• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.109-116
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• 2022

Purpose: This study was conducted to analyze the clinical characteristics and distribution of the tongue-related diagnoses in patients with tongue symptoms. Methods: The subjects were patients who visited Chosun University Dental Hospital with tongue symptoms from January 1, 2021, to December 31, 2021. We analyzed 491 patients (139 males and 352 females) with tongue-related diagnostic code names in the Korean Standard Classification of Disease (KCD) in the Electronic Medical Record (Dentopinformation Technology Co., Seoul, Korea). Results: On analyzing the diagnoses of tongue diseases using the KCD, glossopyrosis (44.8%) and painful tongue (15.2%) showed high rates. Of the 491 patients, 139 (28.3%) were males and 352 (71.7%) were females, and the average age was 58.1 years. As for systemic diseases, there were many patients with diseases of the circulatory system (27.0%) and endocrine, nutritional, and metabolic diseases (13.7%). Tongue symptoms were discomfort in 58 patients, pain in 329 patients, paresthesia in 10 patients, burning sensations in 222 patients, dysgeusia in 25 patients, dryness in 110 patients, fissures in 57 patients, and other symptoms in 72 patients. Areas with tongue symptoms were the anterior area in 102 patients, the lateral area in 140 patients, the posterior area in 12 patients, the dorsal area in 140 patients, the ventral area in 42 patients, and which area in 126 patients overall. Patients with burning mouth syndrome and oral candidiasis had significantly more tongue symptoms. Conclusions: Patients with tongue symptoms exhibited a variety of tongue diseases. Tongue symptoms were more common in women over 50 years of age and were frequently seen in patients with burning mouth syndrome and oral candidiasis.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.62-71
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• 2017

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the rate of salivation before and after olfactory stimulation using BPO (black pepper oil) and then, to collect basic data for screening the possibility of introducing olfactory stimulus to prevent and improve dry mouth. Methods: The subjects in this study were 60 college students in Jeon-Nam province. The subjects were randomly divided into 3 groups; the BPO group (n=20), the lavender oil (LVO) group (n=20), and the distilled water (DW) group (n=20). The amount of whole saliva before and after olfactory stimulation was measured 14 times for a 4-week period. Results: In the BPO and LVO groups, the amount of whole saliva increased after the olfactory stimulation and it was most prominent in the BPO group (p<0.05). The difference of whole salivation was higher in the BPO group (p<0.05) and there was no significant difference in the salivary flow rate in the DW group. After 14 times of measurement for 4 weeks, the BPO and LVO groups showed an increase in salivary rate at an early stage compared without stimulation (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference between the 2 groups in the middle. Since the twelfth measurement, whole saliva secretion increased and maintained the elevated level (p<0.05). Conclusions: The olfactory stimulation using BPO may contribute to stimulating salivation. Further studies are needed for subjects with dry mouth symptoms. In the future, qualitative and quantitative studies should be conducted for people who complains about oral dryness.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.165-174
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• 1996

The authors diagnosed a 33 years old female as benign lymphoepithelial lesion after undergoing clinical, radiological and histopathological examinations and the characteristics were as follows : 1. Clinically, the patient complained of painless bilateral swelling of the parotid glands and dryness of the palate. Rheumatoid factor was detected in her serum. 2. Sialograms showed punctate or globular collections of contrast media distributed evenly throughout the parotid glands in so-called 'cherry blossom' or 'leafless fruit-laden tree' appearance. 3. A salivary gland scan showed no uptake of radioisotopes by the parotid glands. 4. At Tl-weighted imaging of PNS MRI, the lesions had the same signal intensity as the rest of the gland. At TI-weighted imaging, the lesions could be seen as high signal intensity 1.3 cm and 2.1 cm in diameter in the left and the right parotid gland respectively. 5. Ultrasonogram showed sonolucent lesions 20×15mm and 17×14mm in size in the lower part of the left parotid gland and another 18×11mm in size in the lower part of the parotid gland as well as many other small sonolucent lesions. 6. Histopathologically, lymphocytic infiltration replacing the normal acini and lymphoid follicles containing germinal centers could be seen. Epimyoepithelial islands were scattered throughout the lesion and benign lymphoepithelial cysts were also observed.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.121-136
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• 2013

