• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.67-81
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• 1988

The purpose of the present study is to set up an efficient optimum design method for the large-scale reinforced concrete cylindrical shell structures like intake tower of reservoir and to establish a solid foundation for the automatic optimum structural design combined with finite element analysis. The major design variables are the dimensions and steel areas of each member of the structures. The construction cost which is composed of the concrete, steel, and form work costs, respectively, is taken as the objective function. The constraint equations for the design of intake-tower are derived on the basis of the working stress design method. The corresponding design guides including the standard specification for concrete structures have been also employed in deraving the constraint conditions. The present nonlinear optimization problem is solved by SUMT method. The reinforced concrete intake-tower is decomposed into three major substructures. The optimization is then conducted for both the whole structure and the substructures. The following conclusions can be drawn from the present study. 1. The basis of automatic optimum design of reinforced concrete cylindrical shell structures which is combined with finite element analysis was established. 2. The efficient optimization algorithms which can execute the automatic optimum desigh of reinforced concrete intake-tower based on the working stress design method were developed. 3. Since the objective function and design variables were converged to their optimum values within the first or second iteration, the optImization algorithms developed in this study seem to be efficient and stable. 4. The difference in construction cost between the optimum designs with the substructures and with the entire structure was found to be small and thus the optimum design with the substructures,rnay conveniently be used in practical design. 5. The major active constraints of each structural member were found to be the tensile stress insteel for salb, the minimum lonitudinal steel ratio constraints for tower body and the shearing stress in concrete, tensile stress in steel and maximum eccentricityconstraints for footing, respectively. 6. The computer program develope in the present study can be effectively used even by an unexperienced designer for the optimum design of reinforced concrete intake-tower.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.162-175
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• 2008

Gyeongju, which was the central city of the ancient civilization at Silla Kingdom, has various kinds of stone cultural properties. It is significantly important to preserve historical sources of Korea. However, recent air quality data measured in Gyeongju did not show good air quality level. In order to investigate variation of the concentration of the air pollutants with meteorological condition, an air quality monitoring and an aerosol sampling were conducted during the intensive monitoring period in Gyeongju. Impacts of the meteorological factors on the air pollutants were also analyzed based on the air mass pathway categories using HYSPLIT model and the local wind patterns using MM5 model. The prevailing air mass pathways were classified into four categories as following; category I affected by easterly marine aerosols, category II affected by northwesterly continental aerosols, category III affected by southwesterly continental aerosols, and category IV affected by northerly continental aerosols. The concentrations of the air quality standards were relatively lower during the fall intensive monitoring period. At that time, the easterly marine air mass pattern was dominated. The seasonal average mass concentration of $PM_{10,Opt}$, which optically measured at the monitoring site, was the highest value of $77.6{\pm}28.3\;{\mu}g\;m^{-3}$ during the spring intensive monitoring period but the lowest value of $20.1{\pm}5.3\;{\mu}g\;m^{-3}$ during the fall intensive monitoring period. The concentrations of $SO_2$ and CO were relatively higher when the air mass came from the northwestern continent or the northern continent. The concentrations of ${SO_4}^{2-}$ and ${NO_3}^-$ increased under the northwesterly continental condition. It was estimated that the acidic aerosols were dominated in the atmosphere of Gyeongju when the air mass came from the continental regions.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.343-348
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• 1999

The iron silicide films were prepared by chemical vapor deposition method using rf-plasma in variations of substrate temperature. rf-power, and ratio of $SiH_4$ and Fe-precursor. While iron silicide films are generally grown by ion beam synthesis (IBS) method of multi-step process, it is confirmed that iron silicide or $\beta$-phase consolidated $Fe_aSi_bC_cH_d$ was formed by one-step process in this study. The characteristics of films is variable because the different amounts of carbon and hydrogen was involved in the films as a function of dilute ratio of Fe-precursors and silane. It was shown that the different characteristics of films in carbon and hydrogen following the ratio of Fe-precursor and silane. The optical gap energy of films fabricated according to substrate temperature was invariant because active site brought in desorption of hydrogen was limiled. When rf-power was above 240 watt, the optical gap energy turned out to have high values because of dangling bonds increased by etching.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.35 no.2A
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• pp.202-208
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• 2010

