• Journal of The Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.13-17
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• 2011

There was a transition from participatory irrigation management (PIM) to public irrigation management (PubIM) in Korea when Korea Rural corporation and Community (KRC) merged with Farm Land Improvement Associations (FLIAs), which had managed 60 % of irrigation areas. While making a number of achievements, some problems occurred in the public irrigation management, such as lack of farmers' participation, increased amount of water usage, and elevating operating costs. Accordingly, this paper suggested ways to increase efficiency in water usage and reduce operating costs under the public management through the motive power of farmers participation. First, WUGs replaced the discarded water management committee should be reorganized to revive the concept of PIM in the form of autonomously reinforced one and the roles and functions of WUGs and the board of representatives should be strengthened. The member of new type of WUGs should participate in the national and regional water management committees as a stakeholder of irrigation water user. And also new type of WUGs initiates not only the management of irrigation water but also the management of irrigation water quality and non-point source pollution in the watersheds. Those additional activities of WUGs should be properly compensated. Second, subsidies (direct payments) should be provided to faithful farmers as an incentive for their labor supply. Third, water fees could be charged to large scale agriculture companies. Fourth, professional managers could be hired, management targets would be adjusted, and incentives should be offered. These efforts are expected to improve the irrigation management by encouraging farmers' participation under public system.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.10 no.12
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• pp.299-305
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• 2019

This study analyzed the relationship between the debt ratios of Korean and Japanese manufacturing firms with accruals and actual earnings managements after the global financial crisis. This study was conducted on Korean and Japanese firms from 2008 to 2015. As a result, the Korean firms, the higher (lower) debt ratio is, more up(down)side earnings management using discretionary accruals and operating cash flow. In contrast, the Japanese firms found that the higher(lower) the debt ratio is, more up(down)side through its actual activities (operating cash flows, manufacturing costs, discretionary costs) rather than accruals. This study establishes the academic basis for the decision-making of Korean-Japanese firmss by using the sample of each country to check what kind of decision-makers are making earnings managements at the present time when the relationship between Korea and Japan has suffered due to export restrictions. It is meaningful in that it was.

• Convergence Security Journal
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.141-147
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• 2015

KICS is intended to facilitate the computerization of the criminal justice process and realize a quick and transparent criminal justice process. Thus, it has been operating in the field of criminal justice by establishing criminal justice portal for the empowerment of the people. While in 2008 the opposition by the Court concerns the independent function of the judiciary and privacy violations presented in conjunction with its own operating system between the judiciary and other institutions. KICS improve office productivity by creating documents in a single criminal justice agencies to reduce costs, and costs of document exchange between criminal justice agencies. Secondly, the decision-making process is simplified by using the electronic documentation system and speed up, bind and document handling procedures ranging from preserving documents received are reduced dramatically contribute to the competitiveness of the organization through business improvement. Third, The use of an electronic document stored in the information is easy, and it is possible to easily access a variety of information can facilitate the realization of an open state by smoothly to provide information about the people. Finally, KICS building a network of criminal legal systems to maximize the benefits and the electronic integration effect it is being evaluated to improve the overall efficiency of the criminal legal system.

• Architectural research
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.109-115
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• 2015

The dynamic pricing of electricity, where the electricity rate increases in a time zone with a high demand for electricity is typically applied to a building whose power reception capacity is greater than a certain size. This includes the time of use(TOU) electricity pricing in Korea which can induce the effect of reducing the power demand of a building. Meanwhile, a VRF (Variable Refrigerant Flow) system that uses electricity is regarded as one of the typical heating and cooling systems along with central air conditioning (central HVAC) for its easy operation and application to the building. Thus, to reduce power energy and operating costs of a building in which the TOU and VRF systems are applied simultaneously, we suggested a control for changing the indoor temperature setting within the thermal comfort range or limiting the rotational speed of an inverter compressor. In this study, to describe the features of the above-mentioned control and verify its effects, we evaluated the results obtained from the analysis of its operation data. Through the actual measurements in winter operations for 73 days since mid- December 2014, we confirmed a reduction of 10.9% in power energy consumption and 12.2% in operating costs by the new control. Also, a reduction of 13.3% in power energy consumption was identified through a regression analysis.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.131-142
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• 2007

The road user cost in indirect costs as well as direct costs such as the inspection/ diagnosis cost and the repair/reinforcement cost should be considered as one of the important items in the life-cycle cost-effective design and maintenance of the bridges. To estimate the road user cost, this paper formulates the road user cost as a sum of the user delay cost and the vehicle operating cost considering the detour effect. A numerical traffic simulation and a regression analysis are performed to develop a regression model due to a time delay. The proposed regression model is applied to the generation of the maintenance strategy based on the life-cycle cost and performance, and its effectiveness and applicability is investigated. The road user cost has a great influence on establishing the maintenance strategy, and the proposed regression model could be successfully utilized to estimate the road user cost of a bridge.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.177-191
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• 2020

This study examines the effect of the self-overviewing attributes derived from agency problem on the cost behavior in franchise industry. To solve the research problem, we developed the proxies for self-overviewing attributes of domestic franchise CEO and used Anderson et al. (2003)'s cost behavior model to test hypothesis. Moreover, we grouped the self-overviewing variables for additional test. We find that operating costs are more sticky for firms which present higher CEO's self-overviewing attributes in franchise industry. Second, we find that the greater the self-overviewing tendency, more strengthened cost stickiness when sales decrease. This study is meaningful in that we developed proxies for self-overviewing propensity, such as the hypodermic behaviors of franchise CEO, which have not been performed in previous studies, to enhance future studies of franchise CEO. Futhermore, we empirically provide the effects of CEO's self-overviewing attributes on the operating costs behaviors, suggesting useful information to franchise stakeholders such as prospective start-ups, franchisee and investors.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.655-660
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• 2018

