• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.484-489
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• 1994

Solubilization of plant ceil wall(tofu-residue) using enzyme complex obtained by Aspergillus niger CF-34 was attempted. The hydrolysis reaction was done at pH 4.0, $50^{\circ}C$, which were optimum pH and temperature of the enzyme, respectively. At the enzyme dosage of 2.5% (in terms of solid content of tofu-residue) and reaction time of 3 hr, the solubilizing percent of protein and carbohydrate were 62% and 50% respectively. Homogenization prior to enzyme reaction did not have much effect on tofu-residue solubilization. To improve solubility of tofu-residue, additional treatment such as alkali with 0.1% NaOH solution was found to be useful. The results showed that tofu-residue, which mainly consists of cell wall component of cellulose and hemicellulose, was not accessible to enzyme reaction and some prior treatment is required to enhance enzyme hydrolysis.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.62-69
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• 2000

The study was performed to apply the algae removal system to coagulation-filtration process for minimize the damage to screen interruption of water treatment plants and died of fish by algae bloom on freshwater. Sample used Nokdong river water and Alkalinity, turbidity, chlorophyll-a and pH measured using Jar test and drum filter for coagulation-filtration process to determine optimum coagulation condition. A jar test apparatus and laboratory reactor were used in this study. The highest removal efficiency was observed when condition of flocculation time, coagulant dosage, drum filter rpm and chlorophyll-a concentration were to be 5min, 5mg/ℓ, 3rpm and 90㎍/ℓ, respectively. The average removal efficiencies measured of chlorophyll-a and turbidity using Alum were 50～60% and 30～50%, respectively. PAC was more effective than Alum in removal chlorophyll-a about 20%.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.716-722
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• 2003

This study determined the optimum dosage for coagulation reactions of red tide organisms (RTO) using a combination of ignited oyster shell powder (10sp) and loess and examined the electrokinetic and rheological characteristics of their flocs. Two kinds of RTO, Cylindrotheca closterium and Skeletonema costatum, were sampled in Masan Bay and cultured in the laboratory. Coagulation experiments were conducted using various concentrations of IOSP, loess, IOSP+1oess, RTO, and a jar tester RTO cell numbers were counted for both the supernatant and RTO culture solution. The removal rates increased rapidly with increasing IOSP concentrations up to 50 mg/L and loess concentrations up to 800 mg/L. A removal rate of $100\%$ was reached at 400 mg/L of IOSP and 6,400 mg/L of loess. The highest increment $(16.7\%)$ of the rates of coagulation reaction occurred using both IOSP and loess (50+200 mg/L) in comparison with IOSP alone. The rate of coagulation reaction using both IOSP and loess (50+200 mg/L), $90.6\%,$ was similar to employing either IOSP of 150 mg/L or loess of 3,200 mg/L. All of the coagulation liquids for RTO, IOSP (200 mg/L), loess (200 ma/L), and IOSP+1oess (200+200 mg/L) revealed non-Newtonian fluid properties and therefore their shear rate vs. shear stress curves were non-linear. The coagulation liquids revealed elastic body properties at a lower shear rate increasing in the following order: RTO, IOSP (200 mg/L), loess (200 mg/L), and IOSP+1oess (200+200 mg/L. IOSP+1oess (200+200 mg/L) especially demonstrated plastic flow properties at a lower shear rate.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.187-195
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• 1998

In order to ameliorate disadvantages of buccal ointments and mucoadhesive tablets used for the treatment of aphthosis, a thin mucoadhesive patch containing triamcinolone acetoni de was designed and evaluated for the pharmaceutical properties. The adhesive gel layer consisting of Noveon AA-1, hydroxypropylcellulose-M and ethylcellulose N 100, and the protective gel layer of ethylcellulose N 100, Eudragit RSPO and castor oil have been formulated and various properties such as viscosity of drug gel layer, thickness, in vitro adhesion time, adhesive strength, surface pH, content uniformity and drug release are tested. The mean viscosity of drug-containing gel layer was found to increase with increasing amount of Noveon OAA-1 or hydroxypropylcellulose-M. The optimum formulation showed the thickness of 171 ${\mu}$m, surface pH of 4.6, in vitro adhesion time of 8 hours and adhesive strength of 272.7g/sheet. The drug content of each patch was relatively homogeneous with the value of 273${\pm}$6.77g. Drug release study showed that compared to mucoadhesive tablet, the patch showed a faster drug release. Drug release was delayed by hydroxypropylcellulose-M, but not by ethylcellulose N 100. The patches prepared were nonirritant and the muco adhesion was better than the commercial product (AftachR) on the market. Based on these results, this mucoadhesive patch is expected to be an effective dosage form for the treatment of aphthosis.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.65-73
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• 2013

This study aimed to investigate the enzymatic hydrolysis of mannitol using Viscozyme$^{(R)}$ L, Celluclast$^{(R)}$ 1.5 L, Saczyme$^{(R)}$, Novozym$^{(R)}$, Fungamyl$^{(R)}$ 800 L, Driselase$^{(R)}$ Basidiomycetes sp., and Alginate Lyase, and to optimize of reaction conditions for production of reducing sugar. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite rotatable design was used to study effects of the independent variables such as enzyme (1-9% v/w), reaction time (10-30 h), pH (3.0-7.0) and reaction temperature ($30-70^{\circ}C$) on production of reducing sugar from mannitol. The coefficient of determination ($R^2$) of $Y_1$ (yield of reducing sugar by Viscozyme$^{(R)}$ L) and $Y_3$ (yield of reducing sugar by Saczyme$^{(R)}$) for the dependent variable regression equation was analyzed as 0.985 and 0.814. And the p-value of $Y_1$ and $Y_3$ showing 0.000 and 0.001 within 1% (p < 0.01), respectively, was very significant. The optimum conditions for production of reducing sugar with Viscozyme$^{(R)}$ L were 9.0 % (v/w) amount of enzyme, 30.0 hours of reaction time, pH 4.5 and $30.0^{\circ}C$ of reaction temperature, and those with Saczyme$^{(R)}$ were 9.0% (v/w) of amount of enzyme dosage, 30.0 h of reaction time, pH 7.0 and $30.0^{\circ}C$ of reaction temperature, consequently, the predicted reducing sugar yields were 22.5 and 27.9 mg/g-mannitol, respectively.

