• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.89-98
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• 2023

Background: Organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) are a group of chemical substances used in building materials and plastic products to suppress or mitigate the combustion of materials. Although OPFRs are generally used in mixed form, information on their mixture toxicity is quite scarce. Objectives: This study aims to elucidate the toxicity and determine the types of interaction (e.g., synergistic, additive, and antagonistic effect) of OPFRs mixtures. Methods: Nine organophosphorus flame retardants, including TEHP (tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate) and TDCPP (tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate), were selected based on indoor dust measurement data in South Korea. Nine OPFRs were exposed to the luminescent bacteria Aliivibrio fischeri for 30 minutes and the human hepatocyte cell line HepG2 for 48 hours. Chemicals with significant toxicity were only used for mixture toxicity tests in HepG2. In addition, the observed EC_x values were compared with the predicted toxicity values in the CA (concentration addition) prediction model, and the MDR (model deviation ratio) was calculated to determine the type of interaction. Results: Only four chemicals showed significant toxicity in the luminescent bacteria assays. However, EC₅₀ values were derived for seven out of nine OPFRs in the HepG2 assays. In the HepG2 assays, the highest to lowest EC₅₀ were in the order of the molecular weight of the target chemicals. In the further mixture tests, most binary mixtures show additive interactions except for the two combinations that have TPhP (triphenyl phosphate), i.e., TPhP and TDCPP, and TPhP and TBOEP (tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate). Conclusions: Our data shows OPFR mixtures usually have additivity; however, more research is needed to find out the reason for the synergistic effect of TPhP. Also, the mixture experimental dataset can be used as a training and validation set for developing the mixture toxicity prediction model as a further step.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제37권7호
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• pp.396-403
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• 2015

낙동강 수계에서의 유기인계 난연제류(OPFRs) 검출현황을 조사한 결과, 본류 및 지류 20지점 중 6지점에서 TCEP, TCPP 및 TBEP 3종이 검출되었으며, 본류에서는 고령에서만 TCPP가 ND~114.9 ng/L 및 TBEP가 ND~49.1 ng/L의 농도로 검출되었으며, 지류의 경우는 금호강 상류, 신천, 금호강 하류, 진천천 및 양산천에서 TCEP가 ND~1,865.3 ng/L, TCPP가 ND~519.2 ng/L 및 TBEP가 ND~210.4 ng/L의 농도로 검출되었다. 낙동강 주변에 위치한 11개 하수처리장 방류수들에서는 TBP, TCEP, TCPP 및 TBEP 4종이 각각 ND~458.5 ng/L, ND~2,932.7 ng/L, ND~1,320.7 ng/L 및 ND~655.2 ng/L의 농도로 검출되었다. 낙동강 수계 및 낙동강 주변에 위치한 11개 하수처리장 방류수들에서의 계절별 OPFRs 분포비율을 분석한 결과, 동일 지점에서도 채수시기에 따라 검출농도 뿐만 아니라 구성종 비율의 변화폭도 매우 크게 나타났다.