• Journal of Korean Clinical Nursing Research
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.113-122
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• 2011

Purpose: This study was conducted to develop and evaluate an oral care protocol for cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. Methods: The participants in this study were cancer patients in Severance hospital in Seoul. A total of 31 patients were assigned to the experimental group, and 29 patients to the control group. Data were collected from August 1 to October 5, 2010. The protocol included definition and symptom of oral mucositis, self-check method of oral status, prophylactic method of oral mucositis (oral care, eating habits, and gargling) and management of oral mucositis. Oral Assessment Guide (OAG) was used as the measurement tool of oral mucositis in this study, Oral Care Performance Scale was used as the measurement tool of oral care performance status. Data were analyzed with a $x^2-test$ and t-test, and repeated measures ANOVA, using SPSS/WIN 18.0 program. Results: Patients in the experimental group receiving the oral care protocol had a significant difference (t=-2.938, p=.005) in the oral care performance compared to the control group. However, there was no significant difference (F=1.255, p=.274) in the oral mucositis status between two groups. Conclusion: This study showed that the oral care protocol could improve oral care performance status for the patients under chemotherapy.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.117-122
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to delve into how to provide better and more oral health education to middle school students, and to boost school oral health projects. The subjects in this study were 430 middle schoolers. After their oral health awareness, knowledge and oral health care were investigated, the following findings were given: 1. Concerning concern for oral health, 56.7 percent were oral health conscious, and as many as 43.2 percent were little or never concerned about it. 2. As to subjective oral health status, 36.7 percent found their own oral health status to be good, and 63.3 percent had a periodontal disease or felt that there was something wrong with their oral health. Regarding self-assessed abnormal oral symptoms, 25.8 percent considered themselves to have an abnormal symptom related to temporomandibular joint, and approximately 30 percent thought there was something wrong with their gums. 3. As for toothbrushing habits, the number of the girls who brushed their teeth after lunch was statistically significantly far larger than that of the boys who did. There were some differences between the boys and girls in toothbrushing method and in which part of the oral cavity they brushed. 4. In regard to oral health knowledge, the girls(a mean of 7.05) significantly excelled the boys(6.36). Those who were more oral health conscious got significantly better scores in oral health knowledge. 5. In terms of dental-clinic visit experiences, the students who had ever visited a dental clinic took in less sugar and got a more frequent regular dental checkup(2.62, 2.50) than the others who hadn't(2.32, 1.74).

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.519-525
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• 2016

Background: The objective of this study was to report the types and relative frequency of oral malignancies and precancer in the Jazan region of Saudi Arabia during the period 2009-2014. Materials and Methods: Pathology reports were retrieved from the archives of Histopathology Department, King Fahd hospital in Jazan. Demographic data on tobacco habits, clinical presentation and histologic grading of oral precancer and cancer cases were transcribed from the files. Results: 303 (42.7%) oral pre-malignant and malignant cases were found out of 714 oral biopsy lesions. A pathology diagnosis of squamous cell carcinoma (85.1%) was most frequent, followed by premalignant lesions/epithelial dysplasia (8.6%), verrucous carcinoma (3.3%) and malignancy of other histological types (3%) such as ameloblastic carcinoma, salivary gland malignancy and sarcomas. Oral squamous cell carcinoma was predominant in females with a male to female ratio of 1:1.9. Patient age ranged from 22 to 100 years with a mean of $65{\pm}13.9$. Almost 44.6% of oral cancer had occurred after 65 years of age. Only 16.3% cases were reported in patients younger than 50 years, predominantly females. The majority of female patients had the habit of using shammah with a long duration of usage for more than 45 years. Buccoalveolar mucosa (52.3%) was the common site of involvement followed by tongue/floor of the mouth (47.7%) and clinically presented mostly as ulceration/swelling clinically. Moderately differentiated tumours (53.9%) were common followed by well differentiated (32.2%) and poorly differentiated tumours (5.8%). The prevalence of oral verrucous carcinoma (3.3%) was comparatively low with an equal distribution in both males and females. Both bucco-alveolar mucosa and tongue were predominantly affected. Oral precancer/epithelial dysplasia (8.6%) was common in females with a shammah habit. Bucco-alveolar mucosa was commonly involved and clinically presented mostly as white/red patches. Most cases were mild followed by moderate and severe dysplasia. Tumours of other histological types (3%) include 1 ameloblastic carcinoma, 3 malignant salivary gland tumours and 5 sarcomas. Conclusions: In this study, it was found that oral cancers reported in the pathology service to be a common occurrence. This study reconfirms previous reports of the high burden of oral cancer in this population This indicates that conventional preventive programs focused on oral cancer are in need of revision. In addition, further research into identifying new risk factors and molecular markers for oral cancer are needed for screening high risk individuals.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.407-420
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• 1995

