• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권16호
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• pp.7167-7170
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• 2015

Background: Although 3D image based brachytherapy is currently the standard of treatment in cervical cancer, most of the centres in developing countries still practice orthogonal intracavitary brachytherapy due to financial constraints. The quest for optimum dose and fractionation schedule in high dose rate (HDR) intracavitary brachytherapy (ICBT) is still ongoing. While the American Brachytherapy Society recommends four to eight fractions of each less than 7.5 Gy, there are some studies demonstrating similar efficacy and comparable toxicity with higher doses per fraction. Objective: To assess the treatment efficacy and late complications of HDR ICBT with 9 Gy per fraction in two fractions. Materials and Methods: This is a prospective institutional study in Southern India carried on from $1^{st}$ June 2012 to $31^{st}$ July 2014. In this period, 76 patients of cervical cancer satisfying our inclusion criteria were treated with concurrent chemo-radiation following ICBT with 9 Gy per fraction in two fractions, five to seven days apart. Results: The median follow-up period in the study was 24 months (range 10.6 - 31.2 months). The 2 year actuarial local control rate, disease-free survival and overall survival were 88.1%, 84.2% and 81.8% respectively. Although 38.2% patients suffered from late toxicity, only 3 patients had grade III late toxicity. Conclusions: In our experience, HDR brachytherapy with 9 Gy per fraction in two fractions is an effective dose fractionation for the treatment of cervical cancer with acceptable toxicity.

• 유기물자원화
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.5-14
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• 2019

논 조건의 포트규모에서 유기질 비료로 화학비료 밑거름량을 대체하기 위해 벼의 정조수량, 쌀 품질 기준인 단백질 함량, 토양 화학적 특성에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다. 벼 생산에 적정인 유기물함량을 지닌 토양 1에서 벼의 생산량은 다른 처리구보다 70 %, 100 %에서 높았다. 벼 생산에 적정보다 높은 유기물함량을 지닌 토양 2에서 벼의 생산량은 NPK, 유기질비료 30%, 70%, 100%, 300%에서 차이가 없었다. 쌀 품질에 대한 단백질 기준이 7 % 이하를 적용할 때 유기질비료 3종(혼합유기질비료, 혼합유박, 유기복합)의 처리구 중에서 70 %, 100 % 처리구가 쌀 품질의 단백질 기준에 적합하였다. 유기질비료 30 %, 70 %, 100 %, 300 % 처리에서 유기물 함량, 암모늄태 질소 및 전기전도도는 NPK 처리와 유사한 경향을 보였다. 이러한 결과로부터 표준 질소 밑거름 시용량의 70 ~ 100 % 수준으로 유기질 비료 3종에 대해 투입하는 것이 농경지의 적절한 양분을 유지하고 쌀의 수확량과 품질을 유지하는 좋은 방법이라 판단된다.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.397-402
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• 2006

The treatment characteristics of leachate produced from pretreatment facilities like composting and feeding were investigated in a mesophilic anaerobic treatment. Experiments were performed in two phase which were acidification and methane fermentation. The acidification step was optimized for OLR from 1 to $4.5kg\;COD/kg\;VS{\cdot}day$ without adding NaOH. As experiment dates became longer, the solubilization ratio of particles increased up to 30% over 70 days. TVA was generated up to maximum 9,970mg HAc/L at OLR of $2kg\;COD/kg\;VS{\cdot}day$. But TVA was generated to minimum 6,519mg HAc/L at OLR of $4.5kg\;COD/kg\;VS{\cdot}day$. The acidification ratio was analyzed from 10.9% to 3.8% at OLR of $2kg\;COD/kg\;VS{\cdot}day$ and $4.5kg\;COD/kg\;VS{\cdot}day$ respectively. After 55 days, salt contents in the acid fermenter were accumulated and stabilized at the concentration of 3,150mg/L. Sodium ion($Na^+$) concentration was stabilized at 1,300mg/L. At methane fermentation step, biogas was generated up to 750ml and 937.5ml at the feeding volume of 20ml and 25ml respectively for acid fermented liquid during 25 days. About 80% of total biogas was generated during early 15 days and 95% were generated during 18 days respectively. After 25 days of the BMP test, acetic acid was removed approximately 97% and 98%, in case of those two experimental conditions.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.250-257
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• 2006

