• 교육시설
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.49-58
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• 2009

This study is carried out to understand application type and change of learning space and to find out actual situation of management in open planned elementary schools. The twelve elementary schools were selected based on case studies and fundamental data of the agencies performing basic plan, the actual situation of management was studied by interviews of principals and teachers. By the results, open planned elementary schools have been notably reduced after the year of 2004 and corridor expending type was broadly chosen as a plane type for open space. It was also shown that learning space was transformed to the independent type integrating open space to the unit classroom in most part of twelve cases. In addition, whole sliding doors fixed in open classrooms by some Provincial Office of Education didn't need certain physical shut-offs, and it was considered as one of useful alternatives to manage open space.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.117-125
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• 1985

수도이앙의 생력화를 위한 소식을 함으로써, 수도의 종내경합에 의한 수량감소를 막고, 시비로 증수가능성이 큰 초형을 탐색하기 위하여 본 연구는 수행되었다. 공시한 3개 초형의 동질유전자 계통은 Open-type, Spread-type 및 Broom-type 이었으며, 이들을 $m^2$당 47.62, 22.22, 15.15, 11.11, 8.33주로 이앙하고, 시비는 N-P$_2$O$_{5}$-K$_2$O=15.0-7.0-8.0kg/10a를 표준으로 한 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 배비로 하였다. 시험결과, 1. 소식에 따른 출수지연은 종내경합정도에 비례하여서 다비할수록 약화되었으며, 작물초형별로는 Broom$\longrightarrow$ Spread$\longrightarrow$ Open-type의 순이었다. 2. 잡초와의 종간경합은 소식.다비로 증대되었으며, 작물초형별로는 Broom-type에서 특히 다연생잡초종에 의한 경합이 커지는 경향이었다. 3. 시비량증대에 따라 천립중을 제외한 면적당수수.수당영화수.등숙률은 3초형 모두 증대경향을 나타냈으나 재식밀도에 따른 반응은 면적당수수만 정의 상관을 나타냈다. 4. 수량성은 Open-type과 Spread-type의 경우, 이앙밀도와 정상관을 보인 반면에 Broom-type에서는 수량차이가 인정되지 않았다. 5. $m^2$당 이앙밀도를 15, 11, 8주로 낮추었을 때, Open-type은 각각 1.12, 1.21 및 1.28배비로써 그리고 Broom-type은 각각 1.22, 1.35, 1.4배비로써 Open-type 표준수량의 보상이 가능하였다.다.

• Journal of Power Electronics
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.1157-1165
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• 2014

The T-type topology is a three-level topology that has an advantage in terms of its number of switching device and its efficiency when compared to the neutral-point clamped (NPC)-type topology. With the recent increase in the usage of the T-type topology, the interest in its reliability has also increased. Therefore, a tolerance control for a T-type rectifier is necessary to improve the reliability of applications when an open-switch fault occurs. NPC-type rectifiers cannot eliminate input current distortion completely. However, the T-type rectifier is able to restore distorted current. In this paper, a tolerance control for the $S_{x2}$ and $S_{x3}$ open-switch faults of a T-type rectifier is proposed where it is advantageous in terms of efficiency when compared with other tolerance controls. The performance of the proposed tolerance control is verified through simulation and experimental results.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.27-36
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• 1985

^x In Korea, we are entering on a new phase that the use concept of urban park is extending to dynamic activities such as games and sports. This article is to investigate the significance of lawn areas, as a receptive space of such a wide range of recreation activities. As a study process, Green Styles (type of parks) such as Garden Type, Park Type and Forest Type were studied and historical review of lawn areas in park development was performed. In conclusion, the lawn areas ( greensward) are an essential part of park and open space organization. The significance as a conclusion is presented as follows : 1 ) Balance in type of parks The structures of our parks and open spaces are inclined toward the artificial Garden Type and natural Forest Type. Therefore, the intermediate Park Type and sparse wood areas should be a core part of our park and open space development. 2) Psychological effect Park Type areas, thorned by greensward(lawn area), can refresh urban dwellers with natural picturesque landscaps, and Park Type landscape is the most preferred natural landscape. It shows the essence of natural amenity as 3) Accomodation of wide range of recreation activities Lawn areas in urban park are the best place in accomodating the wide range of active and massive recreation activities. Thus, lawn areas can increase the freedom of recreation use in urban park. 4) Enlargement of physical carrying capacity. With expansion of lawn areas of euro- american concept, the structural open space can be transformed into service open space. Thus, the recreation carrying capacity of urban parks can be enlarged.

• 한국공간구조학회논문집
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.41-49
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• 2021

In this study the characteristics of wind pressure that are depending on the open type of retractable dome roof were analyzed according to the wind pressure coefficient and wind pressure spectrum. The analysis results showed that the open type and shape of the roof both had a significant impact on the wind pressure changing. In case of the edge to center open type, the wind pressure has not changed much because of the complex turbulence of flow and open area. On the other hand, in case of the center to edge open type, it has confirmed that wind pressure increases due to the separation of flow in windward and open area.

• 교육시설 논문지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.3-14
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to analyze patterns of public school building layout types, open space and relationship with communities in the Manhattan grid plan. The study illustrates how building layout patterns of school facilities are influenced by societal demands in the urban grid environment. During the nineteenth century, the Island of Manhattan was transformed into a physical representation of the Cartesian coordinate system via the development of the grid street plan. In order to take advantage of streets as urban space, it is quite important to understand characteristics of communities and open space relationships between buildings and streets. Moreover, the strategic planning of schools' outdoor space vitalizes public streets as a critical community anchor. This research reviews 118 Manhattan public schools and categorizes them by (1) building layout type, (2) site type, (3) circulation and public open space, which are the biggest factors that determine the layout patterns of the public schools in Manhattan. As a result of analysis, the layout patterns are classified into seven types : "ㅡ", "L", "ㄷ", "ㅁ", "H", "T" and "other" type. Of these, "ㅡ" type and "L" type occur most frequently, because these configurations most flexibly fit into the limited grid-locked blocks, the various types of site & topography, and adapt most dynamically to the open spaces created by using avenues and streets. The ultimate objective of this study is to provide a case study for future efforts to plan open spaces for campuses that effectively utilize the streets in proximity.

