• 한국정책학회보
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.161-198
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• 2014

The various types of improper usages in the process of delivering social services have been increasingly paid to attention in South Korea. This study, relying on empirical data about the various improper behaviors, explore whether the audit activity can reduce the degree of the improper behavior. In order to estimate the impact of the audit, we use the DID(Difference in difference) method, comparing the experimental group with the audit treatment and the control group without it. We control for size(the number of Service personnel and user), types of social service (elderly, disabled, etc.), organizational forms(profit, non-profit), region(metropolitan areas, small-medium cities, rural areas), and the number times of audit (1, 2, and 3 number). Our empirical results show that the audit decreased the ratio of payment violation by about 4.02 percent, the number of violations from providers' improper payment by approximately 5.07 and the number of violations from users' improper payment by approximately 9.59. Further research is required to explore why and how the audit can decrease the improper usage in social service with rigorous theoretical models.

• Asia-pacific Journal of Multimedia Services Convergent with Art, Humanities, and Sociology
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.31-41
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• 2017

Through the evolutionary process of the North Korean defector support policies, this research investigates the background behind the formation of non-profit organizations for the North Korean defectors and to identify and understand the problem through their characteristics and functions. Starting from 1990, with an increase in the North Korean Defectors' population as well as the introduction of multicultural society, various environmental factors, such as the domestic socio-environmental changes, resulted an increase in number of private organizations. However, not to mention the size and functions of the organizations, some do not even have required legal organizational structures in place. Their business activities, in some cases, are irrelevant to the original purpose and objectives. Moreover, the fact that 83% of the North Korean Defectors Organizations are based in Seoul while 25.5% of the North Korean Defector residing in Seoul, inevitably make the reputation of the organizations to be illegal and dishonest due to the excessive level of competitions among the similar types of organizations. In reality, the organizations show lack of growth in the areas such as securing necessary employments to the Defectors or providing educations to the youth, who will eventually become the future leaders, in building the awareness capacity toward the unification. These results show that, in conducting their activities, the organizations must be aware of the rights and responsibilities as the constituents of the society, plus the government's practical efforts in improving these issues are also necessary.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.47-65
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• 2023

As stakeholder demands and sustainable finance grow, ESG management and ESG evaluation are becoming important. SMEs should also prepare for the trends of ESG rating practices that affects supply chain management and financial transactions. However, SMEs have no choice but to focus on survival first, so there are restrictions on putting into ESG management. In addition, there is a lack of research on the legitimacy of ESG management by SMEs, and volatility in ESG evaluation systems and rating grades is also increasing. Accordingly, it is necessary to review ESG evaluation trends and practical guidelines along with the review of previous studies. As a result of the exploratory study, SMEs need to implement ESG management and make efforts to specialize in ESG related new businesses under conditions in which their survival base is guaranteed in terms of implementation strategies. In addition, it is necessary to focus on the strategic use of various evaluation results along with accumulating information favorable for ESG evaluation through organizational learning and software management. The implications of this study are that various studies such as the classification criteria for SMEs and the relationship between ESG evaluation grades and long-term survival rates are needed in ESG evaluation of SMEs. At the government policy level, it is time to consider the ESG evaluation system exclusively for SMEs so that ESG management can be implemented and ESG evaluation at different levels by industry and size.

• Korean Business Review
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.63-87
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• 2004

To create and maintain comparative supremacy as a strategic tool of business, many organizations have introduced informational technology and system. By using this system, Some companies got a beneficial value for achieving organizational goals but others could not obtain their effectiveness and efficiency. In particular, a lot of organizations that tried to make strategic supremacy with e-commercial trade are under hard condition because of poor profit. It implies that it is essential to identify and analyse the consumer who uses e-commercial trade. This paper, therefore, focusing on internet shopping malls between business and consumer as one of areas of e-commercial trades, shows the difference between consumer expectation and performance. The results of this study are as follows: First, as for the significant difference of influencing factors to consumer satisfactions according to the types of internet shopping malls, there is a meaningful difference in consumer anxiety and internet usefulness, but not in consumer service. Prior to verify the differences in detail on consumer's anxiety and internet usefulness, we examined that there is any difference between expectation and performance. T-test was used for the variants of consumer anxiety and internet usefulness, and its meaningful probability was 0.000, which means that both showed statistically significant difference. Based on the results, we also found that regardless of the types of internet shopping malls, consumer expectation was greater than performance. although the difference between expectation and performance was not equal according to the internet shopping malls. Second, a regression analysis was performed to understand the relation between consumer service, internet usefulness, consumer anxiety, and consumer satisfaction, it was found that consumer service, internet usefulness, consumer anxiety had significantly effected on consumer satisfaction. Third, To verify the relation between consumer satisfaction and repurchase-intentions, intentions to spread out, Pearson correlation analysis was used. it was found that consumer satisfaction had positive effect on both intentions. This study has some limitations because of the shorts of money and time. since the sample of this study was consumers who have ever bought one or more products via internet shopping mall, this sample was appropriate. but the major parts of sample were college students, and the sample size was so small. therefore this results should carefully be generalized. For further study, it is required to select more precise samples and to include more variables.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.83-94
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• 2014

