• 한국지반환경공학회 논문집
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• 제23권10호
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• pp.5-12
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• 2022

본 연구에서는 유기오염물질 유출수 처리를 위한 UV/H₂O₂ 산화 공정을 조사하였다. 유통량과 특성을 고려하여 벤젠, 톨루엔, 페놀, 메틸에틸케톤 4종의 대표 오염물질을 선정하였다. 선정된 물질은 전처리를 고려하여 자연휘발과 가압부상조를 모사한 폭기 실험으로 제거되었다. 이후 다양한 과산화수소 농도 조건에서 UV/H₂O₂ 산화 실험을 수행하였다. 벤젠, 톨루엔은 높은 휘발성으로 인해 산화 공정에 도달하기 전에 대부분 휘발되었다. 벤젠과 톨루엔의 휘발을 고려하여 5mg/L의 초기농도에서 산화 실험을 수행하였다. 벤젠과 톨루엔은 모든 과산화수소 농도 조건에서 20분 후 100%의 제거를 달성하였다. 페놀은 휘발 실험에서 거의 제거되지 않았으며, 50mg/L의 초기농도로 산화 실험을 수행한 결과 0.12v/v%의 과산화수소 투입 조건에서 30분 후 100%의 제거를 나타냈다. 메틸에틸케톤은 휘발성 실험 결과 2시간 후 58%가 제거되었다. 메틸에틸케톤 초기농도 50mg/L의 UV/H₂O₂ 산화 실험에서 0.08v/v%의 과산화수소 조건에서 99.7%의 메틸에틸케톤이 제거되었다. 선정된 4종의 물질에 대하여 UV/H₂O₂ 공정이 높은 분해 효율을 보이는 것을 확인하였으며, 물질 별 과산화수소 투입량을 파악하였다.

• 분석과학
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.33-39
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• 1994

환경오염수에 미량 존재하는 페놀류를 정량하기 위한 분석법의 개발을 위하여 8가지 페놀류를 대상 시료로, 고체상 추출법을 이용한 전처리 방법을 연구하였다. XAD-4와 Dowex $1{\times}8$ 수지를 연결하여 HPLC로 분석하는 온 라인 시스템을 만들어 농축과 분리의 선택성을 높이며 자동화에 중점을 두었다. 시료를 XAD-4 컬럼에 용리시켜 페놀류를 분자흡착으로 농축시킨 후 염기성 아세토니트릴을 용리시켜 탈착시키고 계속해서 Dowex $1{\times}8$ 컬럼에 음이온교환으로 페놀류만을 선택적으로 재흡착시킨다. Dowex $1{\times}8$ 컬럼에 재흡착된 페놀류를 물로 세척한 후 HCl을 포함하는 메탄올 용액으로 재탈착시킨다. 전처리 단계는 switching 밸브에 의해 온 라인으로 연결하였고 탈착된 페놀류를 HPLC에 직접 주입하여 신속하고 신뢰성 있는 정량이 가능하였다. 각 페놀류는 90% 이상의 회수율을 나타내었다. 본 분석법의 활용성을 평가하기 위해 환경오염수에서 페놀류와 공존 가능한 유기 화합물들을 첨가시켜 조제한 실험실적 오염수를 만들어 방해 효과를 조사한 결과, 페놀류만을 선택적으로 농축-분석할 수 있었다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.73-79
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• 2006

