• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.51 no.4
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• pp.374-389
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• 2023

Organophosphorus (OP) pesticides, particularly malathion, parathion, diazinon, and chlorpyrifos, are widely used in both agricultural and residential contexts. This refractory quality is shared by certain organ phosphorus insecticides, and it may have unintended consequences for certain non-target soil species. Bioremediation cleans organic and inorganic contaminants using microbes and plants. Organophosphate-hydrolyzing enzymes can transform pesticide residues into non-hazardous byproducts and are increasingly being considered viable solutions to the problem of decontamination. When coupled with system analysis, the multi-omics technique produces important data for functional validation and genetic manipulation, both of which may be used to boost the efficiency of bioremediation systems. RNA-guided nucleases and RNA-guided base editors include zinc-finger nucleases (ZFNs), transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), which are used to alter genes and edit genomes. The review sheds light on key knowledge gaps and suggests approaches to pesticide cleanup using a variety of microbe-assisted methods. Researches, ecologists, and decision-makers can all benefit from having a better understanding of the usefulness and application of systems biology and gene editing in bioremediation evaluations.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.209-218
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• 2010

There experiment were carried out to analyze for pesticide residues in 4 kinds of dried fruits collected in northern area of Seoul in 2007~2009. Total of 213 samples were analyzed. According to the results, 20 kinds of residual pesticides were detected. Residual pesticides were detected in 66 samples (31.0%) and 8 samples (3.8%) exceeded maximum residue limits (MRL). Cypermethrin, fenvalerate, endosulfan, chlorpyrifos, bifenthrin were detected frequently. The Pesticide types which were detected in dried furits were revealed in order of pyrethroid > organophosphate > organochloride > dicarboximide. Detection rates of dried fruits were dried chinese matrimony vein (53.0%), dried jujube (34.9%), dried rubi fructus (7.6%) and dried maximowiczia chinensis (4.6%). Based on these results, we investigated the risk assessment from amount of residual pesticide in dried jujube. Range of %ADI were 0.0001~0.0081%, but the value has not effected on human health.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.140-149
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• 2016

All pesticides must be assessed strictly whether safe or not when agricultural operators are exposed to the pesticides in farmland. A pesticide is commonly regarded as safe when estimated dermal absorption amount is lower than the acceptable operator's exposure level (AOEL). In this study, dermal absorption rate of chlorpyrifos, a widely used organophosphate insecticide, was investigated using rat dermal tissue model. Chlorpyrifos wettable powder solved in water (250, 500 and 2,500 ppm) was applied to freshly excised rat dermal slices ($341{\sim}413{\mu}m$ thickness) on static Franz diffusion cells at $32^{\circ}C$ for 6 hours. After exposure period of 6 hours, and then washing-at residual amount of chlorpyrifos was analyzed in dermal tissues, tape strips, washing solution, washing swabs of receptor bottles and receptor fluids at 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24 hours. Chlorpyrifos was only detected in dermal tissue but not found in receptor fluid at each concentration and time point, and the absorption rate of 250, 500 and 2,500 ppm was 2.36%, 1.96% and 1.69%, respectively. The estimated exposure level of chlorpyrifos was calculated as 0.012 mg/kg bw/day. The health risk for farmers in this condition is a level of concern because the estimated exposure level is 12 times higher than AOEL 0.001 mg/kg bw/day. However, actual health risk will be alleviated than estimated because absorbed chlorpyrifos is not permeated into internal body system and only retained in skin layer.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.179-185
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• 2007

Esterase isozymes were investigated from digestive juice of M. saltuarius adults after pesticide treatment. Twelve esterase isozymes were separated on 12% native-PAGE gel and stained with three different substrates(${\alpha}$-naphthyl acetate, ${\beta}$-naphthyl acetate, and ${\alpha}$-naphthyl butyrate). Interestingly, the isozyme of Est1(${\alpha}$-naphthyl acetate) was strongly inhibited by the carbofuran and methomyl. The Est1 activity was completely inhibited by the chlorpyrifos and partially inhibited by methidation about 70 %. In addition, eserine suppressed esterase isozyme activities of Est1 about 70% and isozyme activities of Est2, Est3, and Est4 were weakly inhibited. ${\alpha}$-pinene did not suppressed esterase isozyme activities but activities of esterases were very weakly inhibited in camphor and bornyl acetate.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.5 no.6
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• pp.436-440
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• 2000