Before economical crisis in 1997, domestic company focused on increasing the size of outward experience which including organization. The result of increasing outward experience without substance was economical crisis, so after that time, many companies have been changing their focus from insourcing to strengthen the core competence to secure global market. This is becoming a cause of following that companies are reducing their outward experience. Especially, to process tasks more effectively and to cope with rapid change of business environment, such as incoming raw material from overseas/high raising of salary/rising property prices, many companies decided outsourcing method. At most of hypothesis, the result was that outsourcing can affect positively to the business. First, introducing of outsourcing during focusing on core competence can be positive effect for company performance such as business management /productivity /procurement /administration /product competitiveness /technology. Second, the result that analyzed based on a point of view of population statics after outsourcing was positive effect at the most of research. Third, result of effectiveness for every outsourcing type classified by 4M was also can be positive at the most of research. Fourth, the characteristic of population statics can be positive effect at the most of category when select outsourcing companies. Research result of outsourcing was various based on the goal of outsourcing. It is revealed by investigation of domestic/overseas treatise that there are opposite two opinions. In this research, there is no consistent result that the outsourcing can give effects on business performance, but most of hypothesis indicates that outsourcing can give positive effect on the business performance.In this research, based on the outsourcing intensity, mutual relation was analyzed. The assumption of the reason of outsourcing is economical and organizational. First, sampling numbers of research was too small so it is too difficult to get significant business performance result. (Sampling : 150, Replied : 106, Rate of Reply : 71%) Second, tried to compare significant differences of outsourcing methods which were divided based on 4M, but the there is gaps between the number of Cell and too difficult to make replier understand. Third, it is tried to find the degrees of effect that the point of view of popular statics can effect on business performances and selection of outsourced companies.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.212-222
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• 1989

When the head nurse who is pivotal in the nursing service administration of the hospital performs efficiently as a first-line manager, the effectiveness of the nursing unit, which includes the quality of nursing care, the jab satisfaction of staff members, and the cohesiveness of staff members is increased. With this point of view in mind, the researcher carried out a study to determine the actual work (the content of the work, the work process, the role of the head nurse, the activity media, and the purpose of the work) of the head nurse in a university hospital in Korea. In addition, this study was also carried out for the purpose of preparing an ideal model for the work of the head nurse. The research subjects were 39 head nurses. This included all the head nurses in two university hospitals except those who were working in outpatient care, operating rooms, central supply, nursing administration, in-service education and emergency care. Data were collected from September 24th to October 21th, 1987 and April 4th to 12th, 1988. A work activity record on which the head nurse recorded directly in a chronological narrative form, was used as the research instrument. The 234 work activity records, 39 head nurse's continuous recording over 6 days(from Monday to Saturday) were collected and analysed. The results were as follows ; 1. With regard to the work content for the total daily work of the head nurse, 45.2% of the activities were managerial activities but 58.1% of the head nurse' s time was spent in direct patient care. 2. With regard to the work process of the head nurse, specifically the location, the size and membership of groups contacted, the results were as follows : 1) Of the total daily work activities 92.4% were carried out in the nursing unit and this occupied 84.5% of total daily work time. Direct patient care was generally performed on the nursing unit and managerial work was performed in other areas. 2) Of the total daily work activities, 73% was with one or more persons and 51.2% of total daily work time was spent in groups. 3) A total of 51 persons, working in different capacities were contacted. These included 21 persons giving patient care, 19 persons working in nursing unit management, and 7 persons working in human resource management. 3. With regard to the head nurse's role in work activity, 53.3% of total daily work activities involved the informational role, 26.9%, the interpersonal role and 19.9%, the decisional role. With regard to time, 57.7% was spent in the informational role, 23.9%, in the interpersonal role and 18.3%, in the decisional role. When the head nurse performed managerial work, she gave nearly equal emphasis to all three roles when she gave direct patient care the informational role was increased. 4. With regard to the activity media, the number of unscheduled activities accounted for 27.1% of the activities, scheduled activities, 24.3%, desk work activity, 22.1%, rounds, 12.5% and telephone calls, made or received, 14.0%. In daily total work time managerial work related to desk work and scheduled activities were high, ranging from 29.8% to 29.9% but for direct patient care time, scheduled activities and unscheduled activities were high, ranging from 23.6％ to 35.3%. 5. With regard to the purpose of the work performed, 54.4% of the total daily work was concerned with the team and 41.4% was concerned with the agency. The managerial work was concerned mainly with the team and the direct patient care was concerned mainly with the patient. When the frequency of an activity and time were compared no significant difference was found between the days for which the work was recorded for any of the variables : the work content, the work process, the work role, the activity media and purpose of the work. On the basis of this study the following are proposed as an ideal model for head nurse work in Korea : The managerial work should be increased to 70%. The decisional role activities should be increased to 40%. Twenty percent of the work activity should be allocated to agency, community and profession. It is believed that this model for the head nurse's work can contribute to guidelines for job description development. Finally, educational programs, organizational and structural devices, and administrative support are needed for the proper function of the head nurse in this proposed model.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.1-13
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• 2018