돈분뇨 중의 악취 성분을 제거하는 동시에 퇴비의 C/N 비를 적정 수준으로 유지하기 위한 방안으로서 축산농가에 보급을 목적으로 pilot 장치를 제작하여 돈분뇨를 호기성 액비화 처리하기 이전에 암모니아 탈기공정 실험을 수행하였다. 암모니아 탈기를 위한 pH 조정을 $Ca(OH)_2$를 이용하였으며, NaOH에 비해 훨씬 현장 적용성이 용이한 것으로 파악되었다. 암모니아 탈기공정의 적정 pH를 도출하기 위해 각각 pH를 9.3, 10.9, 12.3 으로 조절하여 탈기실험을 수행한 결과 pH가 가장 높은 12.3에서 가장 우수한 것으로 나타났고, 이때 반응온도는 $35^{\circ}C$이었다. 암모니아 탈기공정이 진행되는 동안 유리암모니아 질소의 가스상 암모니아로의 전환을 통해 발생되는 방출속도는 탈기공정 초기에는 $0.5355mole\;s^{-1}$ 이었고 탈기공정 후기에는 $0.0253mole\;s^{-1}$ 로 나타나, 주로 탈기공정 초기에 많은 양의 암모니아 가스가 방출되는 것을 알 수 있었다. 탈기공정중 C/N비 변화는 초기 돈분뇨 원수가 4.5이었고 탈기공정 초기에 6.3으로 증가한 이후에 점진적으로 증가하였다. 적정한 탈기를 위한 최적의 탈기시간은 TN과 TC의 회귀 곡선을 통해 C/N비가 6.5 부근인 약 48시간이 적합한 것으로 결론지었다. 탈기를 통해 돈분뇨 중의 암모니아성 질소성분은 79.6% 저감되었으며, 흡수액을 통해 배출된 암모니아가스의 81.3%를 제거하였다.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제39권2호
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• pp.122-133
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• 2014

Purpose: This study was to develop an effective process for fabricating biocompatible calcium phosphate powders (CPPs) using horse bones, and to investigate the characteristics of them. Methods: The characteristics of horse bone powders (HBPs) were investigated according to the different osseous tissue types (compact bone and cancellous bone), bone types (spine and tibia), pretreatment methods (cold water, $H_2O_2$, and hot water), sintering time (4, 8 and 12h), and sintering temperature (600, 900, 1100 and $1300^{\circ}C$). In addition, the grinding methods were compared based on the wet grinding (ball mill) and dry grinding (blade grinder) method to make it as powders. Finally, their cytotoxicity and cell viability were checked. Results: Regardless of the types of osseous tissues and bones, HBPs were well fabricated as biocompatible CPPs. It was also found that the pretreatment methods did not influence on the resultants, showing well-fabricated HBPs. Considering the processing time, the hot water method was the most suitable compared to other pretreatment methods. Further, 12h-sintering time was sufficient to remove residual organic compounds. The sintering temperatures greatly affected the properties of bone powders fabricated. The x-ray diffraction (XRD) peak of horse bone sintered at $600^{\circ}C$ was most closed to that of hydroxyapatite (HA). Our bioactivity study demonstrated that the HBPs fabricated by sintering horse bones at $1300^{\circ}C$ showed the best performance in terms of cell viability whereas the HBPs $1100^{\circ}C$ showed the cytotoxicity. Conclusions: Using various types of horse bone tissues, biocompatible CPPs were successfully developed. We conclude that the HBPs may have a great potential as biomaterials for various biological applications including bone tissue engineering.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.29-37
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• 2000

