• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.1415-1419
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• 2016

The tongue has been globally considered as an indicator of general health for millennia. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and distribution of tongue lesions in an Iranian population. In this retrospective study, data from 6,435 oral biopsy reports over a 22-year period (1992-2014) were retrieved from archives of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology Department, Shahid Beheshti Dental School, Tehran, Iran. These reports were analyzed according to age, sex, type of lesion and location. Prevalence of tongue lesions were reported as percentages. Out of total oral lesions, 238 (3.7%) were found in the tongue, with the incidence peak (42%) being between 41-60 years. Men constituted 53% and women 47%of patients. The youngest patient was a 3-year-old girl with pyogenic granuloma and the oldest one was a 93-year-old man with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). SCC was the most common (25%) lesion generally found in the lateral border of the tongue with a male predilection. The second and third most prevalent lesions of the tongue were benign keratosis (frictional keratosis) (13.4%) and leukoplakia (13%).White-red lesions (38.6%) were the most frequent subgroup followed by neoplastic lesions (28%). Moreover, irritation fibroma, non-specific ulcers, squamous papilloma, and hemangioma were found as the most frequent lesions in their related subgroups.Given the high rate of SCC of the tongue in Iranian patients, this area should be examined more carefully by dental practitioners and physicians.

• 대한두경부종양학회지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.42-44
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• 2005

Metastatic tumors of the oral cavity are uncommon. Most of them are located in the mandible while only small percentage are found within the soft tissues. The common sites of metastases to the soft tissue of oral cavity were the tongue and gingiva and among the tongue, the base of tongue was most common. An explanation of the predilection may be due to a richer vascular supply within base of tongue. The authors have recently experienced a case of small cell lung carcinoma with base of tongue metastasis in a 81-year-old male who had foreign body sensation at swallowing and muffled voice for 2 months. So, we present this case with the review of literatures.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.196-201
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• 1994

One case of an unusual form of carcinoma involving the submucosal gland and duct of tongue was reported and reviewed. According to Gerughty et al(1968) four distinct component parts were classified : ductal carcinoma in situ(involvement of the ductal epithelium by in situ carcinomatous changes), squamous cell carcinoma, and a mixed carcinoma(combination of glandular and squamous characteristics and occasionally consisted of large nests composed of "glassy" cell). This tumor was fond to be extremely aggressive and highly malignant. The histopathologic features and the clinical behavior of this tumor were sufficiently distinctive to warrant the designation adenosquamous carcinoma : exhibit concomitant glandular and squamous neoplasm. The mode of therapy was evaluated and the treatment of choice appears to be radical surgery. So, we has done the radical neck dissection and partial glossectomy. However, the limited number of cases indicated that collection and subsequent analysis of additional cases must be performed before any definitive conclusion can be drawn.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.2225-2229
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• 2014

Background: Carcinoma of the tongue is the most common intra-oral malignancy in Western countries. Incidence and mortality rates have increased in recent years, and survival has not improved. This study aimed to determine etiologic factors for tongue cancer with age-sex matched case-control data. Materials and Methods: 47 patients with carcinoma of the tongue referred to our oral medicine clinic between years 2005-2006 were analyzed and compared with control group data. The medical records, including family history of cancer, dental trauma, and history of abuse of alcohol and tobacco products was recorded for all subjects. Chi square comparison tests and linear regression analysis were performed using the SPSS program for statistics. Results: Patient and randomly selected control groups each consisted of 30 male and 17 female subjects with mean ages 53.2 (${\pm}12.6$) and 52.6 (${\pm}11.5$) years respectively. Smoking and alcohol abuse proportions were significantly higher in the patient group (p=0.0001, p<0.0001 respectively). Chronic mechanical trauma was observed in 44.7% of the patients and 17.0% of the control group (p=0.004). Similarly, family history of cancer of any type (for the first degree relatives) was found to be more common in the patient group (p=0.009). On regression analysis, alcohol abuse, family history of cancer, smoking, chronic mechanical traumas appeared as significant etiologic factors (p=0.0001). Conclusions: We believe that field cancerization may become evident in oral and oropharyngeal mucosa with multiple steps of molecular changes starting from the first sign of dysplasia with chronic exposure to etiological factors. Chronic trauma cases need particular attention to search for very early signs of cancer.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.83-88
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• 2009