The performance of upstream transmission in SCM-PON is generally limited by the presence of OBI which is caused by the beating of two or more lasers. In this paper, we propose a novel approach for reducing OBI problem by using heterodyne detection with an additional LD as a local oscillator, resulting that the RF signal is shifted to the other spectal band. In addition, it is possible that the proposed method can provide the cost-effective solution thanks to the loop-back mechanism using R-SOA in ONUs. The performance is superior when the spectral width of LD is smaller and the power difference between the transmission LD and the oscillation LD is bigger. System configuration and design consideration are discussed. Performance of the systems is evaluated by simulator called OptSim. It is expected to provide WDM/SCM-PON system not only cost-effective but also efficient in increasing the number of subscribers.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.15-25
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• 2021

Thoracodorsal artery (TDA) flaps, ranging from the vascular-pedicled thoracodorsal artery perforator (TDAP) flap, the propeller TDAP flap, and the muscle-sparing latissimus dorsi (MSLD) flap to the conventional latissimus dorsi (LD) flap and the extended LD flap, can all be used for breast reconstruction. The aim of this paper and review is to share our experiences and recommendations for procedure selection when applying TDA-based flaps for breast reconstruction. We describe the different surgical techniques and our thoughts and experience regarding indications and selection between these procedures for individual patients who opt for breast reconstruction. We have performed 574 TDA flaps in 491 patients: 60 extended LD flaps, 122 conventional LD flaps, two MSLD flaps, 233 propeller TDAP flaps, 122 TDAP flaps, and 35 free contralateral TDAP flaps for stacked TDAP breast reconstruction. All the TDA flaps are important flaps for reconstruction of the breast. The LD flap is still an option, although we prefer flaps without muscle when possible. The vascular-pedicled TDAP flap is an option for experienced surgeons, and the propeller TDAP flap can be used in most reconstructive cases of the breast, although a secondary procedure is often necessary for correction of the pedicle bulk. The extended LD flap is an option for women with a substantial body mass index, although it is associated with the highest morbidity of all the TDA flaps. The MSLD flap can be used if the perforators are small or if dissection of the perforators is assessed to be hazardous.

• Journal of Contemporary Eastern Asia
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.1-17
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• 2023

The focus of this research is the practice of journalism in relation to the Behavioural Change Journalism Fellowship (JFPP) during the COVID-19 pandemic in Indonesia. Journalists and curators who are participants in the Behavioural Change Journalism Fellowship received fundings from the state. The Behavioural Change Journalism Fellowship is a unique model because it is the only one in the world in journalism practice that involves state's financial assistance during the COVID-19 pandemic. These fundings from the state for the media lead to dilemmas and controversies. This research uses a qualitative approach and a single holistic case study method. The Behavioural Change Journalism Fellowship was held from May to December 2021, involving 7,276 journalists from 857 media (print, television, radio, and online media) and 26 curators. This study found that during the Behavioural Change Journalism Fellowship, journalism experienced a crisis and lost its function as a control overpower. Giving cash to journalists and curators during the fellowship makes journalism lose its independence and objectivity. The Behavioural Change Journalism Fellowship has degraded or eliminated the function of the press as a watchdog. Incentives for journalists while participating in the Behavioural Change Journalism Fellowship is a long-term investment by the government to co-opt Indonesian media and journalists in the future. On the other hand, the Behavioural Change Journalism Fellowship raises another aspect; the crisis of journalism. Journalism work produced in the Behavioural Change Journalism Fellowship does not reflect the values and principles of journalism. Journalism values, such as independence and impartiality, are absent from the Behavioural Change Journalism Fellowship product.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.13
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• pp.47-70
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• 2007

