• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.95-103
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• 1983

By observing the lateral cephalometric radiograms of the Naso-pharynx of the mouth breatheres with adenoid hyperplasia, orthodontists could use the 'discriminant function' as the supplementary diagnotic aid for the malocclusion cases with mouth bloating. The purpose of this study was to ustilize the 'discriminant function' as the indicator to remove the etiologic factor producing the relapse. The author used the 19 boys and 20 girls, who were the nasal-breathers with normal occlusion as the control group, and 16 boys and 20 girls, who were the mouth breathers with adenoid hypaplasia and malocclusion. The age of the both groups was ranged from 12ys to 15ys. Results were as following; 1. There was the difference in the bony structure of Naso-pharynx between the mouth-breathers nasal-breathers. 2. IMRA of the mouth breathers was smaller than the nasal breathers'. 3. The mouth-breathers had the skeletal open bite tendency. 4. Discriminant function: $$D_i=9.85374+ax_2+bx_4+cx_6+dx_7+ex_8$$ a = -0.1211273 b = 0.5908992 c = -1.508446 d = -1.541869 e = 1.404478.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.697-705
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• 1996

Ankyloglossia, or tongue-tie, is a congenital condition which occurs as a result of fusion between the tongue and the floor of the mouth. Ankyloglossia often results in malocclusion with an anterior "open bite" deformity, early prognathism, swallowing problem, speech disorder, and periodontal problem. Generally lingual frenectomy is used for treatment of ankyloglossia, but incomplete operation and simple frenectomy may produce a scar contracture resulting in a more deformed ankyloglossia than was present initially. The Z-plasty is used for the correction of scar contractures and the replacement of missing tissue and this procedure is ideally suited for the treatment of an ankylosed frenum. Most authors advise postponement of any decision for surgical correction of tongue-tie until the age of 4 years, unless the child is having much difficulty with sucking or swallowing. We treated 4 patients with ankyloglossia using Z-plasty technique. As a result, we found out that it was effective for correction of movement limitation of tongue, prevention of relapse. Further, periodic check ups are needed for evaluation of relapse, improvement of speech, and other functions of the tongue.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.37
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• pp.42.1-42.5
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• 2015

In the field of oral-maxillofacial surgery, vascular malformations present in various forms. Abnormalities in the size of the tongue by vascular malformations can cause mandibular prognathism and skeletal deformity. The risk in surgical treatment for patients with vascular malformation is high, due to bleeding from vascular lesions. We report a rare case of macroglossia that was treated by partial glossectomy, resulting in an improvement in the swallowing and mastication functions in the patient. A 25-year-old male patient with severe open-bite and mandibular prognathism presented to our department for the management of macroglossia. The patient had a difficulty in food intake because of the large tongue. Orthognathic surgery was not indicated because the patient had severe jaw bone destruction and alveolar bone resorption. Therefore, the patient underwent partial glossectomy under general anesthesia. There was severe hemorrhaging during the surgery, but the bleeding was controlled by local procedures.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.291-300
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• 2012

The incidence of condylar fractures is high,but the management of fractures of the mandibular condyle continues to be controversial. Historically, maxillomandibular fixation, external fixation, and surgical splints with internal fixation systems were the techniques commonly used in the treatment of the fractured mandible. Condylar fractures can be extracapsular or intracapsular, undisplaced, deviated, displaced, or dislocated. Treatment depends on the age of the patient, the co-existence of other mandibular or maxillary fractures, whether the condylar fracture is unilateral or bilateral, the level and displacement of the fracture, the state of dentition and dental occlusion, and the surgeonnds on the age of the patient, the co-existence of othefrom which it is difficult to recover aesthetically and functionally;an appropriate treatment is required to reconstruct the shape and achieve the function ofthe uninjured status. To do this, accurate diagnosis, appropriate reduction and rigid fixation, and complication prevention are required. In particular, as mandibular condyle fracture may cause long-term complications such as malocclusion, particularly open bite, reduced posterior facial height, and facial asymmetry in addition to chronic pain and mobility limitation, great caution should be taken. Accordingly, the authors review a general overview of condyle fracture.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.132-135
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• 2002

The osteochondroma, also known as osteocartilaginous exostosis, is one of the most common benign tumors of the axial skeleton. These tumours rarely affect the facial skeleton and a true osteochondroma of the mandibular condyle is a very uncommon entity. The tumors are usually slow growing, and symptoms develop over a long time. The most common presentation of the condylar osteochondroma consists of a changing occlusion, the development of facial asymmetry, and a posterior open bite on the affected side. In this case, we treated an osteochondroma of Lt. mandibular condyle through excision of the lesion via the temporal approach to the temporomandibular joint.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.569-578
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• 1995

Condylar hyperplasia is a self-limiting condition characterized by a slowly progressing, enlargement of the mandible that results in facial asymmetry and a crossbite malocclusion. The facial asymmetry, open bite or crossbite, and radiographic evidence of an enlarged condyle confirm the diagnosis of condylar hyperplasia. The etiology of the condition is unknown. This condition usually first becomes apparent during the second decade of life, when one condyle continues to grow while the other is no longer active. Radiographically, the condyle may appear enlarged or the neck of the condyle maybe elongated or both may occur, Sometimes, however, no radiographically demonstrable condylar abnormality will be noted. Surgical correction with subcondylar osteotomy is the treatment of choice. We have observed two cases of condylar hyperplasia occurred in the left mandibular condyle of 24-year-old and 35-year-old women. We obtained that two cases were shown the followed results; 1. Clinically, both cases was unilaterally developed on C/C area, with temporomandibular disorders and pain, facial asymetry and malocclusion. 2. Radiographically, hyperplastic mass confined to the condyle. 3. Histopathologically, these cases shown increased hypertrophic region in parts, and lamellated bone with irregular trabeculae.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.620-627
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• 2005