Recently, we reported an improved technology for the degradation of organophosphate nerve agents using whole cells of genetically engineered Escherichia coli that anchored and displayed the enzyme organophosphorus hydrolase on the cell surface. In this paper we report the immobilization of these cells on highly porous sintered glass beads and the subsequent application of the immobilized cell in a continuous-flow packed bed bioreactor for the biodetoxification of a widely used insecticide, coumaphos.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Clinical Toxicology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.52-56
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• 2008

Amitraz is used as farm-animal insecticide. Its side effects in humans are related to its pharmacological activity on alpha 2-adrenergic receptors. The case describes a previously healthy 46-year-old woman who intentionally ingested approximately 250mL of liquid amitraz. She presented with vomiting, altered mental status, miosis, dry mouth, hypopnea, metabolic and respiratory acidosis, hypotension, hypothermia, polyuria, metabolic acidosis, elevated serum aminotransferase and abdominal distension. Supportive treatments including mechanical ventilation, hydration, dopamine infusion, bicarbonate infusion and gastric decompression resulted in improvement. By hospital day 3, she recovered with resolution of abdominal distension. It is paramount to recognize amitraz poisoning when a pesticide-intoxicated patient presets with signs and symptoms consistent with organophosphate intoxicated patients but with greater alpha 2-adrenergic related symptoms such as decreased bowel motility and xerostomia.

• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.300-309
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• 2007

Although parathion is an organophosphate pesticide being legally applied for the purpose of agriculture and is being manufactured, parathion in the air and urinary p-nitrophenol, a metabolite of parathion, were not analysed in Korea. Air of the parathion manufacturing workplace was sampled by OVS-2 tubes using NIOSH 5600 and spot urine of workers was sampled at the end of shift. Parathion and urinary p-nitrophenol were analysed by GC/MS (5973 MSD connected with Agilent 6890 GC) and the protocol was included in this study. It was found that this protocol should be so sensitive that determining parathion in the air and urinary p-nitrophenol below level of ACGIH TLV and BEI be adequate. Another finding was that total sampling volume of air of NIOSH 5600 of 240 L should be adjusted to be less than 120 L due to breakthrough.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.303-308
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• 2001

The potential for a given anticholinesterase pesticide to exhibit age-related toxicity is essential information for an accurate and proper risk assessment of that compound. This investigation was designed to study the age-related toxicity of active metabolites of four organophosphates using in vitro detoxification measurement. The blood samples were collected from 1 month and 18 months old rats. The $IC_{50}$ values of mouse brain recombinant AChE of chlorpyrifos-oxon, diazoxon, malaoxon and paraoxon were 10.35, 112.84, 151.28 and 18.43 nM, respectively. When the plasma of young rats, and $CaCI_2$were added, the $IC_{50}$ values of mouse brain recombinant AChE of chlorpyrfos-oxon, diazoxon, malaoxon and paraoxon were 31.89, 164.25, 139.94 and 16.36 nM, respectively. The $IC_{50}$ values of mouse brain recombinant AChE of chlorpyrifos-oxon, diazoxon, malaoxon and paraoxon were changed to 136.840, 1244.45, 654.54 and 52.66 nM by A-esterases In adult rats. These results suggest that four organophosphates have a potential toxicity to exhibit age-related sensitivity.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.985-987
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• 2008

Parathion is an organophosphate pesticide being legally applied for the purpose of agriculture and is being manufactured in Korea. A gas chromatography/mass spectrometric method was developed for the determination of parathion urinary metabolite, p-nitrophenol. p-Nitrophenol was extracted from weak acidic urine, and then measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (selected ion monitoring). The recovery of pnitrophenol in the overall procedure was 88.2%. The detection limit of the assay was 1.0 $\mu$ g/L based upon assayed urine of 2.0 mL. The method was applied to the determination of p-nitrophenol in urine of workers of a parathion industry. Spot urines of workers of a parathion industry were sampled at the end of shift and pnitrophenol was analyzed using above developed method. p-Nitrophenol could be detected in all of the urine samples at concentrations varying from 3.0 to 681 $\mu$ g/L.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.31 no.6
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• pp.1609-1614
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• 2010

Acetylcholinesterase reactivators are crucial antidotes for the treatment of organophosphate intoxication. Standard in vitro test was chosen using a rat brain homogenate as the source of AChE. Screening of reactivation potency was performed with two concentration of reactivator (1000 ${\mu}M$ and 10 ${\mu}M$). Results were compared to established reactivators pralidoxime, methoxime, HI-6, trimedoxime and obidoxime. More than 30 novel reactivators performed equal or better reactivation ability of POX-inhibited AChE compared to currently used reactivators. The structure-activity relationship for reactivators of paraoxon-inhibited AChE was developed.