• 유기물자원화
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.50-59
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• 2010

본 연구에서는 고농도 유기성 폐기물인 음폐수와 돈분뇨를 혐기성 소화조(KH-ABC)에서 병합처리하여 대체 에너지원인 바이오가스를 생산하는 바이오가스 Pilot Plant의 성능을 검증하고 평가하였다. 그리고, 혐기성 소화 공정의 독성물질에 대한 저해 여부 가능성 및 소화액의 액비 활용 가능성에 대하여 살펴보았다. 원료 투입량, 수리학적 체류시간, 원료 배합비율(음폐수와 돈분뇨의 혼합비율) 등 운전조건의 변화에 따른 유기물(VS) 분해율, 바이오가스 생산량 및 메탄농도 등을 분석한 결과 원료의 유기물부하가 증가($1.2{\sim}2.0kg-VS/m^3{\cdot}d$)함에 따라 투입 유기물 당 바이오가스 생산량은 $0.60{\sim}0.69m^3/kg-VS_{input}$로 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 특히 원료투입량 $6m^3$/일, 원료배합비율 음폐수:돈분뇨=4:6, 수리학적 체류시간(HRT) 25일의 조건에서 유기물 분해율 70%, 바이오가스 생산량 $220m^3$/일, 메탄농도 64%로 비교적 높은 성능을 나타냈다. 그리고, 소화액을 분석한 결과 혐기성 소화공정에 저해 작용을 유발하는 양이온 및 중금속 등의 독성물질은 기준농도 이하로 존재하였으며, 소화액(원료배합비율 음폐수:돈분뇨=3:7)은 액비 활용기준인 비료공정규격을 만족하였다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.1065-1072
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• 2012

Crop productivity decreases globally as a result of salinization. However, salinity impact on greenhouse-grown crops is much higher than on field-grown crops due to the overall concentrations of nutrients in greenhouse soils. Therefore, this study was performed to determine the short-term changes in growth, photosynthesis, and metabolites of tomato plants grown in greenhouse under heavily input of fertilizers evaluated by microbial activity and chemical properties of soils. The soils (< 3, 3.01~6, 6.01~10 and > 10.01 dS $m^{-1}$) from farmer's greenhouse fields having different fertilization practices were used. Results showed that the salt-accumulated soil affected adversely the growth of tomato plants. Tomato plants were seldom to complete their growth against > 10.0 dS $m^{-1}$ level of EC. The assimilation rate of $CO_2$ from the upper fully expanded leaves of tomato plants is reduced under increasing soil EC levels at 14 days, however; it was the highest in moderate or high EC-subjected (3.0 ~ 10.0 dS $m^{-1}$) at 28 days. In our experiment, soluble sugars and starch were sensitive markers for salt stress and thus might assume the status of crops against various salt conditions. Taken together, tomato plants found to have tolerance against moderate soil EC stress. Various EC levels (< 3.0 ~ 10.0 dS $m^{-1}$) led to a slight decrease in organic matter (OM) contents in soils at 28 days. Salinity stress led to higher microbial activity in soils, followed by a decomposition of OM in soils as indicated by the changes in soil chemical properties.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제49권6호
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• pp.682-688
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• 2016

Food waste has recognized one of useful sources for potentially agricultural application to supply organic matter and nutrients in arable soil. However, there was little information on application of food waste compost related to the maturity and NaCl content in arable soil. This study evaluated the effect of food waste compost application on yield and fertility in soil under flooding and upland condition. The yields in rice and pepper cultivation decreased with increasing the rate of food waste compost application in soil (p<0.05). Maximum yields of rice ($49.0g\;plant^{-1}$) and pepper ($204g\;plant^{-1}$) were shown at 10 and $30Mg\;ha^{-1}$ of food waste compost application, respectively. The N, P, and K contents in grain and plant residues increased by the application of food waste compost, there was no difference on Na/K ratio in plant tissue among the treatments. Application of food waste compost resulted in the increase of pH, EC, TC, available P contents in soil after crop harvest, especially, which was shown the increase of the CEC and exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) contents in irrespective of water condition. In conclusion, application of food waste compost in soil was effective on the supply of the organic matter and nutrient. However, it might need caution to apply food waste compost for sustainable productivity in arable soil because of potential Na accumulation.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.76-82
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• 1986

1. 항온기간중(恒溫期間中) $N_2O$의 경시적(徑時的) 발생량(發生量)은 항온(恒溫) 1일(日)과 10일경(日傾) 그리고 $N_2$의 발생량(發生量)은 1일(日)과 30일경(日傾)에 많았다. 2. 토양유기물함량별(土壤有機物含量別) 탈질량(脫窒量)은 현저(顯著)한 차이(差異)를 보이지 않았으며 시용유기물간(施用有機物間)에는 녹비(綠肥)>볏짚>퇴비(堆肥)>무시용(無施用)의 순서(順序)로 높았다. 3. 질소시비량(窒素施肥量)이 증가(增加)할수록 탈질량(脫窒量)은 증가(增加)되었으나 토양간(土壤間)에는 뚜렷한 차이(差異)가 없었음. 4. 탈질반응속도(脫秩反應速度)(계수(係數))는 토양유기물함량(土壤有機物含量)이 많고 역분해성유기물(易分解性有機物)을 시용(施用)할수록 증가(增加)되었음. 5. 토양중(土壤中) 탄소발생량(炭素發生量)과 탈질량(脫窒量)과의 관계(關係)에서 아산화질소(亞酸化窒素)는 정상관(正相關) 그리고 분자상질소(分子狀窒素)는 부상관관계(負相關關係)를 보였음. 6. 탄소(炭素) 1 mg이 소모(消耗)될때 약 4 mg의 $N_2O$와 3 mg의 $N_2$가 생성되었음.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제47권6호
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• pp.486-490
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• 2014

