• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.56-60
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• 2011

Purpose: The optimal dose of oximes for use in the treatment of organophosphorus pesticide poisoning has not been conclusively established. In this retrospective study, we assessed the effectiveness of the use of high-dose pralidoxime infusion in treating organophosphorus pesticide poisoning. Methods: From January 1998 to December 2009, 71 patients visited the hospital Emergency Department (ED) as a result of organophosphate pesticide intoxication. All of these patients received an initial bolus of 2 g of pralidoxime as the first step of treatment. Patients who then received continuous infusion of pralidoxime at a dose of 500 mg/hr were entered into study group 1 (low dose), and those treated by continuous infusion of pralidoxime at a dose of 1000 mg/hr were entered into study group 2 (high-dose). Plasma cholinesterase activities for each patient were evaluated at ED arrival and re-evaluated 24 hours after pralidoxime infusion. The effectiveness of the two treatment modalities was gauged by comparing the required duration of mechanical ventilation, time spent in the intensive care unit (ICU) and total time spent in the hospital. Results: The mean duration of mechanical ventilation was $9.98{\pm}6.47$ days for group 1 and $4.39{\pm}6.44$ days for group 2. The respective mean duration of time spent in ICU and the total number of days in the hospital were $16.38{\pm}18.84$ days and $21.87{\pm}20.16$ days for group 1, and $7.83{\pm}9.99$ days and $11.71{\pm}13.53$ days for group 2. Highdose pralidoxime treatment was associated with shorter required durations for mechanical ventilation, ICU and hospital stay. In addition, plasma cholinesterase reactivation rates were higher for those patients receiving high-dose pralidoxime treatment. Conclusion: The results suggest that high-dose pralidoxime treatment has greater efficacy for patients suffering from organophosphorus pesticide poisoning.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.1163-1168
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• 1998

Fish tissues were spiked with organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs), mixed with a celite as a drying agent, and dynamically extracted with pure $CO_2$ or modified $CO_2$ for 10 min at different extraction temperatures, pressures and $CO_2$ flow rates. Recoveries of OPPs spiked in jacopever increased with the decrease of extraction temperature and pressure, and decreased with the increase of $CO_2$ flow rates. Modified $CO_2$ extractions with 10% methylene chloride showed a slight increase in the recoveries over pure $CO_2$ extraction. Quantity of fish tissues had great effect on their extraction efficiencies. Recoveries of OPPs were $66.7{\sim}86.3%$ for jacopever, $56.2{\sim}79.2%$ for yellow tail, $57.6{\sim}77.8%$ for blanquillo, $84.2{\sim}96.3%$ for sardine, $74.6{\sim}83.6%$ for mackerel. Application of supercritical carbon dioxide extraction offers an attractive alternative to the use of organic solvents for extraction of pesticide residues from fish tissues.

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.162-167
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• 1986

This experiment was conducted to determine the effect of light, organophosphorus compounds and plant growth regulators on phytotoxicity of pendimethalin (3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitro-N-1-ethyl propylamine) in rice (Oryza saliva L.). The phytotoxicity of pendimethalin on post-germination growth of rice was greatly reduced by light treatment. This effect resulted from photodecomposition of pendimethalin. Antidoting activity on phytotoxicity of pendimethalin varied with the kind of organophosphorus compounds used and the application time. The greatest antidoting effect was obtained from edifenphos (0-3thy1 S,S-diphenylphosphorothioate). However, the effect was not observed when edifenphos was applied prior to pendimethalin. There was no antidoting effect of indole acetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid ($GA_3$) and kinetin used alone, but combinations of 3 ppmw IAA + either 3 or 5 ppmw $GA_3$ and 1 ppmw kinetin + 10 ppmw $GA_3$ reduced the phytotoxicity of pendimethalin.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.269-276
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• 2019

A colorimetric rapid detection method based on acetylcholinesterase (AChE) was developed for the analysis of organophosphorus (OP) and carbamate (CB) pesticides. The AChE catalyzes acetylthiocholine into thiocholine having (-) and (+) charges, and the (+) charge results in gold nanoparticle (GNP) aggregation. The in-activation of AChE by OP and CB has been well known. In order to optimize the colorimetric method, optimal dilution times of commercial serum containing AChE, diameter of GNP, and concentration of acetylthiocholine were tested as a key parameter. The colorimetric detection limits of the method were 7.5 ng/mL for both dimethyl amine and carbofuran pesticides in 60% ethanol. No cross-reaction to other chemicals, such as aflatoxin B1 and ochratoxin A, which can be contaminated with pesticides in agricultural products, was observed. Recoveries from lettuce, sesame leaf, and cabbage lettuce spiked with known concentrations of dimethyl amine and carbofuran were found to be ranged from 83.85 to 133.16%. These results indicated that the colorimetric rapid method based on AChE can be a useful tool for the sensitive, specific, rapid, and accurate detection of OP and CB pesticides in fresh vegetables.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.141-147
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• 1969