The purposes of early orthodontic intervention are to correct obvious problems, to intercept developing problems and prevent them from becoming worse. Myofunctional influence on facial growth and the dentition change in muscle function and initiate morphologic variation in the normal configuration of the teeth and enhance an already existing malocclusion. Myofunctional therapy has been advocated since 1960's as the treatment for tongue thrust and other oral habits. Pre-orthodontic $TRAINER^{(R)}$ is introduced as functional device usable in children of mixed dentition to correct functional problems concerning soft tissue, tooth and skeleton. The most common cases to treat with Pre-orthodontic $TRAINER^{(R)}$ are lower anterior crowding, anterior open bite, Class II malocclusion and deep bite. Also, it can be used as correction of oral habits. Patients in this cases visited Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of dentistry, Dankook University for orthodontic treatment. Pre-orthodontic treatment with Pre-orthodontic $TRAINER^{(R)}$ was carried out for correction of the oral habits.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.209-218
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• 2019

This study was aimed to evaluate orofacial morphologies on the cases of developmental disorders of maxillary first molars. Panoramic radiographs, lateral cephalographs, and clinical photos of 2983 children who attended the Pediatric Dental Clinic of Pusan National University Dental Hospital from 2006 to August 2017 were assessed retrospectively. 34 patients were selected whose maxillary first molars were missed or developmentally delayed unilaterally or bilaterally. Demirjian's method was used for estimating dental age, then which was compared to chronologic age of children. Parameters expressing skeletal and dentoalveolar disharmony were checked and compared with control. Additionally, occlusion relationship was evaluated. Maxillary dental age was significantly delayed compared to chronologic age. Several parameters which show skeletal open-bite tendency and skeletal class III malocclusion with maxillary retrusion were statistically significant. Anterior crossbite and edge-bite were expected in most of these cases, but compensation by occlusion and soft tissue was also verified which might mask skeletal class III tendency. Congenital missed or developmentally delayed maxillary first molars might be related with declined growth of maxilla. If developmental disorders of maxillary first molars were verified during clinical examination, careful monitoring of orofacial growth was necessary during puberty and timed orthopedic and orthodontic intervention were considered.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.3-19
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• 2022

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the accuracy of one-step automated orthodontic diagnosis of skeletodental discrepancies using a convolutional neural network (CNN) and lateral cephalogram images with different qualities from nationwide multi-hospitals. Methods: Among 2,174 lateral cephalograms, 1,993 cephalograms from two hospitals were used for training and internal test sets and 181 cephalograms from eight other hospitals were used for an external test set. They were divided into three classification groups according to anteroposterior skeletal discrepancies (Class I, II, and III), vertical skeletal discrepancies (normodivergent, hypodivergent, and hyperdivergent patterns), and vertical dental discrepancies (normal overbite, deep bite, and open bite) as a gold standard. Pre-trained DenseNet-169 was used as a CNN classifier model. Diagnostic performance was evaluated by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis, t-stochastic neighbor embedding (t-SNE), and gradient-weighted class activation mapping (Grad-CAM). Results: In the ROC analysis, the mean area under the curve and the mean accuracy of all classifications were high with both internal and external test sets (all, > 0.89 and > 0.80). In the t-SNE analysis, our model succeeded in creating good separation between three classification groups. Grad-CAM figures showed differences in the location and size of the focus areas between three classification groups in each diagnosis. Conclusions: Since the accuracy of our model was validated with both internal and external test sets, it shows the possible usefulness of a one-step automated orthodontic diagnosis tool using a CNN model. However, it still needs technical improvement in terms of classifying vertical dental discrepancies.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.619-624
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• 2009

Pyknodysostosis(PKND) is a rare sclerosing bone disorder that has an autosomal recessive trait, also known as Toulouse-Lautrec syndrome. Deficiency of the cathepsin enzyme K in the osteoclasts of PKND patients results in continuous endosteal bone deposits without osteoclastic resorption or remodeling. This causes a generalized increase in sclerosis and fragility of bones. Osteomyelitis in the mandible and recurrent fracture of the long bones are characteristic complicatons of PKND. The patients present typical features of PKND, such as short stature under 150 cm, open cranial suture and fontanelle, club-shaped phalanges, and underdevelopment of midface. This is a case of a 7-year-old girl with PKND, who visited our clinic with the chief complaint of anterior Open-bite and generalized crowding. The patient had been diagnosed as PKND by an orthopedist and manifested characteristic clinical and radiographic features, such as open cranial suture and fontanelle, obtuse madibular gonial angle, frontal and occipital bossing, grooved palate, club-shaped phalanges, and short stature. Orthodontic treatment was not considered because patients with PKND show abnormal bone resorption and remodeling. Instead, removal of deciduous teeth near exfoliation and TFA were performed, and periodic check-up is planned to maintain good oral hygiene.