This study examines the relationship between the organizational general characteristics (industry, size, location, development stage, and company age) and success factors of Korean venture firms using secondary data. Among the industries with the highest sales figures in 2016 are food / fiber / (non) metals, and the smallest category was software development. The sectors with the highest net profit were computer / semiconductor / electronic components, and the smallest category was telecommunication equipment / broadcasting equipment. The industries with the largest sales growth rate are IT / broadcasting services and software development. The industries with the highest net profit margin of sales are energy / medical / precision, and the smallest is telecommunication equipment / broadcasting equipment. In terms of the number of employees, venture firms with more than 100 employees have the largest sales and net profit, with employees between 1 and 9 have the smallest. However, these results are predictable. In general, the number of employees is highly correlated with sales and net profit. Rather, the sales growth rate and the net profit margin of sales may be meaningful. In particular, with employees between 50 ~ 99, the growth rate of sales and the net profit margin of sales were high. In terms of location, Seoul / Incheon / Gyeonggi were the regions with the highest sales and Daejeon / Sejong / Chungcheong / Gangwon were the least regions. Gwangju / Jeolla / Jeju and Seoul / Incheon / Gyeonggi were almost similar in the areas with the largest net profit. However, Daejeon / Sejong / Chungcheong / Gangwon had the lowest net profit. Unusually, the areas with the highest sales growth rate and the highest net profit margin of sales were Gwangju / Jeolla / Jeju, and the smallest areas were Busan / Jeonnam / Ulsan In the relationship between the stage of development and the performance of the company, the sales of maturity and decline stages were the highest and establishing stage was the lowest. Net profit was also the highest in mature stage and the smallest in establishing stage. The sales growth rate shows a typical pattern in the order of establishing stage, early growth stage, high growth stage, maturity stage, and decline stage. In terms of business performance, sales and net profit are the highest with 21 years or more of company age, and the smallest is less than 3 years. In addition, the sales growth rate was the highest in three years or less, and the net profit margin of sales was the highest in 4 to 10 years. This study can present lots of useful implications by suggesting integrated research model and examining the success factors of Korean venture firms and presenting the application methods of secondary data in analyzing the current status of venture industry in Korea.

