• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.34 no.9
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• pp.630-636
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to determine optimum wavelength, light intensity, aeration rate, and temperature for the cultivation of Dunaliella salina illuminated by various types of light emitting diode. Growth rates of Dunaliella salina were faster at higher temperature than the growth rate at lower temperature. Among the culturing temperatures, $22^{\circ}C$ was the optimum temperature for the growth of Dunaliella salina. White LED was the most efficient light source and lower light intensity (3,000 Lux) resulted in better biomass production (1.30 g/L). The value of aeration varied between 0 and 2.4 vvm at the illumination of 3,000 Lux of white light emitting diode. Highest specific growth rate of $1.12day^{-1}$ was obtained at no-aeration and lower specific growth rates were obtained for other aeration tests, which indicated that aeration could be harmful for the cultivation of Dunaliella salina.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.25-28
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• 2000

The effect of ionic osmotic potential (Ψ$\pi$), and matric potential (Ψm) in the range of -0.2 to -4.0 Mpa on mycelial growth of three species of Pleurotus (P.florida, P.ostrenatus and P.safor-caju) were determined over a range of temperature (15-3$0^{\circ}C$) on a 2% malt extract agar medium and compared with the Ψ$\pi$ effect on growth of two strains of Trichoderma green mould. With the ionic solute KCl, optimun Ψ$\pi$for growth was -0.2 MPa for P.floreda and in the range of -0.2 to -0.5 MPa, with slight growth at -3.0 MPa and with nogrowth at -4.0 MPa. Of the species of Pleurotus, P.florida grew signigicantly slower than the other two species. Growt of the species of Pleurocus was significantly slower when water potential (Ψ$\omega$) was modified matrically with polyethylene glycol (PEG) 8000 then osmotically with KCl. They were also more sensitive to changes in Ψm than Ψ$\pi$The optimum Ψm of the Pleurotus was -0.5 Ψm, with no growth below -3.0 MPa. Of the species of Pleurotus, P.florida was most sensitive and P.sajor-caju was more tolerent to lowered Ψ$\pi$,but P.sajor-caju was most sensitive to lowered Ψm. The growth rate of the Trichoderma green mould strains was much faster than that observed for the Pleurotus spp. Optimum growth for bot strains of Trichoderma was in the range of -0.2 to -0.5 MPa. Strain CNU 503 was more tolerant to water stress than strain CNU 501. Both strains were able to grow up to 30% of optimum growth at -4.0 MPa at 25-3$0^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.83-95
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• 1974

This experiment was initiated to determine the effective components of garlic during the growth stages and to regulate the contents artificially. The following results were obtained : 1. Alliin content was increased during its growth and showed drastic increase at maturing stage. 2. The kinds of free amino acids detected during growth stages were 15 for leaf growth, 14 for bulbing and 18 for maturing stage. The total content of free amino acids was high. est at maturing stage. 3. The optimum conditions for the maximum amounts of alliin and free amino acid determined by the binary interaction of Systematic Variations Method were 40% $NO_3^{-1}+60%\;SO_4^{-2}$, 62% $NO_3^{-1}+38%\;PO_4^{-3}$, 42% $K^{+1}+58%\;Ca^{+2}$ and 56% $K^{+1}+44%\;Mg^{+2}$ for alliin, and 72% $NO_3^{-1}+28%\;SO_4^{-2}$, 49% $NO_3^{-1}+51%\;SO_4^{-2}$, 45% $K^++55Ca^{+2}$ and 66% $K^{+1}+34%\;Mg^{+2}$ for free amino acid. 4. Ideal curve for alliin and free amino acid was attained by applying the binary interaction of Systematic Variations Method and it was possible to approach the optimum ionic proportion from the optimum contents on this curve.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.263-270
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• 2006

Pongamia pinnata Pierre is a tree legume, having potential in production of raw material for biodiesel. A protocol for in wk propagation of this plant was standardized using seedling explants. Growth regulators (GR) including gibberellic acid $(GA_3),\;N^6-benzylaminopurine(BA)$, thidiazuron (TDZ), and Adenine sulphate (Ads) were tested for optimum germination of seeds. Removal of seed coat prior to germination, controlled fungal growth partially but enhanced bacterial growth. Antibiotic cefotaxime was ineffective in controlling bacterial contamination. Seedling derived nodal explants and cotyledon nodes with attached cotyledons were excised and cultured for induction of shoots. Optimum sprouting and multiplication of shoot buds were obtained in MS medium supplemented with $8.88{\mu}M$ BA. These buds differentiated and rooted on medium devoid of GR. Optimum growth of Pongamia seedling was obtained in cotton plugged culture vessels. Reculturing of the cotyledon node explants produced more shoots from the same site. This process of removing shoots and reculturing of cotyledon node was followed for eight passages yielding 4 to 8 shoots in each cycle. The shoots (75%) rooted on half strength MS basal medium supplemented with 0.22% charcoal. All plants survived on transfer to soil. This is the first report on in vitro regeneration of Pongamia pinnata. This report demonstrates the possibility of coupling more than one parameter in single experiment to hasten the process of standardization. The process of cycling the nodal explant repeatedly for production of large number of shoots from single meristem may find application in genetic transformation experiments wherein meristems are used for transformation.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.387-394
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• 1998

