• 대한족부족관절학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.87-93
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• 2020

Purpose: This study evaluated the clinical results of surgical treatment with minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis for treating displaced intra-articular fractures of the calcaneus in comparison with conventional lateral extensile approach plate osteosynthesis. Materials and Methods: Of 79 cases of Sanders type II or III calcaneus fractures, 15 cases treated with the minimally invasive calcaneal plate (group M) and 64 cases treated with lateral extensile approach calcaneal plate (group E) were identified. After successful propensity score matching considering age, sex, diabetes mellitus history, and Sanders type (1:3 ratio), 15 cases (group M) and 45 cases (group E) were matched and the demographic, radiologic, and clinical outcomes were compared between the two groups. Results: The median time of surgery from injury was 2.0 days in group M and 6.0 days in group E (p=0.014). At the six months follow-up, group M showed results comparable with those of group E in radiographic outcomes. In the clinical outcomes, group M showed better postoperative American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) and visual analogue scale (VAS) scores than did group E (p=0.001, p=0.008). A greater range of subtalar motion was achieved at the six months follow-up in group M (inversion 20.0° vs. 10.0°, p=0.002; eversion 10.0° vs. 5.0°, p=0.025). Although there were no significant differences in complications between the two groups (1 [6.7%] vs. 7 [15.6%], group M vs. group E; p=0.661), there was only one sural nerve injury and no wound dehiscence and deep infection in group M. Conclusion: Minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis showed superior clinical outcomes compared with that of the conventional lateral extensile approach plate osteosynthesis in Sanders type II or III calcaneus fractures. We suggest applying minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis in Sanders type II or III calcaneus fractures.

• 대한공업교육학회지
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• 제40권1호
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• pp.121-141
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• 2015

본 논문은 3년간(2012~2014) 학부에서 진행된 다학제 융합수업 개선을 위하여 융합 교육과정, PBL(Problem Based Learning)과 TBL(Team Based Learning)의 활용, 효과적인 발표 등에 대한 딜레마를 다루었으며, 내러티브 탐구 방법으로 시간, 장소, 교육과정에서 일어나는 교사와 학생의 상호작용을 기술한 연구이다. 본 연구 결과로부터 도출된 몇 가지 수업 개선점을 제안하면 아래와 같다. 첫째, 융합수업에서 교수들의 미니 강의비율이 대체로 높다. 강의시간을 1/4로 줄이고 수업시간에 중요한 토론과 과제를 마칠 수 있도록 시간을 배려하고, 즉각적인 도움을 제공한다면 학생들의 과제부담은 줄어들 것이다. 둘째, 기존의 교육과정 틀을 유지한 채 융합수업을 시행하기 위해서는, 각 학과 전공교육과정에 '융합교과목'이라는 과목을 설치하여 다른 학과 교수와 함께 수업을 개설할 기회를 제공하는 것이 좋다. 셋째, 본 수업에서 PBL과 TBL를 동시에 적용하는 효율적인 수업진행 방식은, TBL에서 요구하는 과제를 하나의 문제 상황으로 생각하고 PBL 학습방법을 활용하는 것이다. 마지막으로, 이상적인 발표수업은 매시간 발표할 기회를 학생에게 제공하는 것이 바람직하다. 팀 발표수업의 횟수는 한 학기 3번이 적당하지만, 발표시간이나 방법은 수정이 필요하다. 발표 전날 모든 팀으로부터 발표내용을 받고, 팀 발표시간은 15분에서 30분으로 늘리고 2일 동안 발표를 한다면 학생은 발표 준비와 진행에 여유를 갖게 될 것이다.

• 시큐리티연구
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• 제13호
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• pp.451-470
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• 2007

민간자격증은 민간(民間) + 자격증(資格證)의 개념으로 이해된다. 즉 자격증의 발급주체가 민간이라는 의미이다. 민간자격증은 따라서 민간과 대칭되는 국가자격증과 구별된다. 국가가 자격증 발급주체가 되는 국가자격은 국가기술자격법(일부개정 2005.12.30 법률 제7830호)에 의한 국가기술자격과 개별 법령에 의한 국가자격으로 분류되며, 시험은 국가, 지방자치단체 또는 지정기관이 실시한다. 자격증의 범위는 거의 모든 산업에 망라되어 있으며, 새로운 자격증에 대한 신설도 계속 늘어나고 있다. 2006년도에 처음으로 실시된 제1회 민간경비 자격시험은 (사)한구경비협회장 명의로 공고가 되었으며, 취득자격은 신변보호사 2급과 3급이었다. 2006년 10월 25일 시험이 공고되어 12월 20일 합격증이 발부되기까지의 과정 속에서 발생했던 다양한 문제점에 대한 대책을 제시함으로써 민간경비업의 발전을 위한 민간자격증제도의 활성화를 기대하고 합격자에 대한 일정한 처우개선 및 활동영역의 확대, 개발을 통하여 진정한 의미의 발전을 꾀할 수 있는 여건을 마련하고자 함이 본 논문의 핵심 부분이다. 40개 대학 822명이 응시하여 응시자대비 92.8%인 763명이 합격하였다. 이들에 대한 적절한 처우의 증진은 단순한 개인적 처우의 개선이 아니라 민간경비업 전체의 발전을 위한 계기가 될 수 있을 것이다.