• 한국벤처창업학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2006.04a
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• pp.167-201
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• 2006

Korean corporations are transforming their vertical operational structure to a team-based structure to compete in the rapidly changing environment and for improved performance. However, a high percentage of the respondents in KBS said that despite the appearance of the present team structure, the organization operates much like a vertically-structured organization. This result can be attributed to the lack of study and implementation toward the goal of empowerment, the key variable for the success of the team-based structure. This study aims to provide policy suggestions on how to implement the process of empowerment, by investigating the conditions that hinder the process and the attitude of the KBS employees. For the cross-sectional study, this thesis examined the domestic and international references, conducted a survey of KBS employees, personal interviews and made direct observations. Approximately 1,200 copies of the Questionnaire were distributed and 474 were completed and returned. The analysis used SPSS 12.0 software to process the data collected from 460 respondents. For the longitudinal-study, six categories that were common to this study and "The Report of the Findings of KBS Employees' View of the Team Structure" were selected. The comparative study analyzed the changes in a ten-month period. The survey findings showed a decrease of 24.2%p in the number of responses expressing negative views of the team structure and a decrease of 1.29%p in the number of positive responses. The findings indicated a positive transformation illustrating employees' improved understanding and approval of the team structure. However, KBS must address the issue on an ongoing basis. It has been proven that the employee empowerment increases the productivity of the individual and the group. In order to boost the level of empowerment, the management must exercise new, innovative leadership and build trust between the managers and the employees first. Additional workload as a result of shirking at work places was prevalent throughout all divisions and ranks, according to the survey data. This outcome leads to the conclusion that the workload is not evenly distributed or shared. And the data also showed the employees do not trust the assessment and rewards system. More attention and consideration must be paid to the team size and job allocation in order to address this matter; the present assessment and rewards system need to be complemented. The type of leadership varies depending on the characteristics of the organization's structure and employees' disposition. KBS must develop and reform its own management, leadership style to suit the characteristics of individual teams. Finally, for a soft-landing of KBS team structure, in-house training and education are necessary.

• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.1-17
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• 2002

The recent dot-com craze has been one of the main causes that accelerated the growth of internet-related companies in diversity as well as in size. Meanwhile, the domestic market of supplies and equipment for internet businesses has been dominated by major foreign companies. To regain their market positions, the domestic manufacturers had to find the way to build up their competitive advantages, such as meeting their customers needs and reducing overall costs. In this study, one domestic PC server manufacturer, which competes fiercely with foreign manufacturers for the top place, has been chosen as a model to evaluate its current supply chain and to find an area that can be improved for a better performance. System Dynamics is used throughout the study. The central concept to system dynamics is understanding how all the objects in a system interact with one another. It focuses on feedback and secondary effects to think through how a strategy might or might not work, depending on how organizational changes are received, and what kinds of consequences emerge. Then, computerized models were built for simulations, each with different conditions, and, finally, the results were evaluated based on some criteria which are considered to be important and meaningful. The inefficiency that exists in the supply chain was proved to be a thirty-day long purchasing order leadtime, and it was expected that more effective supply chain could be formed if the leadtme were reduced to 14 days or 7 days. The results of simulations showed that the overall expected costs in supply chain was the least with the purchasing leadtime being 7 days. The lower average number of parts held as inventory, along with the reduced lost sales, acted as the factor reducing the expected overall costs. Although there was a slight increase in the average number of final products held as inventory and the total ordering cost, the benefits from lower parts inventory and reduced lost sales were large enough to justify the overall cost reduction.

• Journal of Technology Innovation
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.235-259
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• 2014

New product or new technology developments are directly linked to a firm's survival and thus their performance and improvement are gaining attention in the midst of rapidly changing business environment and aggravating competition. However, despite SMEs' significance in the national economy, they are limited in terms of size and resources in possession, so the government provides a variety of supports as a policy. According to a study on the organizational life cycle, a firm's limits and difficulties differ by growth stage, so the supports need to be tailored. Based on the data from 2,575 firms that responded to the "2011 SMEs Technological Statistics," how technological capability level and deviation in the R&D process affect the R&D sales performance was studied. The result of analysis revealed that the technological capability has a positive impact on the R&D sales performance. It was also learned that the relationship between deviation in the technological capability and R&D sales performance was moderated by the government support. For the hypothesis that the government support would have a different moderating effect by growth stage for the impact the technology level has on the R&D sales performance, the empirical analysis showed a different meaningful moderating effect for each growth stage. The theoretical implications of the study are that, instead of a simple relation of dynamics that does not take the growth stages into account, it suggested a more realistic causal relationship model that reflects the complex environment the SMEs are in and that the need for measuring and using the deviation in technological capability as a research variable has been justified. The practical implications are that the government policy for supports can be tailored to a growth stage and that the guidelines have been suggested to effectively use the government funding by encouraging the SMEs in a different growth stage to adapt to the customized policy.