It has been known that saliva may affect the most of oral diseases. On the contrary, several systemic conditions may affect salivary flow and cause oral dryness and psychosocial stress especially may a crucial role in the etiology of hyposalivation and oral dryness. Many studies have focused on macroscopic effects of the stress on the salivary glands by autonomic response, but on the other hand it has hardly been reported on cellular microscopic effects of the stress on the salivary glands. Therefore, this study was performed to examine clusterin, a antiapoptotic and cytoprotective protein, in the parotid glands under restraint stress condition. For this study, 18 rats were divided into 3 groups; 1) 2 rats of group I were selected as a normal control. 2) 2 rats of group II, as a experimental control were placed in the restraint cone for 2 hours 3) 14 rats of group III were placed in the restraint cone for 2 hours once a day. The rats were sacrificed immediately(group II, as a experimental control), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 days after application of the stress and the both parotid glands were excised. Immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy were performed. The finding were as follows: 1. In parotid glands, repeated stress denaturalize the acinar cells, interacinous tissues and interacinous connective tissues were separated to individual acinar cells. After 4 days of experiment, there were lots of vacuoles and intercalated ducts. 2. In parotid glands, repeated stress make the rER which is in acinar cells swollen after 3 days of experiment and it was intensified to 4 days. After 5 days of experiment the edema got worse and degenerated. 3. In parotid glands, clusterin was reduced in ductal cell cytoplasm but in intercalated duct clusterin was slightly stained until 3 days prominently increased until 4 days and then decreased again after 5 days of experiment.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.39-52
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• 1995

Burning mouth syndrome is characterized by a burning sensation in oral cavity without clinical signs. There has b een no established theories about the diagnosis and treatment. The purpose of this article is to examine the clinical feature of BMS patients of Korean and to present a treatment protocol that can be helpful in clinical applications. The subjects chosen for the study were 52 patients who had visited Department of Oral Diagnosis at Yonsei University Dental Hospital and were diagnosed as BMS. We did questionnaires and precise oral exam, laboratory exam, grouping of our patients, individual treatment for the groups and classification of responses to the treatment. The following results were obtained: 1. Chief complaints were throbbing (71.2%), pricking, stinging, tingling (30.8%), burning(25a%). The tongue is the most frequently affected site (82.7%), followed by full mouth, gingiva, palate, buccal mucosa, lips, throat, labial mucosa and floor of mouth. 2. The average age of onset was 48.1 year and the male to female ratio was 1 to 3. The average duration of symptom was 11.69 months for male and 23.07 months for female. 3. 32.7% of patients had appealed continuous pain, which was the most cases. Aggravating factors were peppery food, salty food, hot food, fatigue, tension conversation, sour food, cold food and toothpaste. Reducing factors were cold food, diet, going to sleep and smoking. 4. Associated symptoms were dry mouth, other life problem, altered taste perception, bad taste, throat pain, tingle and difficulty in swallowing. 5. Most of patients had appealed that there was not associated event on onset of symptom, and the order of prevalence is as fallow; dental treatment, stress, denture wearing, an attack of a systemic disease. 92.3% of patient appealed that there was no psychological withering and 7.7% of patients appealed positively. 6. There were eight males and four females that had jobs. 7. There was no family history in 100% of patients in questions about presence of family history. 8. 96.2% of patients appealed that there was no oral habits. 13.5% of patients had dryness of oral mucosa in oral exam. A significant relation to dental prosthesis was not observable, but incidence of diseases due to stress appeared high in BMS which had the clinical characteristics as above. A group having low serum iron was 63.5% and in this group period of potential iron deficiency appeared high in incidence just before move to anemia. A group represented positive response was 38.5% in fungus study for Candida albicans. Since we can expect high treatment response by prescription of iron-contained drug and antifungal drug in these patients, diagnosing patients' condition of BMS can be achieved in more various aspects through study for serum iron and Candida albicans. Furthermore, it is expected that treatment protocol can be made.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.545-559
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• 2020

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to systematically analyze and examine the relationship between the number of lost teeth and quality of life (QoL) among elderly. Methods: Papers published in Korean and English between 2000 and 2020 were searched. Relevant papers were selected by two independent readers according to predefined exclusion criteria. Quality assessment and consistency tests were conducted using ROBIS. Results: Twelve of the 854 studies were targeted, and the analysis confirmed that tooth loss was related to a decrease in the QoL in 11 studies. Tooth loss negatively affected the QoL among the elderly. However, one study indicated that the QoL and number of teeth were not related. Rather, dry mouth affected the QoL, and cavities caused by oral dryness led to tooth loss. Most of the selected studies indicated that the QoL of elderly individuals with a single tooth was higher than that of those with no teeth. Conclusions: This study provides strong evidence that tooth loss in the elderly is associated with impairment of QoL.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.204-209
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• 2020