Organophosphorous compounds can be reduced by zinc metal in acidic solution after alkaline hydrolysis. Although phosphates and phosphonates did not evolve any gas, dithioates did evolve hydrogen sulfide and phosphine, thionates and thiolates did evolve only hydrogen sulfide. The evolved gases were qualitatively detected by means of lead acetate and silver nitrate or mercuric bromide papers and determined by spectrophotometrically. The reduction mechanism and analytical method of dithioates were proposed.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Toxicology Conference
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• 2001.05a
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• pp.122-122
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• 2001

Flupyrazofos is a new type of pyrazole organophosporus insecticide, which has a high activity against the diamond-back moth (Plutella xylostella). The potential of this agent to induce developmental toxicity was investigated in the Sprague-Dawley rat.(omitted)

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.217-222
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• 1996

We studied about analyzing carbamate pesticides, organochlorine, organophosphorus pesticides simultaneously using by GC/MSD. For this, instead of HPLC which is generally used in analyzing carbamate pesticides, GC was used and all hydrogen of -NH group in carbamate pesticides were substituted for trifluoroacetyl group which is stable at heat And eight pesticide resdidues were not detected in nine samples circulated in the city.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.29 no.11
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• pp.2252-2258
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• 2008

• Environmental Mutagens and Carcinogens
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.128-134
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• 2001

Single cell gel electrophoresis (SCGE) assay, also called comet assay, is a rapid and sensitive method to detect DNA damage in single cell level. To evaluate the DNA damage of lymphocytes of pesticides sprayers, SCGE assay was carried out for 50 pesticides sprayer and 58 control subjects. They were interviewed with structured questionnaire to get the information about the kinds and amount of pesticide. Insecticides and fungicides were predominant among pesticides. Major components of pesticides were organophosphorus, organosulfate, cartap, carbamates, and triazole. Sprayed pesticides were classified into two groups. Group I included organophosphorus, organoarsenic, organotin, tetrazine, triazole and gramoxone, which were known to cause DNA damages. Group II pesticide were carbamates, surfactants, organosulfates, etc., which were not found as DNA damaging agents in scientific documents. Olive tail moments of 100 lymphocytes were measured by KOMET 3.1 program for each person. The means of tail moments were compared between farmers exposed to pesticides and control subjects. Farmers showed higher tail moments than control subjects (2.07$\pm$1.40 vs 1.53$\pm$0.77, p<0.05). The means of tail moments also were compared among group I sprayers (n=36), group II sprayers (n=24) and, control subject, and the means or tail moments were 3.4s$\pm$3.2o, 2.66$\pm$2.20 and 1.53$\pm$0.77 respectively. The difference between means of group I sprayers and controls was statistically significant (p<0.05). In conclusion, this study showed higher DNA damage in farmers exposed to pesticides than control subjects, and comet assay could be useful as a biological monitoring method of genotoxic pesticides for farmers.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Food Hygiene and Safety Conference
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.171-174
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• 2001

Solid phase micro-extraction (SPME), a solvent-free, rapid and inexpensive method for the extraction of organic compounds from aqueous sample matrices, was evaluated for determination of the 120 pesticides in vegetables such as crown daisy, perilla leaf, leafy lettuce and to mato. The analysis conditions were chosen for the SPME method: 15 min of immersion of the PDMS fiber in 10 ml of the solution with stirring at 1,000 rpm. The recovery tests were carried out in triplicate. The range of recoveries was 0-142% for organochlorine pesticides and $4.9\sim200\%$ for organophosphorus pesticides. The recoveries were very low in the pesticide groups with low solubility in water. The recoveries became lower in proportion to the interference materials in vegetables. The recovery in tomato was relatively higher than that in perilla Ie af and crown daisy. The recovery values obtained by SPE and SPME were compared. In leaf y lettuce, recovery obtained by SPE method ranged from $58.1\%\;to\;136.1\%$ and recovery by SPME ranged from $9.6\%\;to\;176.3\%$ In organophosphorus pesticides. The recovery in SPME method was satisfactory with $136\%$ for ethoprophos, $119\%$ for methidathion and $113\%$ for diazinon. Meanwhile, recovery of EPN, phenthoate and 2,4-DDT revealed relatively low value of $38\%,\;41\%\;and\;3.4\%,$ respectively. However, most of pesticides applied to SPME method sho wed constant recovery and precision. From these results, it can be concluded that solid phase micro-extraction might be an appropriate method for the screening test of pesticides in vegetables.