• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.35 no.1 s.108
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• pp.35-42
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• 2005

There is lack of data for the amount of vertical bone in the midpalatal region for miniscrew implantation. The purpose of this study was to measure the structure of the midpalatal suture area using CT image and V-works 4.0 program (Cybermed Inc, Seoul, Korea). CT images of 14 male and 14 female adults were reconstructed. In detail, it was 1) to measure the length of maxilla on the midsagittal plane 2) to measure vertical bone height in the midpalatal area 3) to establish the zone of safety for miniscrew implantation. The following results were obtained. The mean length of ANS-PNS was 51.08mm in males and 47.34mm in females. There was a statistically significant difference between males and females (p<0.05). The vertical bone height of the midpalatal suture area was above 0mm except for 6mm posterior from the central Point of ANS-PNS in males The zone of safety was located 19.43mm posterior from the ANS in males while it was 17.62mm in females along the palatal plane. These results support that the safety zone of the midpalatal area is suitable for screw implantation. Midpalatal miniscrew implantation is a powerful tool in modern orthodontics Through many applications. it can expand the modern orthodontic field.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.539-555
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• 2000

Recently, it was reported that enamel matrix derivative may be beneficial in periodontal regeneration procedures in expectation of promoting new bone and cementum formation. The aim of present study was to evaluate the effect of enamel matrix derivative($Emdogain^?$)and Caso4 sulfate paste in 1-wall intrabony defects in beagle dogs. Surgically created 1-wall intrabony defects were randomly assigned to receive root debridement alone or $Emdogain^{(R)}$ or $Emdogain^{(R)}$ and Caso4. Clinical defect size was 4 X 4mm. The control group was treated with root debridement alone,and Experimental group I was treated with enamel matrix derivative application, and Experimental group II was treated with enamel matrix derivative and Caso4 sulfate paste application,. The healing processes were histologically and histometrically observed after 8 weeks and the results were as follows: 1. The length of junctional epithelium was $0.41{\pm}0.01mm$ in the control group, $0.42{\pm}0.08mm$in the experimental group I and $0.50{\pm}0.13mm$in the experimental group II. 2. The connective tissue adhesion was $0.28{\pm}0.02mm$ in the control group, $0.13{\pm}0.08mm$ in the experimental group I and $0.19{\pm}0.02mm$ in the experimental group II. 3. The new cementum formation was $3.80{\pm}0.06mm$ in the control group, $4.12{\pm}0.43mm$ in the experimental group I and $4.34{\pm}0.71mm$ in the experimental group II. 4. The new bone formation was $1.43{\pm}0.03mm$ in the control group, $1.53{\pm}0.47mm$ in the experimental group I and $2.25{\pm}1.35mm$ in the experimental group II. Although there was limitation to present study, the use of enamel matrix derivative in the treatment of periodontal 1-wall intrabony defect enhanced new cementum and bone formation. Caso4 sulfate paste will be the candidate for carriers to deliver enamel matrix derivative, and so enhance the regenerative potency of enamel matrix derivative.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.371-387
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• 1999

The present study was performed to assess and compare the clinical and microbiological effects following local application of 2% minocycline gel or 0.1% chlorhexidine subgingival irrigation to augment scaling and root planing in patients with moderate to advanced chronic adult periodontitis. 32 healthy patients with moderate to advanced chronic adult periodontitis were enrolled in the study. In each patient, the quadrants that had 2 or more teeth with $5{\sim}8mm$ probing pocket depth and radiographic evidence of alveolar bone loss were selected and divided into test side and control side according to the split-mouth design. All patients received standardized oral hygiene instructions at the beginning of the study and all remaining teeth received scaling and root planing until 0 week. The 2% minocycline gel was applied to periodontal pocket at 0, 1, 2, 3 week in the test side. The 0.1% chlorhexidine solution and the normal saline were irrigated subgingivally for about 30 seconds in the positive control side and negative control side respectively. The clinical and microbiological analysis carried out at 0, 4, 8, and 12 weeks . The results of this study were as follows; 1. In saline irrigation group, there was no adjunctive effects in probing pocket depth reduction, sulcular bleeding index and no significant changes in relative proportions of subgingival bacteria. 2. The chlorhexidine irrigation as an adjunct to scaling and root planing results in reduction in the plaque index and sulcular bleeding index, but there was not statistically significant. The relative proportion of spirochetes was significantly reduced, but the proportion of motile rods was no significant reduction. 3. The minocycline gel delivered subgingivally as an adjunct to scaling and root planing provide significant benefit in reducing probing depths and sulcular bleeding index compared to saline and chlorhexidine irrigation groups. 4. The relative proportions of spirochetes and motile rods were significantly reduced and the proportions of cocci and non-motile bacteria were correspondingly increased in the minocycline gel group. In conclusion, minocycline gel delivered subgingivally as an adjunct to scaling and root planing induces clinical and microbial responses more favorable for periodontal health than saline and chlorhexidine subgingival irrigation.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.415-428
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• 2002