• BMB Reports
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.346-354
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• 2006

The full-length cDNA of grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) and silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) was obtained from liver. The grass carp UCP2 cDNA was determined to be 1152 bp in length with an open reading frame that encodes 310 amino acids. Five introns (Intron 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7) in the translated region, and partial sequence of Intron 2 in the untranslated region of grass carp UCP2 gene were also obtained. Gene structure comparison between grass carp and mammalian (human and mouse) UCP2 gene shows that, the UCP2 gene structure of grass carp is much similar to that of human and mouse. Partial UCP2 cDNA sequences of bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) and mud carp (Cirrhinus molitorella), were further determined. Together with the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) UCP2 sequence from GenBank (AJ243486), multiple alignment result shows that the nucleotide and amino acid sequences of the UCP2 gene, were highly conserved among the five major Chinese carps that belong to four subfamilies. Using beta-actin as control, the ratio UCP2/beta-actin mRNA (%) was determined to be $149.4{\pm}15.6$ (common carp), $127.4{\pm}22.1$ (mud carp), $96.7{\pm}12.7$ (silver carp), $94.1{\pm}26.8$ (bighead carp) and $63.7{\pm}16.2$ (grass carp). The relative liver UCP2 expression of the five major Chinese carps, shows a close relationship with their food habit: benthos and detrituseating fish (common carp and mud carp) > planktivorious fish (silver carp and bighead carp) > herbivorious fish (grass carp). We suggest that liver UCP2 might be important for Chinese carps to detoxify cyanotoxins and bacteria in debris and plankton food.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.85-91
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• 1980

Extracorporeal circulation by hemodilution technique has been currently used with its clinical safety and good peripheral tissue perfusion in open heart surgery. There is no doubt that $O_{2}$ carrying capacity of the blood is disturbed by decreased hemoglobin level resulting from hemodilution of the circulating blood. From the view point of the blood gas exchange, these experimental studies were undertaken to determined the sate limit of hemodilution in the condition of cardiopulmonary bypass with a constant perfusion flow rate. Twelve adult mongrel dogs weighing 10 to 13 Kg. were anesthetized with pentobarbital and then respiration was controlled with Harvard volume respirator using room air. The cardiopulmonary by pass was performed by use of Sarns heart lung machine (console 5000, 5 head and 2 roller pumps) and Travenol pediatric bubble oxygenator. The perfusion rate during bypass was maintained at a constant rate of 80 ml/min/Kg of body weight. The ratio of oxygen gas flow to blood flow was kept in 3 to 1 constantly. International hemodilution was attained by serial blood withdrawals and immediate infusion of equal volumes of diluants composed of Ringer's lactate, 5% dextrose in water and 25% mannitol solution, proportionally 60%, 30%, and 10%. Arterial and venous blood samples were obtained between 15 and 20 minutes following each hemodilution. Hematocrits and hemoglobin values, $PO_{2}$, $PCO_{2}$ and pH were measured. Oxygen and carbon dioxide contents oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide elimination were calculated groups according to different hematocrit values and the correlations were evaluated. Result were as follows. 1. the arterial $O_{2}$ tension and $O_{2}$ saturation were maintained at the physiological level irrespective of the hematocrit value. 2. The venous $O_{2}$ tension and $O_{2}$ saturation showed a tendency to decline with the decrease in hematocrit value and positive correlation between them (r = +0.49, r = +0.76), The mean values of venous $O_{2}$ tension and $O_{2}$ saturation, however, were not decreased when the hematocrit levels were lower than 20%. 3. The arterial $O_{2}$ content declined lineally in proportion to the fall of hematocrit level with a positive correlation between them (r = +0.95). 4. The venous $O_{2}$ contents were decreased gradually as the hematocrit value decreased with positive correlation between them ( r =+0.89). The trend of diminution of venous $O_{2}$ content, however, was became low according to progressive decrease of hematocrit level. 5. Systemic oxygen consumption was in higher range than $O_{2}$ requirement of basal metabolism when the hematocrit value was above 20%, but abruptly decreased when the hematocrit value became to below 20%. 6. The arterial $CO_{2}$ tension and $CO_{2}$ content showed trend of increasing with progressive decrease of hematocrit value but exhibited a rather broad range and there was no relationship between those value and the hematocrit value. 7. The venous $CO_{2}$ tension and $CO_{2}$ content have also no correlation with change of Ht. value but related directly to those value of arterial blood with positive correlation between them (r = +0.78, r = +0.95_. 8. A-V difference of $CO_{2}$ content and $CO_{2}$ elimination wasnot significantly influenced by Ht. value. From the results, we obtained that feasible limit in inteneional hemodilution is above the hematocrit value of 20% under the given experimental condition.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.315-321
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• 1997