The objective of this study is to propose an alternative process for the small sewage treatment plants in rural communities. A biofilter has been used for biological wastewater treatment, which is becoming the alternative to the conventional activated sludge system. The proposed process used in this study, which is packed with floating media (i.e. expanded polystylene), has advantages of biofilter system and alternative flow system and they are incorporated into one process. Pilot and bench scale studies were performed using domestic wastewater. In the results of pilot plant study, it was observed that the stable effluent water quality was achieved and it met the present effluent criteria of suspended solid (SS), organic matters, T-N and T-P. In the study for determination of the cycle of backwashing, it was observed that the cycle of backwashing depended on BOD loading rates of influents. In the BOD loading rates of $0.5kg\;BOD/m^3{\cdot}day$ and $1.0kg\;BOD/m^3{\cdot}day$, the backwashing cycle of 28 hour and 16 hour were needed, respectively. The optimum backwashing time was 120~80 seconds at the media expansion rate of 50%. In the removal of SS, organic matters, T-N and T-P, SS removal was rather achieved by physical filtration than biological mechanism and the removal of organic matters except for SS, T-N and T-P were mainly rather achieved by biological mechanism than physical filtration. In bench-scale study, the effects of recirculation rate was investigated on removal of SS, TCOD, T-N and T-P. It was observed that the recirculation made removal efficiencies of SS, TCOD, T-N and T-P increased. Especially, in T-N removal, the increase of T-N removal efficiency of 40% was observed in the reicirculation rate of 1Q compared with 0Q.

• 무역상무연구
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• 제77권
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• pp.113-144
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• 2018

This study explores how to prevent the fraudulent export financing and its subsequent export insurance fraud in relation to O/A negotiation. Under the traditional letter of credit(L/C) transactions, the banks, as a negotiation bank, can extend trade financing to the exporters through negotiation of draft and/or shipping documents. Under the O/A transaction scheme, however, bank cannot ascertain existence of trade performance and it is much riskier to extend an advance financing to the exporters before the buyer sends confirmation of debt. In O/A negotiation. some exporters tried to fraud banks by falsifying the shipping documents and the size and gravity of this fraudulent export financing were huge. Therefore, this study examines the banking process in O/A-based trade financing, documents examination process, the negotiation of instruments, treatment of trade financing in export credit guarantee, most importantly, explores what could be the criteria for appropriate treatment of account receivable to insure the safe transfer of account receivable. To maximize the benefit for optimum trade financing, the Bank of Korea established several Trade Finance Rules (refers to "BOK Rules") requiring that commercial banks should maintain optimal credit limits(so called, 'the principle of optimal loan') to extend the trade finance. The K-sure post-shipment credit guarantee programs and short-term export insurance program(EFF)can also facilitate 'the principle of optimal loan' principle.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.506-511
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• 1999

The pilot system for radioactive liquid laundry waste was developed with treatment capacity, 1ton/hr and set up in the Yong Kwang unit #4. The system is composed of tank module, RO systems and a UV/$H_2O$$_2$photo-oxidation unit. The RO system consists of the BW unit (low-pressure RO for brackish water desalination) and the SW unit (high-pressure RO for seawater desalination). The BW unit possesses 4 RO membranes and it can reduce the feed water volume down to 1/10. This concentrated feed water can be reduced again up to 1/10 in its volume in the SW unit composed of 4 RO membranes. The UV/$H_2O$$_2$ photo-oxidation process unit was used for the detergent degradation. The operation of the pilot system was carried out and verified in its capability through the continuous operation and concentration operation using the actual liquid waste from the power plant. The design criteria and data for industrialization were yielded. The efficiency of the UV/$H_2O$$_2$ photo-oxidation process and the optimum operational procedure were evaluated. The decontamination factors for radioactive cobalt and cesium were measured. This on-site test showed the experimental result in the DF$\geq$300 and volume reduction factor$\geq$100.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.1391-1398
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• 2010