• 교육시설 논문지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.11-19
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• 2011

This study was carried out to investigate consciousness of users about management of multipurpose space introduced in open planned elementary school after the year of 1990's. Thirteen open planned elementary schools were participated through questionnaire and interviews. As the results, the positive response was maintained a superior position in the need of multipurpose space and changes of classroom management. Independence type in the arrangement of multipurpose space and the additional corridor type having extra moving line in comparison with the extensional corridor type were remarkably preferred, respectively. The consciousness of utilization about multipurpose space was comparatively low in a type having traffic line in surroundings of classroom compared to a type having entrance or a type having roundabout corridor. Finally, the group accepting changes positively showed high need to solve urgent problems about management of classroom.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제49권8호
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• pp.97-111
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• 2011

This study aimed to present marketing communication strategy for lifestyle groups. Consumers' preference on advertisement media/information source, advertisement appeal types, and on-line media use were examined by lifestyle groups. This study was executed by web survey and off-line survey. A total of 141 data was obtained and data were analyzed by PASW 18.0. Results were as follows: First, 4 types of lifestyle groups were made up by holistic approach; 'price oriented', 'traditional symbolic', 'positive life', and 'open mind enjoyment'. 'Positive life type' preferred every type of ads media. 'Traditional symbolic type' liked magazine and 'price oriented type' and 'open mind enjoyment type' thought off-line store display more important. For ads appeal types, 'positive life type' preferred social oriented appeal type. Every group except 'price oriented type' preferred emotional appeal type and especially 'open mind enjoyment type' liked the most emotional ads appeal type.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.217-222
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• 1985

초형이 다른 3종의 수도 Isogenic line(Open-Spread- 및 Broom-type)을 5수준의 이앙밀도(47.62, 22.22, 15.15, 15.11 및 8.33주/$m^2$)와 4수준의 시비조건(증비, 보비, 감비 및 무비)에 공시하여 얻은 수량자료를 Multiple regression polynomial 수식으로 고정하고 편미분하여 밀도와 시비및 밀도$\times$시비의 작용력을 해석하였다. 그 결과는 다음과 갈다. 1. 소식조건하에서의 밀도변동에 따른 수량 반응은 Broom-type이 가장 높고 예민하였다(도 1). 2. 이앙밀도의 작용력〔$\delta$f(D, F)/$\delta$D〕은 Open-, 및 Spread-type이 다비에서 높아지는 대신에Broom-type은 시비와 관계없이 소식 및 밀식에서 높은 경향이었다.(도 2). 3. 시비율의 작용력 〔$\delta$f(D, F)/$\delta$D〕은 0~1000kg/10a 범위로서 Open- 및 Spread-type에서는 밀식조건하에서 높았으나 Broom-type에서는 소식조건하에서 소비 및 다비의 작용력이 큰 경향이었다(도 3). 4. Broom-type의 소식조건하에서 밀도$\times$시비의 상호작용력 〔$\delta$$^2$F(D, F)/$\delta$D$\delta$F〕은 음성을 나타내었고, Open- 및 Spread-type은 표준 및 밀식과 증비 조건에서 양성을 나타내었다(도 4). 5. $m^2$당 11~14주의 소식조건하에서 추정되는 소요시비수준은 Open-type 이 1.3~1.5배비인 반면에 Broom-type은 1.5배비 이상의 수준인 것으로 판단되었다. 6. 소식에 의한 이앙노동의 생력화를 위해서는 다비수용이 가능한 Broom-type의 연구가 필요할 것으로 해석이 된다.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.53-57
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• 2012

Purpose: This study considered the effects and proper treatments of mandibular condyle fractures by comparing clinical differences and complications according to analysis and treatment plan. Methods: From September 2007 to August 2010, patients who were diagnosed with condylar fracture and monitored for more than 3 months were selected. Cases were divided in a reductive manner and evaluated by type and period of intermaxillary fixation (IMF), status of occlusion and trismus according to the Spiessle/Schroll method. A total 50 patients were examined. Results: The number of the unilateral condyle fractures was 45 and 30 patients had multiple fractures. Type of fracture was categorized by the Spiessle/Schroll method. There were 21 patients with type I, 11 patients with type II, 3 patients with type 3, 10 patients with type V and 5 patients with type VI; there were no patients with a type IV fracture. 11 patients were operated on with open reduction. Among them, 9 patients were type II and 2 patients were type I. For type I patients, an intra-oral approach was conducted with an endoscope and trocar. For 3 of the type II patients, an retromandibular approach was conducted and for the rest of the type II patients, the same approach as type I was used. The periods of IMF were 2.36 weeks (mean) in open reduction group and 2.9 weeks (mean) in closed reduction group and the total mean period is 2.78 weeks. All patients had stable occlusion after removing the IMF. Trismus occurred in 1 patient for open reduction and 5 patients for closed reduction. Facial nerve palsy was observed in one patient postoperatively that resolved after 6 months. Conclusion: In this study, similar prognosis was shown after an open and closed reduction was conducted. Therefore, treatments need to be planned depending on the degree of condyle fracture and the amount of displacement. Additionally, the period of IMF could be shortened with open reduction.