저자들은 1994년 1월부터 1995년 12월까지 비관통성 늑골골절로 인하여 도시지역에 위치한 조선대학 교 부속병원 흉부외과에 입원한 326명의 환자와,농촌지역에 위치한 전남 화순중앙병원 흉부외과에서 입원 치료 받았던 환자 102명에 대하여 임상적 차이를 서로 비교하였다. 가장 흔한 연령층은 도시지역 30∼50대, 농촌지 역 40∼60대 였고 남녀비는 전체지 역에서 남자에서 3배이상의 많은 빈도를 보였다. 비 관통성 늑골골절의 가장 흔한 원인은 양 그룹에서 교통사고가 가장 많았으며 두번째로 많은 원인은 도 시지 역은 추락사고로 355례중 66례(20.2%), 농촌지 역은 농기구 사고로 102례중 18례(17.6%)였다. 손상 부위별로는 도 · 농간. 유의한 차이없이 좌측에서 많았고 가장 흔한 늑골골절은 3번에서 6번까지의 늑골 이었다. 수상후 첫 1시간내에 내원한 경우는 도시지역이 16.0%, 농촌지역이 23.5%로 차이를 보였다. 치 료는 보존적 치료, 흉강천자술, 폐쇄성 흉관 삽관술, 개흉술 등으로 하였는데, 도시지역이 326례중 134 례(41.1%), 농촌지역of 102례중 81례(79.4%)에서 보존적 요법을 시 행하였고, 개흉술은 도시지 역이 37례 (11.3%),농촌지역이 3례 2.9%)에서 시행하여 도시지역이 농촌지역에 비하여 더 적극적인 치료방법을 선택하는것으로 나타났다. 전체 사망률은 도시지역이 4.29%(14례), 농촌지역이 1.96%(2례)였고 사망원 인은 출혈성 쇽, 뇌부종 등이었다.

• 대한방사선치료학회지
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.41-54
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• 1996

The secondary electrons developed by interaction between primary beam and a tray mounted for blocks in Megavoltage irradiation result in excess soft radiation dose to the surface layer. To reduce this electron contamination, electron filters have been used to be attached under a tray. Various filters with Cu and Al plates in six different thickness and Cu/Al combined plates in 3 different thickness were tested to measure the reduction rate of secondary electron contamination to the surface layer. The measurement to find optimal filter was performed on 6MV linear accelerator in $10 cm{\times}10 cm$ field size and fixed 78.5cm source to measurement points distance from surface to maximum build up point in 2mm intervals. The result was analyzed as the ratio of measured doses with using filters, to standard doses of measured open beam. The result of this study was fellowing : 1. The contaminated low energy radiation were mainly produced by blocking tray. 2. The surface absorbed dose was slowly increased by increasing irradiation field size but rapidly increased at field size above $15cm{\times}15cm$. 3. Al plate upto 2.5mm thickness used as a filter was found to be inadequate due to the failure of reduction of the surface absorbed dose below doses of the under surface upto the maximal build up. Cu 0.5mm plate and Cu 0.28mm/A1 1.5mm compound plate were found to be optimal filters. 4. By using these 2 filters, the absorbed dose to the surface were effectively reduced $5.5\%$ in field size $4cm{\times}4cm,\;11.3\%$ in field size $10cm{\times}10cm,\;22.3\%$ in field size $25cm{\times}25cm$. 5. In field size $10cm{\times}10cm$, the absorbed dose to the surface of irradiation was reduced by setting TSD 20cm at least,. but effective and enough dose reduction could be achieved by setting TSD 30cm as 2 optimal filters used. 6. More surface dose absorbed at TSD less than 7.4cm with a tray and filters together indicated that soft radiation was also developed by filters. 7. The variation of PDD by the different size of irradiation field was minimal as 2 optimal filters used. There was also not different in variation of PDD according to using any of two different filters. 8. PDD was not effected either by various TSD or by using the different filter among two.