S전자에서 발생되는 유기성 산업폐수의 생물학적 처리인 MBR 공정의 유출수를 LCD 제조공정의 용수로 재사용하기 위하여 $32m^3/d$ 규모의 pilot-scale RO 막분리 공정을 구축하고 RO 막분리 공정의 운전압력과 투과유량에 따른 막간차압 및 CIP 주기 그리고 TOC와 전기전도도의 용질분리에 대한 영향을 분석하였다. MBR 공정의 유출수는 일반적인 처리수 재사용 수질기준을 만족하나 LCD 제조공정의 S전자 자체 재사용 용수 수질기준인 TOC<1mg/L와 전기전도도<$100{\mu}S/cm$를 만족하지 못하므로 후속 처리가 불가피하다. RO 막분리 공정의 회수율을 85%로 일정하게 유지한 상태에서 투과유량을 12.5 LMH에서 22.0 LMH로 증가시키면서 운전한 결과 모든 투과유량에서 RO 투과수는 자체 재활용 용수 수질기준을 만족하였다. 그러나 RO 막오염에 의한 막간차압이 상승되어 CIP 주기는 투과유량이 증가되면 짧아지는 효과가 나타났다. RO 막분리 공정의 최적 운전인자는 회수율 85%에서 투과유량 16.5~18.5 LMH이었으며 운전압력은 $6.7{\sim}12.4kgf/cm^2$, CIP 주기는 투과생산량/운전비에 적절한 20일~25일로 나타났다.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.55-55
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• 1976

An experimental work was conducted to develop an optimum operating system of various hay drying systems ; sun-drying with long hay, sun-drying after chopping, sun-drying after crushing, heated air drying after chopping using batch-type dryer and heated air drying after crushing using tunnel-type dryer. Seombody having 60 cm long and initial moisture content of approximately 79 % in wet basis was used for the experiment. The criteria selected for determining the optimum operating condition were the drying performance rate, the production cost and quality of dried matter of each drying systems. The result of this study are summarized as follows : 1. Drying characteristics of leaves of long stem hay, chopped seombody and crushed one were obtained by maintaining the oven temperature at 70 degrees centigrade. The required drying times for various samples to approximately 15% moisture content in wet basis were about 50 min .for leaves ; 160 min. for crushed hay ; 250 min. for chopped hay ; 340min. for ling hay and more than 360 min .for stems. The drying time of crushed hay was required about 50 % of that for the uncrushed long hay. Such a significant difference of drying of time between the leaf and long stem may indicate that an effective drying of seombody may not be achieved unless any kind of special process treatment for the whole hay is undertaken. 2. In each individual drying system, the following conclusions were drawn: a. After 8 days sun-drying on concrete floor under good days with average tempe?rature at $256{\circ}C$ and relative humidity at 55% at 2 P.M., the moisture content of long hay was still above 25 5'~ and the leaf loss during drying caused by wind and rough handling was more than 50 ~G. b. It was possible to dry the chopped seombody by sun-drying down to about 10 % moisture content within 5 days, however, a stock of heat and discolouration phenomena were observed during the drying, which may be due to the increased deposit-density by chopping, resulting in lowering the quality of the dried product. c. Sun-drying for the crushed material by hay-conditioner was required about 4 days to reduce the moisture content to about 10 %, keeping the quality of dried product at good grade. o. The optimum deposit-depth of the chopped seombody in the batch-type dryer used was about 28cm with about 42kg/hr of drying performance rate. However, it was necessary to overturn the materials between the upper and lower layers in order to obtain a good quality of dried product. d. The drying performance rate by the tunnel-type drier was highest among those of drying systems tested, giving the rate of approximately 400kg/day. 3. On reviewing the individual drying system for seombody, it was possible to draw conclusion that the best system was tunnel drying with the crushed seombody as far as the performance rate was concerned. However, the methods gives the highest operational cost. The system for the lowest operational cost with good quality of dried product was the sun-drying with the crushed material. Accordingly, it may be recommended that the system of sun-drying for the crushed seombody may be the most feasible system presently applicable to farm-level operation.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.56-63
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• 1976