Periodontal disease is a complex infectious disease caused by bacteria in the oral mucosa, which results in gingival inflammation, breakdown of periodontal tissues, bone resorption, and finally tooth loss. Mechanical plaque control methods-scaling and root planing are effective methods to stop the progression of such periodontal disease. It was reported that subantimicrobial dose of doxycycline(SDD) regimen could improve clinical conditions of periodontal tissues without causing the overgrowth of opportunistic organisms that was a typical antibiotic side effect. Therefore pharmacological therapy, used in conjunction with mechanical therapy could be considered a useful treatment modality in the treatment of chronic periodontal disease. In this study, 30 patients diagnosed as moderate to advanced chronic periodontitis were divided into 2 groups. In this double-blind, placebo-controlled study, the patients were administered 20mg doxycycline capsule or placebo capsule b.i.d. for 4months, after scaling and root planing. Clinical parameters-bleeding on probing, pocket depth and clinical attachment level were compared and evaluated between these groups at periods of first visit, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months. The results were as follows ; 1. In case of moderate periodontitis, pocket depth showed significant reduction after treatment in both the control & experiment groups, when compared with the baseline values(p<0.01), but in case of advanced periodontitis, only the experiment group showed significant reduction after treatment when compared with the baseline values(p<0.05). Statistically significant reduction in pocket depth was observed in the experiment group compared to the control group(p<0.05). 2. In case of moderate periodontitis, clinical attachment level showed significant reduction after treatment in both the control & experiment groups, when compared with the baseline values(p<0.01), but in case of advanced periodontitis, only the experiment group showed significant reduction after treatment when compared with the baseline values(p<0.05). Statistically significant reduction in clinical attachment level was observed in the experiment group compared to the control group(p<0.05). 3. Bleeding on probing improved after treatment in both the groups. In case of moderate periodontitis, the experiment group showed statistically significant reduction of bleeding on probing when compared with the control group at 1 and 4 months after treatment(p<0.05). In case of advanced periodontitis, treatment resulted in statistically significant reduction of bleeding on probing in both the groups(p<0.05). These results indicate that the use of subantimicrobial dose of doxycycline is a useful supplement to mechanical treatment for periodontal patients in ameliorating the clinical parameters such as periodontal pocket, attachment level, and bleeding on probing.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.769-786
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• 1998

The purpose of the present study is to examine the effect of cell proliferation and alkaline phosphatase activity in osteoblastic cells and to compare the bone healing ability of rat calvarial defects between the control group and the safflower seed extract treated group. Osteoblastic cells were obtained from calvariae of a fetal rat. Cells were cultured containing DMEM and safflower seed extract ($10^{-6}g/ml$, $10^{-3}g/ml$) at $37^{\circ}$ with 5% $CO_2$ in 100% humidity for 3 days. MTT was performed to examine the viability of the cells, and alkaline phosphatase activity was analyzed to examine the mineralization in vitro. Rat calvarial defects($5{\times}5mm$) in 250g Sprague-Dawly were made using round bur. Rats were administrated with safflower seed extract(0.35g/kg/day) for experimental periods. Calvarial defects were studied histopathologically and immunohistochemically at 1,4, and 8 weeks. High concentration group($10^{-3}g/ml$) of safflower seed extract significantly increased in the cell proliferation and alkaline phos phatase synthesis in osteoblastic cells. The infiltration of inflammatory cells and osteoclastic activities were decreased in the safflower seed extract treated group as compared with control group. Bone maturation was accelerated in the safflower seed extract treated group as compared to control group. No difference in osteoinductive process was observed between the control and the safflower seed extract treated group. Immunohistochemical observation revealed that protein expression of TGF-$\beta$and osteonectin during early healing phase in the safflower seed extract treated group was slightly increased as compared to control group. These results indicate that safflower seed extract promotes the healing process in bony defect of rat calvariae, and retains a potential applicability as an adjuvant therapeutic modality for regeneration of periodontal bony defect.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.691-703
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• 1998