Fenton’s oxidation process is one of the most commonly applied processes to the wastewater which cannot be treated by conventional biological treatment processes. However, it is necessary to minimize the cost of Fenton’s oxidation treatment by modifying the treatment processes or other means of chemical treatment. So, as a method for the chemical oxidation of biorefractory or nonbiodegradable organic pollutants, the Photo-Fenton-Reaction which utilizes iron(11)salt. $H_2O$$_2$ and UV-light simultaneously has been proprosed. Therfore, the purpose of this study is to test a removal efficiency of dye-wastewater and treatment cost with Fenton’s and Photo-Fenton’s oxidation process. The Fe(11)/$H_2O$$_2$ reagent is referred to as the fenton’s reagent. which produces hydroxy radicals by the interaction of Fe(11) with $H_2O$$_2$. In this exoeriment, the main results are as followed; 1. The Fenton oxidation was most efficient in the pH range of 3-5. The optimal condition for initial reaction pH was 3.5 for the high CO $D_{Cr}$ & TOC-removal efficiency. 2. The removal efficiency of TOC and CO $D_{Cr}$ increased up to the molar ration between ferrate and hydrogen peroxide 0.2:1, but above that ratio removal efficiency hardly increased. 3. The highest removal efficiency of TOC and CO $D_{Cr}$ were showed when the mole ration of ferrate to hydrogen peroxide was 0.2:3.4. 4. Without pretreatment process, photo-fenton oxidation which was not absorbed UV light was not different to fenton oxidation. 5. And Fenton oxidtion with pretreatment process was similar to Fenton oxidation in the absence of coagulation, the proper dosage of F $e^{2+}$: $H_2O$$_2$ was 0.2:1 for the optimal removal efficiency of TOC or CO $D_{Cr}$ .6. Also, TOC & CO $D_{Cr}$ removal efficiency in the photo-fenton oxidation with pretreatment was increased when UV light intensity enhanced.7. Optimum light intensity in the range from 0 to 1200 W/$m^2$ showed that UV-intensity with 1200W/$m^2$ was the optimum condition, when F $e_{2+}$:$H_2O$$_2$ ratio for the highest decomposition was 0.2:2.5.EX>$_2$ ratio for the highest decomposition was 0.2:2.5.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.289-296
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to evaluate various pre-treatment methods and proprieties of water quality for wastewater reuse using reverse osmosis (RO) processes. Secondary effluents were sampled from wastewater treatment plants and lab scale pre-treatments and RO filtration test were conducted systematically. Specifically, different types of pre-treatments, such as coagulation, microfiltration and ultrafiltration, were employed to evaluate the removal efficiency of particle and organic matters which may affect the membrane fouling rate. RO process was later added to eliminate trace amounts of remaining organic matters and salt from the raw water for wastewater reclamation. The permeate through the RO process satisfied water quality regulations for industrial water uses. The experimental results showed that the initial fouling tendency differed not only by the feed water properties but also by the membrane characteristics. Membrane fouling was greater for the membranes with large surface roughness, regardless of the hydrophobicity and zeta potentials. Thus both careful consideration of pre-treatment options and proper selection of RO membrane are of paramount importance for an efficient operation of wastewater treatment.

• 한국균학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.23-28
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• 1987

R. nigricans Ehrenberg 에 의한 progesterone 의 $11{\alpha}-hydroxyprogesterone$에 영향을 미치는 여러 물러 화학적 요인에 대하여 조사하였다. Progesterone의 농도가 낮을수록 $11{\alpha}-hydroxyprogesterone$이 최고의 수득율에 도달하는데 소요되는 시간이 짧았으며, 높은 기질 농도에서의 Progesterone은 $11{\alpha}-hydroxyprogesterone$의 hydroxylation을 저해하였다. 이 반응에 대한 최적 pH와 온도 범위는 비교적 넓은 범위로 나타났으며, 균사제의 성장 죄적 조건과 유사하였다. 일정 속도 이상의 진탕 속도와 당류들은 $11{\alpha}-hydroxyprogesterone$ 반응을 촉진시키는 효과를 보였으매, 균사체에서 보다 포자를 효소원으로 사용하였을 때 glucose의 효과는 더 크게 나타났다. 유기 용매는 효소 활성 저해제로 작용하었으며, 저해 정도는 유기 통매 농도가 높을수록, 용매에 처리한 시간이 길어질수록 높게 나타났다.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.83-90
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• 2006

음식물 쓰레기로 만든 퇴비 중의 염분함량을 1% 이하로 조절하기 위해 지금까지 여러 가지 방법이 개발되었다. 그러나 이런 방법들은 침출수 과다로 인한 환경오염 또는 높은 설치비 등의 문제를 가지고 있어 실용화에 어려움이 있다. 염분이 충분히 제거되지 않은 음식물 쓰레기로 만든 퇴비를 농지에 사용할 경우 염해로 인한 식물의 성장 장애 및 염류축적이 일어날 수 있다. 본 연구는 음식물 쓰레기 퇴비에 함유된 염분을 $KHSO_5$, $KHSO_4$, $K_2SO_4$로 구성된 삼중염을 이용하여 분해하는 방법이며 기존 화학적 처리방법과 달리 염분을 분해하여 칼륨비료의 원료인 KCl로 전환시켰다. 또한 음식물 쓰레기 퇴비화 발효설비에서 음식물 쓰레기 600톤에 삼중염을 적용해본 결과 발효시의 온도가 평균 $5^{\circ}C$가 상승되었다. 온도상승과 함께 전처리 공정 및 발효공정에서 현저한 악취저감 효과가 나타났으며 이는 삼중염으로 인한 염분함량 감소로 호기성균의 활성화 및 악취원인물질을 효과적으로 제거하기 때문이다.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.109-121
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• 1991