An experimental work was conducted to develop an optimum operating system of various hay drying systems ; sun-drying with long hay, sun-drying after chopping, sun-drying after crushing, heated air drying after chopping using batch-type dryer and heated air drying after crushing using tunnel-type dryer. Seombody having 60 cm long and initial moisture content of approximately 79 % in wet basis was used for the experiment. The criteria selected for determining the optimum operating condition were the drying performance rate, the production cost and quality of dried matter of each drying systems. The result of this study are summarized as follows : 1. Drying characteristics of leaves of long stem hay, chopped seombody and crushed one were obtained by maintaining the oven temperature at 70 degrees centigrade. The required drying times for various samples to approximately 15% moisture content in wet basis were about 50 min .for leaves ; 160 min. for crushed hay ; 250 min. for chopped hay ; 340min. for ling hay and more than 360 min .for stems. The drying time of crushed hay was required about 50 % of that for the uncrushed long hay. Such a significant difference of drying of time between the leaf and long stem may indicate that an effective drying of seombody may not be achieved unless any kind of special process treatment for the whole hay is undertaken. 2. In each individual drying system, the following conclusions were drawn: a. After 8 days sun-drying on concrete floor under good days with average tempe\ulcornerrature at $256{\circ}C$ and relative humidity at 55% at 2 P.M., the moisture content of long hay was still above 25 5'~ and the leaf loss during drying caused by wind and rough handling was more than 50 ~G. b. It was possible to dry the chopped seombody by sun-drying down to about 10 % moisture content within 5 days, however, a stock of heat and discolouration phenomena were observed during the drying, which may be due to the increased deposit-density by chopping, resulting in lowering the quality of the dried product. c. Sun-drying for the crushed material by hay-conditioner was required about 4 days to reduce the moisture content to about 10 %, keeping the quality of dried product at good grade. o. The optimum deposit-depth of the chopped seombody in the batch-type dryer used was about 28cm with about 42kg/hr of drying performance rate. However, it was necessary to overturn the materials between the upper and lower layers in order to obtain a good quality of dried product. d. The drying performance rate by the tunnel-type drier was highest among those of drying systems tested, giving the rate of approximately 400kg/day. 3. On reviewing the individual drying system for seombody, it was possible to draw conclusion that the best system was tunnel drying with the crushed seombody as far as the performance rate was concerned. However, the methods gives the highest operational cost. The system for the lowest operational cost with good quality of dried product was the sun-drying with the crushed material. Accordingly, it may be recommended that the system of sun-drying for the crushed seombody may be the most feasible system presently applicable to farm-level operation.

• 원예과학기술지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.519-526
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• 2012

혐기처리 녹차를 알루미늄 포장에 보관하여 상온, $4^{\circ}C$, $-10^{\circ}C$에 저장 시 품질관련 화학성분인 총질소, 총아미노산, 탄닌, 카페인, 엽록소, 비타민 C 및 지방산은 저장기간이 길어질수록 함량이 감소되었다. 각 성분의 함량 감소폭은 $-10^{\circ}C$ 저장이 상온, $4^{\circ}C$에 비해 적었으며, 함량 감소는 상온에 비해 8개월, $4^{\circ}C$에 비해서는 4개월 정도 지연되었다. 저장 시녹색을 나타내는 'a'값이 감소할수록 품질이 저하되는데, 혐기처리 녹차의 표면 녹색을 나타내는 'a'값은 12개월 저장 시 상온 > $4^{\circ}C$ > $-10^{\circ}C$ 순으로 저장온도가 높을수록 녹색이 감소됨을 알 수 있었다. 형상, 향, 맛 등으로 평가하는 관능평가는 100점 만점에 점수가 낮을수록 품질이 저하되며, 저장온도에 따라 혐기처리 녹차의 품질이 상이하였는데 $-10^{\circ}C$ 12개월 저장 시 80점, $4^{\circ}C$ 8개월 81.1점, 상온 4개월 80.4점으로 저장온도가 낮을수록 품질이 양호하였다. 따라서 본 연구의 내용을 종합한 결과, $-10^{\circ}C$를 혐기처리 녹차의 가장 효과적인 저장온도로 제시하고자 한다.