The 16S rRNA analyzing method is a bacterial identification method that is useful in identifying bacteria which is difficult to do by other means. The following 7 types of bacteria which are Treponema, A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis, Fusobacterium, B. forsythus, P. intermedia, P. micros were evaluated in order to study their distribution among patients with adult periodontitis. The 16S rRNA analyzing method was used to compare bacterial distribution among 3 groups. Subgingival plaque acquired from the affected sites(pocket depth ${\geq}6mm$) of 29 patients with adult periodontitis were grouped as the experimental group while plaque from the non-affected sites(pocket depth ${\leq}3mm$) were grouped as control 2 and finally plaque acquired from students with healthy periodontal tissues were grouped as control 1. The results are as follows ; 1. The distribution of Treponema was 12.5% for control 1, 21.4% for control 2 and 75.4% for the experimental group. For A. actinomycetemcomitans the distribution was 0.5%, 19.0%, 44.4% in respect to the order of groups mentioned above. P.gingivalis showed 10.5%, 43.1%, 94.0% distribution, Fusobacterium 33.0%, 48.3%, 81.0% distribution, B. forsythus 9.5%, 17.2%, 65.9% distribution, P. intermedia 1.0%, 12.1%, 26.3% distribution and finally P. micros 5.0%, 19.0%, 48.7% respectively. In all 7 types of bacteria, the experimental group showed higher bacterial distribution compared to the other two groups with statistically significant difference. 2. In the case of Treponema, A. actinomycetemcomitans, gingivalis,Fusobacterium, B. forsythus, P. intermedia, P. micros showed significant difference between control 1 and 2. These results suggest that the 16S rRNA analyzing method which was applied on Koreans for the first time could be utilized and useful in finding potential pathogens of periodontal disease.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.631-646
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to access the clinical effects of C31G, Listerine and CPC on the earlyx periodontitis when they were used as a adjunctives to the mechanical plaque control. Each groups were composed of 12 patients and in three test groups, C31G(Exp 1 group), Listerine(Exp 2 group) and CPC mouthrinse(Exp 3 group) were used three times a day. and as a control, placebo solution was used. Plaque index, gingival index, bleeding index, pocket depth and loss of attachment were measured as clinical parameters. After scaling and oral hygiene instruction, root planing is done two weeks later. During the eight weeks of experimental period, mouth gargling is done by all groups. The changes in the clinical parameters of the all sites were monitored every two weeks. The results were as follows : 1. The plaque index showed a siginificant difference in Exp 1 group compared with test 2 group after 2 weeks use of mouth rinse(P<0.05). 2. The gingival index showed a significant difference in Exp 1 group compared with baseline value(P<0.05) but there was no significant difference between the groups after 2 weeks use of mouthrinse (P<0.05). 3. The plaque index, gingival index and bleeding index showed a significant difference in all groups compared with baseline value after 4 weeks of root planing and mouthrinse use(P<0.05). but there was no significant difference between the groups(P<0.05). 4. Periodontal pocket depth showed a significant difference in all groups compared with baseline value after 4 weeks of root planing and mouthrinse use(P<0.05). and there was significant difference between the Exp 1 group and control group(P<0.05). 5. Loss of attachment showed a significant difference in all Exp groups compared with baseline value after 4 weeks of root planing and mouthrinse use(P<0.05). and there was significant difference between the Exp 1 group and control group(P<0.05). The results suggest that C31G, Listerine and CPC were effective for early periodontitis as a adjunctive to mechanical plaqe control.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.531-545
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• 1998

The objective of the present study was to evaluate the clinical and microbiological effects of scaling and root planing combined with local application of 2% minocycline gel to patients with moderate to advanced chronic adult periodontitis. 27 healthy patients with moderate to advanced chronic adult periodontitis were enrolled in the study. The quadrants that had 2 or more teeth with $5{\sim}8mm$ probing pocket depth and radiographic evidence of alveolar bone loss were selected and divided into test side and control side according to the splitmouth design. All patients received standardized oral hygiene instructions at the beginning of the study. Subsequently scaling and root plaining was performed on all remaining teeth until 0 week. The 2% minocycline gel was applied to periodontal pocket at 0, 1, 2, 3week in the test side. The normal saline was irrigated subgingivally for about 30 seconds in the control side. The clinical and microbiological analysis was carried out at 0, 4, 8, and 12weeks. The results of this st udy were as follows; 1.2% minocycline gel delivered subgingivally as an adjunct to scaling and root planing provided benefit in reducing sulcular bleeding index and pocket depth than the use of normal saline. 2. The relative proportion of cocci and non-motile bacteria was increased in the test and control groups with time, and there was no statistically significantdifference between two groups. 3. The proportion of spirochetes was slowly reduced in the control group, but, inthe test group, they were remarkably reduced from the 4th week, and there was a statistically significant difference between two groups. 4. In both groups, the relative proportion of motile rods was notably decreasedat the beginning of the study, and remained until 12th week in the test group,but, in the control group, they were slowly increased from the 4th weekand finally similar to that of the initial examination. In conclusion, local application of 2% minocycline gel may be effective in the clinical and microbiological aspects as an adjunct to scaling and root planing in periodontal disease sites.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.545-559
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• 1998

