As for the location of the damage, the lower-ridge of the mountain showed the highest preference, and the upper-ridge was recorded as the lowest. The linear damage type showed the highest preference. On the other hand, the spotted damage type showed lowest. The results indicate that the visual preference increases when there is a lower ratio of damage, as the damage locates at the lower-ridge, and also when there is a presence of linear formation development. The group of linear formation-the lower ridge-10% showed the highest preference, and the group of linear formation-the mid ridge-50% was the lowest with the results of 3-way ANOVA. The group of linear formation-lower ridge-10% in particular had virtually no differences of visual preference when it was compared with the original scene. The damage with the spotted formation, on the mid-upper location and the high ratio of damage were analyzed as factors that give negative influence on the mountainous landscape. The main features of mountainous landscape were reduced into two factors, 'total estimation' and 'spatial scale' by the factor analysis with total variance of 65.96%.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.321-343
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• 2004

In principal, the original form of Eupchi landscape in Naepo reflects a traditional idea regarding direction as a connection with one's fortune and naturalization strategy of power. In reality, the weight for the landscape inside the castle town was distinct by locality according to the conditions of natural geographies and main function of the castle town. In other words, the traditional Eupchi landscape was shaped under the fixed principles but it was simultaneously reflecting the local temporality and spatiality. As Chosun Dynasty went under the Japanese colonization, Eupchi in the traditional period started to evolve into a modem city. That is to say, the traditional Eupchi as a political place became to change into the center of capital accumulation, stronghold of economy and education, and center of town beyond the function as a place for government and administration. Therefore, the process of change from the landscape of Eupchi to a modem city was a kind of revolution in the form and function, and it was also a very rapid rearrangement of social space. The disparate element of landscape and double social space worked as a vital inertial element in the urban structure of Naepo area until the post independence and evolution of landscape.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.107-118
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• 2010

Palaces of a country can be representative aggregate of the culture and arts of the country. Palaces were used not only as a living place to protect kings and royal families and to live cultural lives, but also a political place to govern the country. Kings in Choseon founded the country on the Sung Confucianism, their philosophical background. They built Bangji and Wondo as constant reminders of their philosophy. Bangji is the most apparent characteristic in the palace gardens of the Choseon Dynasty. Finding out the original form of Jidang, restoring the original and passing it on to future generations can be passing on the spiritual culture of our ancestors. This study is done to find out or locate well preserved Jidang, transformed Jidang and lost Jidang in Changdeokgung, which is the best conserved palace of Choseon. This study is composed of Jidang which has been kept in its original state, transformed Jidang, locating lost Jidang and Jidnang which has been unearthed. The total number of Donggwoldo's Jidangs is 17; those that are kept in their original state, 4; transformed Jidangs, 5; Jidangs that were lost and have been located, 8; and newly appeared Jidangs, 2. From the results, opinions on restoration are presented. This study can be a small drop in the thin stream of tradition passing onto future generations in this world where knowledge and information are transported momentarily and the classification of culture and border is mixed, yielding vagueness.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.1-9
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• 2011

This study concerns the Baekje Traditional Garden, one of the open spaces in the Lotte Resort in the Baekje Historical Reappearance Complex, which is part of the comprehensive plan for specific areas in the Baekje cultural area. The Baekje Traditional Garden has historic value, and its excellent garden style influenced the ancient Japanese gardens. This study dealt with three issues: (1) The context in which Lotte Buyeo Resort accepted the Baekje Traditional Garden, particularly the background and process of such; (2) The original form of the Baekje Traditional Garden; and (3) How the Baekje Traditional Garden should be represented in the open space of the resort. Representation is accomplished in two ways: using the structure of the original garden and in the borrowing of elements. For representation using the structure of the original garden, Imrugak was used as the main entrance space, and Wolsunjung was represented from the Ganbuklee remains. In the rear garden are wave watercourses and other garden facilities of the Wanggungri site in Iksan. Borrowing of elements, on the other hand, was accomplished in the plant plan and detailed development. In addition, mountaintops (three mountains and five mountain summits), a clean stream between mountains, and a pine forest are visualized in the garden. This is the representative landscape of the Taoist hermit world that appeared in the Baekje Gilt Bronze Incense Burner and Landscape pattern. The significance of this study is twofold. First, the Baekje Traditional Garden is a fresh trail because there has been no previous research concerning it. Second, while past research concerning traditional spaces focused on the results of representation, this study focused on the process of representation. This means that this research work tried to extend the study concerning the representation of traditional spaces from the conceptual to the practical approach. This study, however, also has its limitations. The authenticity of the representation suggested in this study may be questioned later because efforts have been made to preserve the original Baekje Traditional Garden. In addition, this study should seek a balance between authenticity on one hand and amusement and diversity of experience on the other, because the site is a resort.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.38 no.5_2
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• pp.144-150
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• 2010

This paper researches, by looking into visitors of the Garden of Morning Calm, Pyunggang Botanical Garden, Jangheung Natural Arboretum and the Garden of Wild Flower, how they use these arboretums and what are the facilities they like most to provide directions in formation and planning of domestic private arboretums. The followings are executive summery of this research. It was researched that most of the them visited arboretums for emotional life (42.93%). They answered that the major reason that they go to arboretums is rest and service functions (42.97%). Such number suggest arboretums that they should provide, along with their original purpose of biological preservation, practical purposes, including rest and service functions. When asked facilities they preferred most, most visitors answered that they are most satisfied with facilities like restaurants and cafeterias. Information desk, management office, forest museum, wild life zoo, green house, exhibition room, rest area, pond and fountains influenced the visitor satisfaction level as well. Regarding to facility references, visitors most preferred information desk, management office, restaurant and cafeteria.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.75-87
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• 2018

The purpose of this study is to investigate conservation and management methods of the Joseon Royal Tombs under the Eastern District Management Office. Through the literature survey, we understood the process of change of Joseon royal tombs, and through field surveys and interviews, we understood the status of the interior and the surrounding area. In this process, topography, land use and flow of human traffic, architecture and stone objects, water system, historical forests, and facilities were set as the main evaluation indicators. Urbanization has damaged the original terrains of Royal Tombs as national roads, buildings and facilities have constructed in the inner and outer area of Joseon Royal Tombs. Construction of underground passage, land purchase, relocation and demolition of the buildings are required for the conservation of the Royal Tombs area, and then it is necessary to recover the original terrain. In the case of land use and pathways, there are many disconnection of the original ritual circulation, they should be maintained to remind the sacred atmosphere of the royal tomb. And It is necessary to collect accurate information on the lost buildings and stoneworks through literature survey and excavation investigation, and that investigations should be lead to the exposure or restoration of the ruins. Historical forests require periodic and ongoing monitoring and management, and it is necessary to establish new entrance area and appropriate facilities following the long-Term conservation and management plan. These plans should be classified into short, medium and long-Term projects according to urgency and securing financial resources with a long perspective to implement continuous and systematic projects.