The purpose of this epidemiologic study was to provide clinically useful information on the fundamentals for both the diagnosis and treatment planning of oral squamous cell carcinoma, which comprises $80{\sim}90%$ of all oral cancers. One hundred and forty two patients diagnosed with oral squamous cell carcinoma were selected from a total of 220 patients with oral malignancies. The patients' medical and follow-up records were reviewed and their survival was traced. The highest occurrence rate was observed in those aged between 60 and 69 years. The tongue was the most common primary site(31.7%) for oral squamous cell carcinoma. The survival rate was calculated using the Kaplan-Meier method. The overall five-year survival rate of oral squamous cell carcinoma patients was 66.90%. The 5-year survival rate according to stage was 85.82% for stage I, and 49.98% for stage IV. The five-year survival rate according to the originating site was 91.67% for the retromolar trigone, 75.30% for the tongue, and 62.41% for the maxillary gingiva. In terms of cell differentiation, the majority(58.5%) was the well-differentiated type, which had a 5-year survival rate of 70.62%.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.301-317
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• 2005

전 세계적으로 구강암의 빈도는 점점 증가 추세이며, 특히 한국인의 있어 혀(tongue)는 구강암이 가장 호발하는 장소이다. 구강암은 발암 단계에서부터 과증식 병소(hyperplastic lesion), 이형성(dysplasia) 및 상피내암(carcinoma in situ) 을 거쳐 악성 암종으로 발전하는 다단계 발암과정을 보이며, 분자 생물학적 변이가 구강암을 진행시킴이 널리 알려져 있다. 또한, 구강암은 일반적으로 암세포의 증식 및 고사(apoptosis)의 억제가 중요한 역할을 하고 있다 알려져 있다. 그리고, Bcl-2 family 는 세포 고사에 주요한 역할을 하고 있음이 알려져 있다. 그러나, 이들과 관련한 구강암 발생과정의 변화에 대해서는 널리 연구된 바가 없다. 본 연구는 백서에서 발암 물질인 4-NQO로 구강암을 유도시키고, 구강암 발생 다단계별로 Bcl-2 family의 mRNA 변화를 RT-PCR을 이용해 살펴보았다. Bcl-2 family는 크게 3군, 즉 1) anti-apoptotic, 2) pro-apoptotic, 그리고 3) BH3 only protein으로 분류할 수 있으며, 본 연구에서 anti-apoptotic molecules인 Bcl-w는 모든 군에서 발현이 감소되었으며, Bcl-2는 발현이 증가 되었다. pro-apoptotic molecules에서는 Bad가 제 3군 (편평세포암종)에서 발현이 증가 되었고, 나머지는 감소하였다. BH-3 only protein에서는 Bmf가 제 2군에서, BBC3가 제 3군에서 발현이 증가하였고, 나머지는 모든 군에서 감소하였다. 결론적으로, 4-NQO로 유도된 백서의 발암단계에서, Bcl-2 family의 mRNA 양상은 다양하게 관찰되었으나, Bad 및 BBC3 mRNA가 제 3군에서, Bmf mRNA가 제 2군에서의 발현이 특별함을 알 수 있어, 다단계 발암과정에서의 구강암을 진단하는데 유용하리라 사료된다.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.315-322
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• 2003