The criminal procedure is based upon two ideal values, or 'speedy trial and economy of litigation' and 'finding truth and guarantee of human rights', which are conflicting each other. The so called summary trial system, a simplified procedure through which a judge handles clearly obvious and minor offences in a quick and efficient manner, has its essential purpose of termination lawsuits promptly and freeing suspects or defendants from criminal procedure at the earliest possible moment. But its excessive emphasis on this purport is very likely to result in insufficient examination and inadequate protection of suspects' or defendants' rights. Therefore, the summary trial system needs a variety of safeguards to prevent these feasible - but undesirable - effects. From this point of view, we should objectively review the current summary trial system. The main object of this study is to investigate what problems the system has both in institution and in practice, and to suggest legal measures, including the abolition of it, to improve the simplified procedure. In conclusion, the summary trial system should be maintained because it has still more merits than faults. And these defects will be able to be overcome by reform measures ; for example, the introduction of the right to opt between the summary procedure and the formal trial, the abolition of detention and so on.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.80-84
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• 1997

Series of new chiral N-substituted benzotriazol-1-yl derivatives were synthesized and their fungicidal activities in vitro against gray mold(Botrytis cinerea), black spot(Alternaria kikuchiana) and phytophthora blight(Phytophthora capsici) were measured by the agar medium dilution method. The substituents effects between the fungicidal activities (obs. $pI_{50}$) and a various physicochemical parameters of phenoxy or thiophenoxy group(X) & alkyl or phenyl group(Y) were analyzed by the multiple regression technique. From the analyzed substituent effects, the structure-activity relationship(SAR) equations shows that the antifungal activities depend on the parameters for the optimal molecular hydrophobicity($({\Sigma}logP)_{opt}$), Van der Waals (${\Sigma}Vw$>0) volume(${\AA}^3$) and inductive constant with electron withdrawing group(${\sigma}_I$,Y>0). The activity in affected by the inductive effect (${\sigma}_I$,Y>${\sigma}_g$X) of Y-group rather than the X-group. The phenoxy substituents, 1, showed higher antifungal activity tn the thiophenoxy substituents, 2. For 1, polar substituent constant(${\sigma}^*$) was an important factor in determining the activity. And the tribromomethyl substituent, 1g showed the highest activity against the tee fungi.

• The Korean Society of Law and Medicine
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.111-140
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• 2019

The Bioethics and Safety Act provides a set of rules to regulate biobanks and research activities using human biological material, but the law seems to be defective in several folds. The law requires that, prior to collection or use of human biological materials, researchers should obtain the informed consent of the donors, but the law does not obligate biobanks to do so. Even in cases where the law requires informed consent, the ordinance of the Ministry of Health and Welfare allows open (or blanket) consent. In addition, a new article in the Act, Article 42-2 which will take effect from October 24, 2019, allows medical institutions to provide biobanks with remaining biospecimens collected in the course of diagnosis and treatment, unless the donors express their intent to opt-out, without obtaining specific consent from them. Given the need to protect the autonomy of donors and the unique characteristics of biobanks and research activities that use human biological materials, this paper concludes that such open consent-based law may not be suitable to protect the autonomy of the donors and that the broad consent requirement may be a desirable policy option. The paper acknowledges that the international community has long questioned whether broad consent (as well as open consent) is an effective choice to regulate the use of human biological materials. The paper stresses that the baseline requirement in designing the law is that the secondary use of human biological materials should be based on informed consent of the donors; the core value of the law should be a governance structure that promotes transparency and protects donor participation.

• Journal of KIISE:Information Networking
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.126-133
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• 2003

The existing active routing Protocols assume that the active network topology is static or pre-configured. However a dynamic mechanism to route an active Packet according to the network condition is required due to the dynamic characteristic of the active network. As active routing protocols, SLRP and TCOM500 PLAN project have been proposed, but since both of them are based on the assumption of the static topology we can not say that they are dynamic routing protocols in their entirety. Therefore, in this paper, we propose a new active network routing protocol, called AOSPF (Active Open Shortest Path First), which is compatible with the existing IP routing protocol. AOSPF is an extension of OSPF by adding a new LSA (Link State Advertisement) to allow the active network routing. The newly introduced LSA is used to specify whether the corresponding router is an active router or not. and one bit in the OPTION field of an LSA packet is used as the active router indication bit. This way of extending OSPF is similar to the scheme used in the extension of OSPF for multicast, i.e., MOSPF. In this paper, we will present the operation of AOSPF and the way how an active packet is forwarded based on the active network topology information constructed by AOSPF.