This study was performed to evaluate and compare conservative treatment results by several parameters such as age, sex, symptom duration, type and timing of joint sound, parafunctional habits, splint type, and diagnostic classification. There have been too many articles reporting long term results of conservative treatment but articles related to comparison of treatment results by patients' self-evaluation have been rarely reported. For this study 258 patients with temporomandibular disorders(TMDs) were selected and examined by routine diagnostic procedure for TMDs. The subjects were classified into 5 TMDs subgroups ad treated with conservative treatments involving splints, physical modalities, jaw exercises, and counseling. Visual analogue scale(VAS) about pain, joint sound, and mouth opening limitation was recorded respectively during treatment period. From the VAS data and treatment duration, VAS treatment index(VAS Ti) was calculated. The obtained results were as follows : 1. Pain was the most frequent main symptom in subjects with temporomandibular disorders, and main symptom for mouth opening limitation was comparatively less than for pain or sound in disk displacement with reduction group or in degenerative joint disease group. 2. Degenerative joint disease group had the most poor treatment results and highest occlusal index of Helkim's index. 3. Good prognosis for conservative treatment was observed in acute group, under 6 months than chronic group, 6months over in symptom duration, and subjects with 40 years over in age showed the most poor prognosis. 4. Subjects treated with anterior repositioning splint had better treatment results than subjects treated with centric relation splint, but statistical significance in VAS Ti and treatment duration was not observed. 5. Treatment results according to affected side, types and point of joint sound did not show consistent statistical results. 6. The result for conservative treatment was observed poor in subjects with bruxism and clenching. 7. In studying coincidence between preferred chewing and affected side, frequency of preferred chewing side, in unilateral affection, was higher in ipsilateral than in contralateral side.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.383-387
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• 2016

Oral verruciform xanthoma (OVX) is an uncommon lesion that appears on the oral mucosa. The aim of this paper was to discuss the probable etiopathogenesis of OVX in the hard palate, reinforcing the importance of including this lesion in the differential diagnosis of verrucous lesions. A 43-year-old male smoker presented with a painless lesion with a verrucous surface and erythematous spots on the hard palate. Excisional biopsy revealed oral mucosa consisting of hyperkeratosis, acanthosis, and elongated rete pegs. Subjacent connective tissue showed numerous foam cells with clear cytoplasm and pyknotic nucleus, negative on periodic acid-Schiff staining. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed foam cells positive for anti-CD68 antibody, while anti-KI-67 antibody was restricted to the basal layer of the oral epithelium. A final diagnosis of OVX was established. The patient showed no signs of recurrence after seven months of follow-up. Physical trauma and smoking habits can be directly related to the etiology of verruciform xanthoma because the lesion is chronic and inflammatory with slow growth, and sites if high trauma are more often affected by such a lesion. The hard palate is the second most commonly affected site, and local trauma caused by smoking can be a cause of this type of lesion.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.1913-1918
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• 2014

Background: The study is the first of its kind to be conducted in Saudi Arabia (KSA), aiming to analyze the effectiveness of an intervention program in improving the knowledge of oral cancer among the youth. Materials and Methods: A total of 1,051 young Saudis (57% males and 43% females with a mean age of $20.4{\pm}1.98$) were selected using multi-stage cluster sampling. Knowledge assessment was accomplished using a closed-ended questionnaire which was subjected to reliability tests. Prevalence of risk factors in relation to gender was analyzed using the chi-squared test. Effectiveness was calculated by comparing the pre- and post-intervention means, using the two-tailed paired t-test. Multiple logistic regression was employed in order to determine factors associated with awareness of risk habits, signs/symptoms and prevention of oral cancer. The significance level in this study was set at 0.05. Results: Females were seen to be more into the habit of sheesha smoking (3.3% rather than the use of other forms of risk factors. Prevalence of diverse risk factors such as cigarette smoking (20%), sheesha (15.3%), khat (27%) and shamma (9%) was seen among males. Gender and the use of modifiable risk factors among the study sample were significantly (p<0.001) associated with effectiveness of the intervention. The intervention program was highly effective (p<0.001) in improving the knowledge of oral cancer among the youth in Jazan, KSA. Multivariate analysis revealed that age and gender are the most significant factors affecting knowledge. Conclusions: The study gives a direction for further public health initiatives in this oral cancer prone region.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.72-78
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this research was twofold: to compare the short-term efficacy of once-off education versus repetitive education (RE) of patients suffering from temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) and to determine whether there was any correlation amongst patient demographics, recommendation adherence degree and pain levels. Methods: A total of 848 patients with TMDs were enrolled. The control group consisted of patients who received a standard conservative treatment (STD) over at least 6 visits with education provided only during the first visit. The experimental group consisted of patients who received STD but had also been given RE (STD+RE). The RE was delivered through a standardized self-assessment questionnaire (SAQ) that was completed by the patient during each visit. Pain, which included maximum comfortable opening (MCO) of the mouth and limitation of mouth opening (LOM), was compared between the two groups. Behavior pattern and reported pain level changes in the group who used the SAQ were also analyzed. Results: The LOM was significantly improved in all of the experimental group patients (especially in females under 30 years of age, p<0.05). The MCO was significantly higher in females (p=0.029). All of the patients displayed improvements in their habits following RE, which resulted in a strong correlation with pain reduction. Adhering to the recommendations regarding questions 14 and 15 of the SAQ appeared to have the greatest effect on pain reduction. Conclusions: These results clearly demonstrate that RE is more effective than once-off education for TMD patients who are female or under 30 years of age.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.83-90
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• 2019