• Journal of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.354-361
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• 2001

In this paper, three kinds of poly(acrylate-co-methylacrylate) with different number average molecular weight(Mn) were synthesized and studied for the effects on the mechanical properties and the fluidities of the cement mortar admixtured with them. The physical properties of the cement mortar are more favorably enhanced by the poly(acrylate-co-methylacrylate) of Mn,, 5,000 than that of Mn, 2,000∼3,000. And the optimum dosage was decided to ca. 0.6 % of cement weight in cement mortar. However, the dispersion abilities of the polymers in cement mortar was not kept long time. This last result could not be explained by the theory that the fluidity of the cement mortar added with the slow releasing polycarboxylates is kept by the releasing of the carboxylic group of the copolymer in alkaline solution of cement paste.

• Resources Recycling
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.38-45
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• 2009

Dissolution characteristics of magnesite ore in hydrochloric acid solution and removal of impurity were investigated. The dissolution yield increased with increasing temperature and with decreasing particle size. The optimum conditions for dissolution were found to be reaction period of 120 min, reaction temperature of $80^{\circ}C$ and mean particle size of 100. Under optimal dissolution condition the extraction of Mg was 98%. It was found that most of Si and Al exist in the residue, and they can be removed by filtering. Dissolved impurity ions were precipitated as metal hydroxides by pH adjustment. Polymers were used as coagulants for metal hydroxides and the suitable coagulant dosage was 1mg/100ml of non-ionic polymer.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.301-308
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• 2018

We investigated simultaneous removal of heavy metals such as Cr, Ni, and Zn by adsorption onto powdered activated carbon (PAC) and PAC modified with sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (PAC-SDDC). Modification of PAC was confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Both PAC and PAC-SDDC reached adsorption equilibrium within 48 h, and the adsorption kinetics followed a pseudo-second order reaction kinetics. The removal of metals was enhanced with increasing both adsorbent dosage and followed the descending order of Cr > Ni > Zn for PAC and Cr > Zn > Ni for PAC-SDDC, respectively. Adsorption kinetics followed pseudo-second order kinetics. Adsorption kinetic results were well fitted by the Freundlich isotherm except for Cr adsorption onto PAC. The optimum pH for heavy metal adsorption onto PAC was 5, whereas that for PAC-SDDC ranged from 7 to 9, indicating that modification of PAC with SDDC significantly enhanced heavy metal adsorption, especially under neutral and alkaline pH conditions. Our results imply that SDDC modified PAC can be applied to effectively remove heavy metals especially Cr in plating wastewaters without adjusting pH from alkaline to neutral.

• Journal of Radiation Industry
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.111-121
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• 2014

This study was aimed to select useful mutants of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) and leaf mustard (Brassica juncea L.), the seeds of three lines S-14, S-27, and S-28 were treated with gamma-ray and EMS. The optimum ranges of gamma-ray dose and EMS concentration to enlarge the characteristic morphological variations were also separately investigated. The survival rates of S-28 only linearly decreased with increasing the gamma-ray dose. The overall growth parameters decreased of gamma-ray dose in all three lines of S-14, S-27, and S-28. The reduction dosage 50 of gamma-ray was identified as 1,200 Gy for S-14 leaf mustard, while those of S-27 and S-28 rapeseed lines were appeared as same 1,000 Gy. The emergence rates of S-14 and S-27 showed no significant differences by EMS treatment, while the growth of all three lines were significantly decreased. The reduction concentration 50 in S-14 could not be determined, demonstrating that this leaf mustard line is presumably insensitive to mutagenic EMS, while those in S-27 and S-28 were identified as 3.0 and 2.5%, respectively, showing that these rapeseed lines possess higher sensitivity to EMS than S-14. Various morphological characteristics of $M_1$ generation obtained from mutagen treatment were elaborately investigated for further maintenance of $M_2$ generation. In $M_2$ generation variants showing short stem, yellow color in seed coat, chlorophyll deficiencies in leaf or pod, abnormal flower color were selected as potentially useful mutants for breeding.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.365-375
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• 2021

Rammed earth (RE) buildings have existed all over the world for thousands of years, and have gained increasing attention because of its sustainable advantages, however, the shrinkage cracks reduce its bearing capacity and seriously affect its durability and applicability. In this study, the shrinkage cracks test was carried out to investigate the effects of initial water content, proportion of sand and gravel, compaction degree, thickness and the additives (polypropylene fiber, cement and sodium silicate) of shrinkage cracks in RE buildings, ten groups of RE samples were prepared and dried outdoors to crack. Four quantitative parameters of geometrical structure of crack patterns were used to evaluate the development of cracks. The results show that the specimens cracking behavior and the geometrical structure of crack patterns are significantly influenced by these considered factors. The formation of crack can be accelerated with the increase of initial water content and thickness of specimen, while restricted with the increase of the compaction degree and the proportion of sand and gravel. Moreover, the addition of 1% polypropylene fiber, 10% cement and 0.5 volume ratio sodium silicate can significantly restrain the form and development of cracks. In RE construction, these factors should be considered comprehensively to prevent the harm caused by shrinkage cracks. Further works should be carried out to obtain the optimum dosage of the additives, which can benefit the construction of RE buildings in future.