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of carbonized biomass from crop residues on soil carbon storage during soybean cultivation. The carbonized biomass was made by field scale mobile pyrolyzer. The treatments consisted of control without input and three levels of carbonized biomass inputs as $59.5kg10a^{-1}$, C-1 ; $119kg10a^{-1}$, C-2 ; $238kg10a^{-1}$, C-3. Soil samples were collected during the 113 days of experimental periods, and analyzed soil pH and moisture contents. Soil carbon contents and soybean yield were measured at harvesting period. For the experimental results, soil pH ranged from 6.8 to 7.5, and then increased with increasing carbonized material input. Soil moisture contents were slightly higher by 0.1~1.5% than the control, but consistent pattern was not observed among the treatments. Soil carbon and organic carbon contents in the treatments increased at 24 and 15% relative to the control at 15 days after sowing, respectively. Loss rate of SOC (soil organic carbon) relative to its initial content was 7.2% in control followed by C-1, 6.8%> C-2, 3.5%>C-3, 1.1% during the experimental periods. The SOC change rate decreased with increasing carbonized biomass rate. It was appeared that soybean yields were $476.9kg10a^{-1}$ in the control, and ranged from 453.6 to $527.3kg10a^{-1}$ in the treatments. However, significant difference was not found among the treatments. It might be considered that the experimental results will be applied to soil carbon sequestration for future study.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제50권5호
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• pp.325-335
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• 2017

This study was carried out for 30 days in aeration type and agitation type reactor to characterize organic matter decomposition and ammonia volatilization during the liquid composting of pig slurry, and organic matter and nitrogen removal rate through mass balance analysis was analyzed. In the aeration type reactor, the pH increased from 7.0 to 9.13, and TS 34.5%, VS 33.4%, $BOD_5$ 71.2%, $COD_{Cr}$ 62.3% and TOC 83.2% were removed. In addition, 44.6% of TN and 65.0% of ${NH_4}^+-N$ were removed. In the agitation type reactor, the pH increased from 7.0 to 8.10, and the removal rates of TS 0.9%, VS 0.5%, $COD_{Cr}$ 27.5%, $BOD_5$ 28.9% and TOC 41.3% were obtained. And TN and ${NH_4}^+-N$ showed removal rate of 25.3% and 29.2%, respectively. The first order kinetics constant related to $BOD_5$ degradation was $-0.039day^{-1}$ for aerobic liquid composting and $-0.013day^{-1}$ for agitated reactor. Nitrogen loss in aerobic liquid composting was about 2.3 times higher than that of agitated reactor, whereas FAN/TAN in aerobic liquid composting was about 7.9 times higher than that of agitation type reactor. Therefore, despite the low FAN/TAN in the agitation type reactor, the nitrogen loss rate was relatively high.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.76-85
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• 2009

This study was carried to select the proper vegetation base materials which improve soil quality in abandoned coal mine areas. Also, we aimed at the feasibility of the direct seeding method without soil molding for the ecological restoration in those areas. We set total eight plots within the study site established on an abandoned coal mine area near Taebaek city, Gangwon province in April 2006. The plots were classified as two groups(straw mats mulching and no mulching), and the four treatments (C; control, MI; microbial innoculation, WC; wood chip, OF; organic fertilizer) were applied in each two groups for the soil conditioning. The survival of Pinus densiflora was highest among other species(Betula platyphylla var. japonica, Amorpha fruticosa and Arundinella hirta). For the non straw mat, the survival rate of Pinus densiflora seedlings was highest in the WC treatment($1,756trees/m^2$). For the straw mat, survival rate of Pinus densiflora seedlings was also highest in the WC treatment ($1,622trees/m^2$). In addition, for the non straw mat, the height growth of Pinus densiflora seedling was highest in the OF treatment($12.4{\pm}3.9cm$). For the straw mat, the height growth of Pinus densiflora seedling was also highest in the OF treatment($18.7{\pm}5.3cm$). In general, organic fertilizer treatment with the straw mat was most effective for seedling growth. Also, we suggested that the direct seeding method without soil molding could be sufficiently possible for revegetating abandoned coal mine, Korea.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.55-61
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• 1987