• 한국터널지하공간학회 논문집
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.319-332
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• 2015

열차가 고속으로 터널내를 진입할 때 열차의 피스톤 작용에 의해 형성되는 압력파는 터널내를 진행하고, 출구에 도달한 압축파는 터널 출구면의 개구단 조건에 따라 팽창파로 터널입구로 다시 전파된다. 이에 따른 터널내 주행열차와의 간섭현상으로 인해 차량내 승객은 심한 압력변동을 느끼게 되며, 이러한 압력파는 열차의 설계와 운행에 영향을 미치고, 에너지 손실과 소음, 진동, 승객의 이명현상의 원인이 된다. 본 연구에서는 열차가 고속으로 터널내부를 진입시 나타나는 터널내 압력파의 전파특성과 열차의 기밀도에 따른 객실내로 침투하는 압력 변화량을 현장 실험내용과 비교분석을 수행하였다. 또한, 압축성 1-D 모델(MOC)의 적용 가능성을 살펴보기 위해 ThermoTun 프로그램과의 비교연구를 수행하였고, Baron의 압축성 1-D 수치모델에 기초한 지배방정식 해석의 적정성을 검토하기 위해 비교연구도 병행하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제23권8호
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• pp.1013-1021
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• 2010

This study was conducted to determine the effects of amino acid-enriched ruminally protected fatty acid (AARPFA) on plasma fatty acids and amino acids, growth performance and carcass characteristics of Korean native steers (Hanwoo) by simultaneous supply of fatty acids and limiting amino acids (methionine and lysine). Eighteen finishing Hanwoo steers, 18 months of age and weighing an average of $459.0{\pm}38.9\;kg$, were used for studies of the metabolism of plasma fatty acids and amino acids during supplementation of AARPFA. Also, 45 finishing Hanwoo steers, 16 months of age and weighing an average of $408.6{\pm}26.5\;kg$, were used for growth performance and carcass characteristics during supplemention of AARPFA. There were three treatments which comprised a basal diet supplemented with AARPFA at 0 g (T1), 50 g (T2) or 100 g (T3), respectively. Concentrations of saturated, unsaturated and total fatty acids in plasma were increased in T3 compared with other treatments (p<0.05). Concentrations of methionine and lysine in plasma were linearly increased with increasing levels of AARPFA (p<0.01). Average daily gain, dry matter intake and feed conversion ratio were not different among the treatments. Marbling score measured by ultra-sound scanning was higher in T3 than in T1 at 24 months of age (p<0.05). Rib eye area, back fat thickness, yield index and yield grade score were similar across the treatments. Marbling score and quality grade score were higher in T3 compared with other treatments (p<0.01). Thus, plasma fatty acids, methionine and lysine metabolism were affected by supplementing with 100 g of AARPFA which also had positive effects on marbling score and meat quality grade of finishing Hanwoo steers.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제19권5호
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• pp.436-445
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• 1986

As the second part of the studies on the utilization of polyunsaturated lipids in sardine oil as nutritional or medical supplement, the conditions of lipid extration and concentration, refining, and storage stability of EPA-condensed sardine oil were investigated. In extraction of lipids, solvent ratios of chloroform-methanol mixture(2:1 v/v) affected the final content of unsaturated lipid in extracted oil and recovery. Stepwise solvent fractionation method at various low temperatures was effective to concentrate polyenoic acids like EPA and DHA when acetone or acetone-methanol mixture, added in the ratio of 1:5 (v/v) was applied step by step to different temperatures at 0 to $-35^{\circ}C$. Addition of 1 to $5\%$ (v/v) of water to acetone was also benefit to raise EPA content but that resulted in reducing the yield of condensed oil from $65\%\;to\;28\%$. Concentration rate of polyenoic acids by solvent fractionation in lipid-actone solution (1:5, v/v) at 0 to $-30^{\circ}C$ seemed limited to $5{\sim}8\%$ in fatty acid composition depending on the initial content of those polyenoic acids in the sardine oil. During the extraction, concentration, and alkaline treatment, oxidation was rapidly induced but oxidation products could be thoroughly removed on the process of deceleration and peroxide elimination. To stabilize the reactive polyenoic acid condensed oil during the storage, stuffing nitrogen gas was essential to expel dissolved oxygen in oil or to seal the oil from open air, and the addition of antioxidative agents as BHA and tocopherols were greatly helpful to extend the storage life.