Background : Important factors to determine treatment method and prognosis of oral cancer are anatomical site, tumor size, metastatic lesion, histologic cell differenciation and microvascular invasion. Anatomical site has great effect to oral cancer patient's survival rate because each site's accessibility and lymph node metastasis is different but this factor was't studied much than other factors. Patients and Methods : 228 patients with squamous cell carcinoma of common primary sites(Mandible, Maxilla, Floor of Mouth and Tongue) in oral cavity who were diagnosed in the Korea Cancer Center Hospital from January 1989 to December 1999, were clinically studied and analyzed on survival rate. Results : 1. Survival rates of each anatomical sites were Tongue(36.8%), Mandible(33.3%), Maxilla(28.7%) and Floor of Mouth(24.5%). Survival rates difference between Tongue and Floor of Mouth has significance(p<0.05). 2. Survival rates for early cancer of each site were Maxilla(100%), Mandible(57.1%), Tongue(54.2%) and Floor of Mouth(46.7%). Survival rates difference between Maxilla and Floor of Mouth has significance(p<0.05). 3. Survival rates by surgery method of each site were Maxilla(60.6%), Tongue(56.9%), Mandible(44.8%) and Floor of Mouth(26.3%). Survival rates difference between Maxilla and Floor of Mouth has significance(p<0.05). 4. Survival rates by radiation or chemo method of each site were Floor of Mouth(23.5%), Mandible(20.0%), Maxilla(9.5%), and Tongue(9.1%). Survival rates difference between each site doesn't have significance(p>0.05). 5. In advance stage, Survival rates by single therapy of each site were Tongue(33.6%), Mandible(23.5%), Floor of Mouth(16.7%), Maxilla(0%), and Survival rates difference between Maxilla and Tongue has significance (p<0.05). Survival rates by combination therapy of each site were Mandible(38.1%), Maxilla(30.0%), Floor of mouth(18.2%), Tongue(12.5%), and Survival rates difference between Mandible and Tongue has significance(p<0.05). Conclusion : Survival rate of tongue is higher than the other sites, early detection of oral cancer can increase survival rate at any site and combination therapy is the most effetive method, especially at maxilla.

• Imaging Science in Dentistry
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.45-49
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• 2018

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the quantitative strain elastography of tongue carcinoma using intraoral ultrasonography. Materials and Methods: Two patients with squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) who underwent quantitative strain elastography for the diagnosis of tongue lesions using intraoral ultrasonography were included in this prospective study. Strain elastography was performed using a linear 14 MHz transducer (Aplio 300; Canon Medical Systems, Otawara, Japan). Manual light compression and decompression of the tongue by the transducer was performed to achieve optimal and consistent color coding. The variation in tissue strain over time caused by the compression exerted using the probe was displayed as a strain graph. The integrated strain elastography software allowed the operator to place circular regions of interest (ROIs) of various diameters within the elastography window, and automatically displayed quantitative strain (%) for each ROI. Quantitative indices of the strain (%) were measured for normal tissues and lesions in the tongue. Results: The average strain of normal tissue and tongue SCC in a 50-year-old man was 1.468% and 0.000%, respectively. The average strain of normal tissue and tongue SCC in a 59-year-old man was 1.007% and 0.000%, respectively. Conclusion: We investigated the quantitative strain elastography of tongue carcinoma using intraoral ultrasonography. Strain elastography using intraoral ultrasonography is a promising technique for characterizing and differentiating normal tissues and SCC in the tongue.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.781-784
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• 2013

Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine whether susceptibility to oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is related to polymorphisms in the u-PA gene. Methods: We examined the rs2227564 C/T and rs2227562 G/A single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 196 OSCC patients and 201 age- and gender-matched controls via direct sequencing and PCR-RFLP methods. Results: Significant differences were found in allelic and genotypic distributions of the rs2227564 and rs2227562 loci when comparing cases and controls. In addition, logistic analyses indicated that the rs2227564 C/T genotype was related to a 1.52-fold increased risk of developing OSCC (adjusted OR=1.521, 95%CI: 1.144~2.022, P=0.004). Linkage disequilibrium analysis was conducted and no association between the two loci was found (D'=0.031, $r^2$=0.000). Conclusions: Our findings provide evidence that the rs2227564 C/T SNP in the u-PA gene is associated with the development of OSCC.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• 제50권1호
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• pp.56-59
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• 2024

There are very few case reports of the diagnosis and management of concurrent oral cavity and parapharyngeal space tumors. We present a case involving a 49-year-old female who presented with oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma confirmed by biopsy. Initial diagnostic workup revealed a concurrent parapharyngeal mass. Diagnostic studies and surgical therapy were tailored to account for both pathological entities. The patient was treated with a combination of surgery and adjuvant therapy. The surgical strategy was designed to address both lesions simultaneously. One year post-surgery, the patient had good response to therapy with no evidence of persistent or recurrent disease. This report discusses the outcome and treatment of a rare case of concurrent squamous cell carcinoma with a complicating parapharyngeal space tumor. It explores the diagnostic process, comprehensive workup, and the surgical management.