Magnoliae cortex has been used as a drug for treatment of fractures in Chinese medicine and safflower(Carthamus tinctorius $Linn{\acute{e}}$) has been traditionally used for treatment of blood stasis. The purpose of present study was to examine the biologic effects of magnoliae cortex extract and safflower extract mixture(MSM) on human periodontal ligament cells and fetal rat calvarial osteoblasts and on healing of rat calvarial defects. The ethanolic extracts of magnoliae cortex(MCE), safflower seed(SSE), Zea May L(ZML) were prepared as positive control group. MSM mixed to the ratios of 1 : 1, 1 : 2, 1 : 5 and 1 : 10 were used as test group. The effects of each agents on the growth and survival, ALPase activity, cell proliferation and tissue regenerative effect of each extracts was evaluated by histomorphometric measuring of newly formed bone on the 8 mm defect in rat calvaria after oral administration of 2 ratio groups(1 : 5 and 1 : 10) at 3 different doses (0.1, 0.25 and 0.5g/kg per day). MSM stimulated the growth and survival rate of osteoblasts and PDL cells more than any other agents. The growth and survival rate were increased as the proportion of safflower seed extract was increased. MCE, SSE, ZML stimulated the ALPase activity of osteoblast and PDL cell in comparison to the negative control group. But all groups of MSM regardless of ratio of safflower seed extract stimulated the ALPase activity than any other agent. The ALPase activity was also increased as the proportion of safflower seed extract was increased. Although MCE, SSE, ZML stimulated the proliferation of osteoblasts. 1 : 5 and 1 : 10 ratio MSM showed significant increase in stimulation of proliferation of osteoblasts. No agent significantly increased proliferation of PDL cells. Significant new bone formation were seen where 1 : 5 ratio, 0.5g/kg group and 1 : 10 ratio, 0.25, 0.5g/kg groups were used. These results show that magnoliae cortex extract and safflower seed extract mixture can potentially increase bone regeneration ability.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.739-745
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• 2003

Interleukine-1(IL-1)은 여러 가지 기능을 가진 싸이토카인으로써 미생물에 대한 면역반응을 일으킨다. IL-1의 유전자 다형성과 치주질환과의 관련성에 대한 많은 연구가 있어왔지만, 대부분이 백인을 대상으로 한 연구였다. 이후 중국인과 일본인을 대상으로 한 연구에서 IL-1의 유전자 다형성의 분포가 인종간에 차이를 보인다는 점이 발견되었다. 이번 연구에서는 치주적으로 건강한 한국인에서 IL-1${\beta}$-511, IL-1${\beta}$+3954, IL-1RN에 대한 유전자형의 분포를 조사하고자 하였다. 서울대학교 치과병원에 근무하는 치과의사, 치과위생사, 간호조무사 및 서울대학교 치과대학 4학년 학생 중 치주낭 깊이와 부착소실이 4mm 이하인 치주적으로 건강한 한국인 65명을 대상으로 하였다. IL-1${\beta}$-511, IL-1${\beta}$+3954, IL-1RN의 유전자 다형성은 분리한 DNA에 각 대립유전자에 특이성을 지닌 primer를 넣고 PCR(Polymerase Chain Reaction)법을 이용하여 증폭시킨후 전기영동법을 이용하여 각 대립유전자의 존재를 확인함으로써 결정하였다. IL-1${\beta}$-511 대립유전자 11, 대립유전자 12, 대립유전자 22의 유전자형에 대하여 각각 23.1%, 49.2%, 26.2%의 분포를 보였다. IL-1${\beta}$+3954의 유전자 다형성은 대립유전자 11, 대립유전자 12의 유전자형에 대하여 각각 89.2%, 10.8%의 분포를 보였으며, 대립유전자 22의 유전자형을 갖는 사람은 한명도 발견되지 않았다. IL-1RN의 유전자형은 5가지의 대립유전자 중에서 1, 대립유전자 2, 대립유전자 4만일 발견되었으며, 대립유전자 11, 대립유전자 12, 대립유전자 14의 유전자형이 86.2%, 12.3%, 1.5%로 분포하였다. 이를 바탕으로 각 대립유전자의 발생빈도 계산한 결과 IL-1${\beta}$-511에서는 대립유전자 1과 2의 비율이 거의 유사하였으나 (47.7%, 52.3%), IL-1${\beta}$+3954, IL-1RN에서는 대립유전자 1이 90%이상 발견되었으며, 또한 대립유전자 1외의 다른 대립유전자가 발견된 경우, 모두 이형접합체였다. 이 연구는 IL-1${\beta}$-511, IL-1${\beta}$+3954, IL-1RN에 대한 유전자형의 분포를 조사한 것으로 한국인에서 이들 유전자의 유전자형의 분포는 백인에서의 분포와 차이를 보이고 있었다. 이후 치주질환자의 유전자형 분포와의 비교로 치주질환과 IL-1${\beta}$-511, IL-1${\beta}$+3954, IL-1RN의 유전자다형성과의 관련성에 관한 추가적인 연구가 필요할 것으로 여겨진다.