담수상태(湛水狀態)의 논토양중(土壤中) 유기물함량(有機物含量), 온도(溫度), pH 질소비종(窒素肥種) 및 시비량등(施肥量等)을 달리했을때 탈질작용(脫窒作用)과 탈질량(脫窒量)을 알고저 질내(窒內)에서 항온시험(恒溫試驗)한 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 담수상태(湛水狀態)의 논토양(土壤)에서 탈질량(脫窒量)에 관계(關係)가 큰 요인(要因)은 토양유기물함량(土壤有機物含量) > 항온온도(恒溫溫度) > pH가(價) > 질소비종(窒素肥種) > 질소시비량(窒素施肥量)의 순(順)으로 컸다. 2. $N_2O$ gas의 생성량(生成量)은 토양유기물함량(土壤有機物含量) 3.0%인 토양(土壤)에서 항온온도(恒溫溫度) $20^{\circ}C$, pH 6.0일때 $KNO_3$ 20mg/100 토양(土壤) 시용구(施用區)에서 가장 많았다. 3. $N_2O$ gas 1 mole 생성(生成)하는데 소모(消耗)되는 탄소(炭素)는 전체평균(全體平均)이 0.5 mole 이였으며 탄소량(炭素量)이 제일(第一) 많이 요구(要求)되는 경우는 토양유기물함량(土壤有機物含量) 1.0%인 토양(土壤)에서 류안(硫安) 10mg/100g 토양(土壤) 시용시(施用時)(1.06 mole)였으며 제일(第一)적은 탄소요구(炭素要求)의 경우는 유기물함량(有機物含量) 3.0%인 토양(土壤)에서 $KNO_3$ 20mg/100g 토양(土壤) 시용시(施用時)(0.13 mole)였다. 4. Michealis-Menten의 효소반응식(酵素反應式)에서 유도(誘導)된 $N_2O$ gas의 V/2가(價)는 유기물(有機物) 1.0% 토양(土壤)에서 $(NH_2)_2CO$ 시용시(施用時) 550, $KNO_3$ 시용시(施用時)는 $1100N_2O{\mu}g/100g$ 토양(土壤)이였고 3.0%인 토양(土壤)에서 $(NH_4)_2SO_4$ 시용시(施用時)는 $490N_2O{\mu}g/100g$ 토양(土壤)이였으며 $KNO_3$ 시용시(施用時)는 시비량(施肥量)이 증가(增加)할수록 V/2가(價)는 계속 증가(增加)되었다.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.731-743
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• 2018

배추 유기재배 시 녹비작물과 추비방법이 배추의 생육과 질소이용에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 2012년부터 2014년까지 수원에 있는 국립농업과학원 포장에서 시험을 수행하였다. 녹비작물은 여름철 크로타라리아와 겨울철 헤어리베치를 이용하였다. 녹비처리 방법은 전면경운 토양혼입방법과 부분경운 토양혼입방법, 그리고 무경운 예취피복처리를 비교하였다. 추비방법은 녹비만 처리한 것과 녹비 처리 후 유박과 액비로 추비한 처리를 비교 하였다. 시험결과 녹비 처리 방법은 예취 후에 경운하여 토양혼입 하는 것보다 무경운 피복처리 하는 것이 좋았다. 봄배추재배 시 동계 녹비작물 헤어리베치 재배로 정상적인 생육과 수량이 가능하였고 관행의 화학비료 처리구에 비하여 무름병과 Tip-burn 발생이 적어 수량성도 높았다. 가을재배에서는 녹비 연속재배와 유박 추비로 관행의 화학비료처리구와 비슷한 수량을 보였다. 하지만 하계 단기성 녹비작물 재배 시에는 관행 수량의 70% 내외에 그쳤다. 녹비재배에 이은 액비 활용 양분관리로 관행과 비슷한 수량이 가능하였고 토양중 무기태 질소가 안정적으로 유지되고 질소이용효율도 향상되었다. 결론적으로 배추 유기재배를 위해서는 겨울과 여름 녹비작물을 재배하고 가을 작기를 선택하여 액비로 추비하는 것이 권장된다.

• 한국산림과학회지
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• 제95권2호
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• pp.177-182
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• 2006

Little information is available on soil $CO_2$ efflux and crop yield under agroforestry systems. Soil $CO_2$ efflux, microbial biomass C, live fine root biomass, and cotton yield were measured under a pecan (Carya illinoinensis K. Koch)-cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) alley cropping system in southern USA. A belowground polyethylene root barrier was used to isolate tree roots from cotton which is to provide barrier and non-barrier treatments. The barrier and non-barrier treatment was randomly divided into three plots for conventional inorganic fertilizer application and the other three plots for organic poultry litter application. The rate of soil $CO_2$ efflux and the soil microbial biomass C were affected significantly (P < 0.05) by the fertilizer treatment while no significant effect of the barrier treatment was occurred. Cotton lint yield was significantly (P < 0.0 I) affected by the root barrier treatment while no effect was occurred by the fertilizer treatment with the yields being greatest ($521.2kg\;ha^{-1}$) in the root barrier ${\times}$ inorganic fertilizer treatment and lowest ($159.8kg\;ha^{-1}$) in the non-barrier ${\times}$ inorganic fertilizer treatment. The results suggest that the separation of tree-crop root systems with the application of inorganic fertilizer influence the soil moisture and soil N availability, which in tum will affect the magnitude of crop yield.