For the analysis of mercury in blood and urine, many literatures have been reffered and many kinds of reducing agents for mercury reduction and many acids for pretreatmr are known to be varied. $So HNO_{3}$ and $H_{2}SO_{4}$ among acids and $SnCl_{2}$ and $NaBH_{4}$ as a reducing agent being chosen for the establishment of more efficient and less erroneous analysis, and comparing the absorbance by using vapor generator, the results are followings. 1. The difference of absorbance from concentration of $HNO_{3}$ and $H_{2} SO_{4}$ was not nearly found when mercury reduced by $NaBH_{4}$ after pretreatment. But for more precise analysis, conc acid treatment need to be used. 2. Higher absorbance was shown by using conto acid treatment (P<0.005) when mercury reduced by $NaBH_{4}$ after treating acid primer. And sample which has 99.5% reliability in T-test, treated by conc $H_{2}SO_{4}$(P<0.005) was shown higher absorbance than treat by CORC $HNO_{3}$. 3. The difference of absorbance was not in the slightest in higher 0.1 w/v% $NaBH_{4}$ proved by uruskal-wallis H-Test 4. Some difference of absorbance in $SnCl_{2}$(P<0.005) having 99.5% reliability was found but there was no difference in these 20 w/v% , 25 w/v% and 30 w/v% SnCl$_{2}$ by the experiment of T-test. 5. According to these test results, organic materials were much affect the absorballce when reducing mercury by using $SnCl_{2}$ rather than by $NaBH_{4}$. For bio sample which is contained various organic substances, reduclng agent $NaBH_{4}$ is a lot more efficient to reduce the error then $SnCl_{2}$. 6. analytic method for this study is as following. 7. As the recovery test was done by this, the rate of recovery was shown form 94% to 100.7% .

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2007년도 학술발표회 논문집
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• pp.46-52
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• 2007

As flue gas desulfurization (FGD) wastewater contains high concentrations of nitrate and is very low in organic carbon, the feasibility of nitrate removal by autotrophic denitrification using Thiobacillus denitrificans was studied. This autotrophic bacteria oxidizes elemental sulfur to sulfate while reducing nitrate to elemental nitrogen gas, thereby eliminating the need for addition of organic compounds such as methanol. Owing to the unusually high concentrations of dissolved salts $(Ca^{2+},\;Mg^{2+},\;Na^+,\;K^+,\;B^+,\;SO_4^{2-},\;Cl^-,\;F^-,)$ in the FGD wastewater, extensive laboratory-scale and pilot-scale tests were carried out in sulfur-limestone reactors (1) to determine the effect of salinity on autotrophic denitrification, (2) to evaluate the use of limestone for pH control and as source of inorganic carbon for microbial growth, and, (3) to find the optimum environmental and operational conditions for autotrophic denitrification of FGD wastewater. The experimental results demonstrated that (1) autotrophic denitrification is not inhibited up to 1.8 mol total dissolved salt content; (2) inorganic carbon and inorganic phosphorus must be present in sufficiently high concentrations; (3) limestone can supply effective buffering capacity and inorganic carbon; (4) the high calcium concentration may interfere with pH control, phosphorus solubility and limestone dissolution, hence requiring pretreatment of the FGD wastewater; and, 5) under optimum conditions, complete autotrophic denitrification of FGD wastewater was obtained in a sulfur-limestone packed bed reactor with a sulfur:limestone volume ratio of 2:1 for volumetric loading rates up to 400g $NO_{3^-}N/m^3.d$. The interesting interactions between autotrophic denitrification, pH, alkalinity, and the unusually high calcium and boron content of the FGD wastewater are highlighted. The engineering significance of the results is discussed.