Internal combustion generation (ICG) is used to supply power to islands due to geographical characteristics, but there are some problems, such as considerable operating cost, salt pollution, and environmental pollution. For these islands, KEPCO pays a significant amount of operating deficit each year, especially for the fuel and servicing costs, which account for a large portion of this deficit. Integrated ICG (IICG) through an offshore cable between near islands is being considered to decrease servicing costs. Distributed generation (DG) is also being introduced on the islands because of the demand for a low-carbon society. In hybrid internal combustion generation (HICG), DG is introduced into IICG, which can be applied because the DG output is insufficient due to environmental characteristics, and the IICG is used as an auxiliary power source. Therefore, this paper proposes an algorithm to estimate the optimal DG capacity that can be introduced in accordance with the KEPCO operating deficit in the HICG. According to simulations, the optimal DG capacity depends on the fuel cost and load capacity. The validity of the proposed algorithm was confirmed for multiple islands with different peak loads.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Navigation
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.45-79
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• 1980

The aim of this paper is to analyze the mechanics of price formation in the tramp shipping. For the purpose of this study, the main characteristics of tramp freight rates and the market is examined, and a brief examination of the nature ofthe costs of operation is given which are essential for the understanding of the functioning of shipping firms as well as for the understanding of developments in the tramp freight market. The demand and supply relationships in the market is also analysed in detail. Tramp shipping is an industry that has a market which functions under conditions that are not dissimilar to the theoretical model of perfect competition. However, it does notmean that tramp shipping market is a perfectly competitive market. It is apparent that this realworld competitive system has its imperfections, which means that the market for tramp shipping is near to being a perfectly competitive market on an internaitonal scale and it is freight are therefore subjext to the laws of supply and demand. In theory, the minimum freight rate in the short term is that at which the lowest cost vessels will lay-up in preference to operating, and is equal to the variable costs minus lay-up costs; and this would imply that in all times except those of full employment for ships there is a tendency for newer low-cost, and, probably, faster vessels to be driving the older high-cost vessels in the breaker's yards. In this case, shipowners may be reluctant to lay-up their ships becasue of obligations to crews, or because they would lose credibility with shippers or financiers, or simply because of lost prestige. Mainly, however, the decision is made on strictly economic grounds. When, for example, the total operating costs minus the likely freight earnings are greater than the cost of taking the ship out of service, maintaining it, and recommissioning it, then a ship may be considered for laying-up; shipowners will, in other words, run the ships at freight earnings below operating costs by as much as the cost of laying them up. As described above, the freight rates fixed on the tramp shipping market are subject to the laws of supply and demand. In other words, the basic properties of supply and demand are of significance so far as price or rate fluctuations in the tramp freight market are concerned. In connection with the same of the demand for tramp shipping services, the following points should be brone in mind: (a) That the magnitude of demand for sea transport of dry cargoes in general and for tramp shipping services in particular is increasing in the long run. (b) That owning to external factors, the demand for tramp shipping services is capable of varying sharphy at a given going of time. (c) The demad for the industry's services tends to be price inelastic in the short run. On the other hand the demand for the services offered by the individual shipping firm tends as a rule to be infinitely price elastic. In the meantime, the properties of the supply of the tramp shipping facilities are that it cannot expand or contract in the short run. Also, that in the long run there is a time-lag between entrepreneurs' decision to expand their fleets and the actual time of delivery of the new vessels. Thus, supply is inelastic and not capable of responding to demand and price changes at a given period of time. In conclusion, it can be safely stated that short-run changes in freight rates are a direct result of variations in the magnitude of demand for tramp shipping facilities, whilest the average level of freight rates is brought down to relatively low levels over prolonged periods of time.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.11
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• pp.61-69
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• 2020

This paper examined the operational efficiency of the new rice variety "Sindongjin" farmed by the Rural Development Administration. Thirty farmers were surveyed in the survey area--Jeonbuk-do Province. The operational efficiency was analyzed by studying the data of these 30 farmers. The operational efficiency of the farmers was analyzed through a survey using the DEA model for analysis. DEA analysis was performed to obtain the technical efficiency of the farmers. The results showed that the DEA technical efficiencies of 12 farmers were efficient, and 18 farmers were inefficient. Farmers No. 13 and No. 25 were representative of inefficiency, and the results show that the cost of input elements was high. An analysis of the determinants of efficiency through the Tobit model found that the operating efficiency increased with decreasing variable costs (Seed costs, By-product fertilizer costs, General fertilizer cost, Pesticides cost, Cost of water, electricity, gas, and Cost of small farm implements) and fixed costs (Repair cost and Other costs). There is a problem of excess input from farmers, and these input costs need to be reduced.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Illuminating and Electrical Installation Engineers
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.26-31
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• 2014

High temperature fuel cell system, such as molten carbonate fuel cells(MCFC) and solid oxide fuel cells(SOFC), are capable of operating at MW rated power output. The power output change of high temperature fuel cell imposes the thermal and mechanical stresses on the fuel cell stack. To minimize the thermal-mechanical stresses on the stack and increase the systems reliability, we should divide the power plant configuration to several banks. However, the improvement of reliability in fuel cell power plant system causes an increase of the investment cost, for example, replacement costs, labor costs, and so on. For this reason - the balance between investment and reliability improvement - many studies about the appropriate level of investment have been conducted. In this paper, we evaluate the cost for operation and installation, the benefit for electric energy and thermal energy sales, and the system reliability for several cases : these cases relate with the bank configuration.