Objectives: This study evaluated the predictive factors for survival of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and investigated the overall and disease-specific survival (DSS) outcomes. Materials and Methods: A total of 67 consecutive patients who underwent surgery for OSCC from January 2006 to November 2014 were included in this study. Patients were classified according to age, sex, pTNM stages, primary sites, smoking and alcohol drinking habits, depth of invasion, perineural and lymphovascular invasion, cell differentiation and postoperative radiotherapy. Kaplan-Meier methods were used to estimate the survival categorized by patient groups. Cox regression methods were used to investigate the main independent predictors of survival. Results: Nineteen patients died of OSCC during follow-up periods. Another five patients died of other diseases including lung adenocarcinoma (n=1), cerebral infarction (n=1), general weakness (n=2), and pneumonia (n=1). The tongue (n=16) was the most common site for primary origin, followed by buccal mucosa (n=15), mandibular gingiva (n=15), maxillary gingiva (n=9), floor of mouth (n=9), retromolar trigone (n=2), and palate (n=1). Eleven patients had pTNM stage I disease, followed by stage II (n=22) and stage IV (n=34). No patients had pTNM stage III disease in this study. The overall survival of all patients was 64.2% and the DSS was 71.6%. DSS of patients with stage I and II disease was 100%. Stepwise Cox regression showed the two predictors for DSS were pTNM stage (P<0.0001, odds ratio=19.633) and presence of metastatic lymph nodes (P=0.0004, odds ratio=0.1039). Conclusion: OSCC has been associated with poor prognosis; however, there were improved survival outcomes compared with past studies. Advanced-stage disease and presence of metastatic lymph nodes were associated with poorer survival compared with early-stage OSCC and absence of neck node metastasis. Stage I and II OSCC were associated with excellent survival results in this study.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Dental Administration
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.42-52
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• 2022

This study aimed to investigate the association of lifestyle with the copy number of periodontal pathogens. This retrospective study collected electronic health records of 102 subjects with periodontitis, including reports of bacterial genetic tests and lifestyle questionnaires. The five pathogens were analyzed as follows: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, Prevotella intermedia, and Fusobacterium nucleatum. The lifestyle questionnaire included age, sex, oral hygiene management, smoking, drinking, exercise, dietary, snacks, water intake, and sleeping time. An independent t-test or ANOVA was performed to compare the copy number of periodontal pathogens according to lifestyle (α=0.05). The copy numbers of P. gingivalis and F. nucleatum were significantly higher than those of other strains. The copy number of T. forsythia in patients who exercised was 54% lower than in those who did not (p=0.009). Other lifestyle factors did not affect the number of bacteria. Exercise habits among the lifestyles showed a association with the number of specific oral bacteria. This result suggests that a lifestyle questionnaire is essential in clinical situation and necessary to prevent and treat the periodontal disease effectively.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.208-215
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• 2023

Background: Dental caries in preschool children can cause early loss of teeth, reduced masticatory function, malocclusion, and speech disorders, making oral care for preschool children essential. However, because children have a poor ability to perform oral hygiene by themselves, educational tools that help establish correct oral health behaviors are required. This study evaluated the effect of toothbrushing application for kids on dental plaque removal and toothbrushing interest in preschool children. Methods: Seven 5-year-old children enrolled in a daycare center participated in the evaluation, and the same children participated in the experiment twice a week. The Pokémon Smile application (App) was used as an auxiliary application for tooth brushing, and the degree of dental plaque removal on the tooth surface was evaluated by quantitative light-induced fluorescence-digital imaging. After the experiment, children's toothbrushing preferences were investigated through interviews. Results: The levels of AREA R30 and AREA R70 measured after the children's toothbrushing as usual decreased compared to those before toothbrushing; however, the change was not significant. The levels of AREA R30 and AREA R70 measured after using the Pokémon Smile App were significantly reduced compared to those before toothbrushing. Children's interest in brushing their teeth increased by 28.59% after using the Pokémon Smile App. Conclusion: The toothbrushing application for kids effectively removes dental plaque by helping preschool children brush their teeth. It also increased preschool children's interest in tooth brushing. Therefore, an oral health education application would be useful for children who need to develop correct oral care methods and habits.