PURPOSE. Prevention of xerostomia and stress is important to prolong healthy life expectancy and improve the quality of life. We aimed to investigate the effects of tongue rotation exercise for increasing salivary secretions and stabilizing salivary stress hormone levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Twenty four participants without subjective oral dryness were enrolled. The exercises comprised tongue rotation exercise and empty chewing. The salivary stress hormone level was measured using a Salivary Amylase Monitor. Unstimulated whole saliva volume and salivary amylase activity were measured before tongue rotation exercise or empty chewing and subsequently 5, 10, and 15 minutes after these exercises. Differences in the rates of change of unstimulated whole saliva volume and salivary amylase activity were analyzed by repeated measure analysis of variance. RESULTS. Statistically significant differences among the rates of change were not observed after empty chewing for unstimulated whole saliva volume and salivary amylase activity at the four measurement times. However, the rate of change of unstimulated whole saliva volume and salivary amylase activity were statistically significantly different among the four time points: before the tongue rotation exercise and 5, 10, and 15 minutes post-exercise (P<.05 and P<.01, respectively). CONCLUSION. Tongue rotation is effective in increasing saliva secretion, reducing stress, improving oral function, and extending healthy life expectancy.

• Journal of Dental Anesthesia and Pain Medicine
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.395-404
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• 2022

Hydroxyzine is one of the most popular oral sedatives used in pediatric dentistry. This study aimed to investigate the safety and possible side effects of sedation using hydroxyzine in pediatric dentistry. "Hydroxyzine," "Dental sedation," "Child," and "Safety" and their associated synonyms were searched using the Cochrane Library, Embase, PubMed, KISS, KMBASE, and KoreaMed databases. Academic information and portals of DBpia and RISS were also perused. Altogether, 340 papers were found, among which a total of 24 papers were selected according to the detailed criteria. Nine studies used hydroxyzine as monotherapy, and 10 studies compared its safety when hydroxyzine used as multitherapy. In addition, seven studies employed a drug regimen wherein hydroxyzine was one of the components. All these studies revealed that the adverse events specific to hydroxyzine usage were drowsiness and dryness of the mouth, and that there were respiratory complications due to a synergistic reaction of hydroxyzine. Although classified as a histamine blocker, hydroxyzine with its sedative, antiemetic, anticonvulsant, and anticholinergic properties is an oral sedative available without serious adverse events, If the proper dosage of the drug is used and its synergistic effects with other drugs are ascertained in the route of administration.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.81-85
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• 2011

The uvulopalatal flap (UPF) technique is a modification of uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) for the surgical treatment of obstructive sleep apnea. In the UPF technique, an uvulopalatal flap is fabricated and sutured to the residual mucosa of the soft palate to expand the antero-posterior dimensions of the oropharyngeal inlet. In the extended uvulopalatal flap (EUPF) technique, an incision at the tonsillar fossa is added to the classical UPF technique followed by the removal of mucosa and submucosal adipose tissue for additional expansion of the lateral dimension. The EUPF technique is more conservative and reversible than UPPP. Therefore, complications, such as velopharyngeal insufficiency, dysphagia, dryness, nasopharyngeal stenosis and postoperative pain, are reduced. In the following case report, the patient was diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnea and treated with the EUPF technique. The patient's total respiratory disturbance events per hour (RDI) was decreased to 15.4, the $O_2$ saturation during the sleep was increased, and the excessive daytime sleepiness had disappeared after the surgery without complications. The authors report this case with a review of the relevant literature.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.69-85
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• 2024

Objectives : By analyzing articles on xerostomia and burning mouth syndrome, two representative diseases that cause various symptoms in oral cavity. Methods : We analyzed articles by dividing them into review articles, original articles, case reports. The subjects were 11 articles on xerostomia and 13 articles on burning mouth syndrome published in Korean medical journals. Results : 1. The subjects were 11 articles on xerostomia and 13 articles on burning mouth syndrome published in Korean medical journals. 2. The first article was published in 2007 and the most published articles were three each in 2013, 2018 and 2022. 3. Classification by type of article was as follows: 2 review articles(8.3%), 16 original articles(66.7%) and 6 case reports(25.0%). 4. The journal with the most published articles was journal of internal Korean medicine and the topics were xerostomia(72.7%), burning mouth syndrome(76.9%). 5. For both diseases, the number of female patients was higher than that of male patients. 6. The main symptom of xerostomia is dryness in the mouth and the main symptom of burning mouth syndrome is pain in the oral cavity. 7. Questionnaires, diagnosis based on dialectics and diagnostic devices were used to diagnose xerostomia and burning mouth syndrome. Conclusion : Diagnosis of xerostomia and burning mouth syndrome require overall consideration the entire hum an body along with the oral cavity. Since there are many different diagnostic methods, appropriate methods must be carefully selected and used.