A thermophilic bacterium (strain DG0303) producing a thermostable $\alpha$-glucosidase was isolated from manure and identified as Bacillus sp. Strain DG0303 produced high level of $\alpha$-glucosidase compared with other thermophilic Bacillus strains. The cellular protein patterns were also compared with other Bacillus strains by sodium dodecyl sulfatepolyacrylamide gel electrophoresis(SDS-PAGE). On the basis of 16S rDNA analysis the Bacillus sp. DG0303 was found to be a member of Bacillus rDNA group 5. The optimum temperature for growth was 65$\circ$C and no growth was obtained at 40$\circ$C or 75$\circ$C. The optimum pH for growth was 5.5 to 8.5. $\alpha$-glucosidase activity was produced during growth and most activity was detected in the culture supernatant. The $\alpha$-glucosidase production was constitutive in the absence of carbohydrates. High level of enzyme activity was detected when the culture was grown on medium containing starch. Addition of glucose resulted in the repression of the $\alpha$-glucosidase production. The optimum pH and tempoerature for enzyme activity were pH 5.0 and 65$\circ$C, respectively. When analyzed by zymogram, the culture supernatant showed a single $\alpha$-glucosidase band with a molecular weight of approximately 60,000.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.5-12
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• 1977

As a basic study for the application of the spore-tearing lactic acid bacteria to foods, the effects of the sporulating conditions on the growth and sporogenesis were studied were observed. The results obtained are as follow. 1. All carbohydrates added to sporulation media except dextrin decreased the sporulation rate and the thermal resistance of spores. Dextrin stimulated the growth, however, there in no effect on the thermal resistance. 2. As nitrogen source, the protein hydrolysates such as peptone, casamino acid were effective to obtain were spores of the increased thermal resistance. 3. Ca$\^$＋＋/, Mn$\^$＋＋/ of the metal ions added to casamino acid containing medium validly increased the total growth, sporulation rate and thermal resistance. Its optimum concentration was 40 ppm each. 4. Biotin of vitamines had an effect on the total growth, sporulation and thermal resistance of spores. Its optimum concentration was 30${\gamma}$/ml. 5. The resistant spores required the adequate maturation period, more than 36 hours, sufficient aeration. and optimum temperature, 37∼45$^{\circ}C$.

• Mycobiology
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.94-102
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• 2009

Ganoderma applanatum is one of the most popular medicinal mushrooms due to the various biologically active components it produces. This study was conducted to obtain basic information regarding the mycelial culture conditions of Ganoderma applanatum. Based on the colony diameter and mycelial density, PDA, YMA and MCM media were suitable for the mycelial growth of the mushroom. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth was found to be $25{\sim}30^{\circ}C$. The optimum carbon and nitrogen sources were mannose and dextrin, respectively, and the optimum C/N ratio was 2 to 10 when 2% glucose was used. Other minor components required for the optimal growth included thiamine-HCl and biotin as vitamins, succinic acid and lactic acid as organic acids, and $MgSO_4$ $7H_2C$, $KH_2PO_4$ and NaCl as mineral salts.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.520-526
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• 1993

A morphologically different form of Ganoderma lucidum was isolated from a cultivator's farm, and its optimum growth conditions were determined. A major difference in their morphology was color of fruit bodies. Fruit bodies of the mutant were white wherase those of normal Ganoderma lucidum were red. Spores of the mutant were global and mycelia were thin. Mycelial growth of this white mutant was favorable on potato sucrose agar medium, and optimum pH of the medium was 5.5.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.59-63
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• 2005

Altogether twenty isolates were collected from Wakayama, Japan. The optimum mycelial growth of I. obliquus was observed in BMYA and MCM. The optimum temperature and pH for the mycelial growth were $25^{\circ}C\;and\;6.0{\sim}7.0$, respectively. The optimum carbon and nitrogen sources were dextrose and yeast extract, respectively. Similarly, the optimum mineral salt was $K_{2}HPO_{4}$. The optimum number of mycelial discs for the mycelial growth was $6{\sim}7$ per 100 ml. Similarly, the optimum culture period was $21{\sim}22$ days in liquid broth. The optimum brown rice : water ratio was 1 : 1. No difference in mycelial growth was observed in all the four types of tree stumps used.

• Mycobiology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.85-91
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• 2011

We investigated the effect of nutritional and environmental factors on Ophiocordyceps longissima mycelial growth. The longest colony diameter was observed on Schizophyllum (mushroom) genetics complete medium plus yeast extract, Schizophyllum (mushroom) genetics minimal medium, and Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA); however, malt-extract yeast-extract agar, SDA plus yeast extract, yeast-extract malt-extract peptone dextrose agar, SDA, oatmeal agar, and potato dextrose agar showed higher mycelia density. A temperature of $25^{\circ}C$ was optimum and 7.0 was the optimum pH for mycelial growth. Colony diameter was similar under light and dark conditions. Maltose and yeast extract showed the highest mycelial growth among carbon and nitrogen sources respectively. The effect of mineral salts was less obvious; however, $K_3PO_4$ showed slightly better growth than that of the other mineral salts tested. Among all nutrition sources tested, complex organic nitrogen sources such as yeast extract, peptone, and tryptone were best for mycelial growth of O. longissima. Ophiocordyceps longissima composite medium, formulated by adding maltose (2% w/v), yeast extract (1% w/v), and $K_3PO_4$ (0.05% w/v) resulted in slightly longer colony diameter. In vitro mycelial O. longissima growth was sustainable and the production of fruiting bodies could be used for commercial purposes in the future.