• 한국의류학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.77-87
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• 1991

The purpose of this study were to investigate the bed climate and the physiological responses in sleep on the traditional Korean floor heating system called Ondol. Ondol has been the most widely used heating system in Korea, yet there has been a no systematic studies examined its environmental effects on human body. Experimental room was constructed to match the typical thermal environment of Ondol. (floor surface temperature; $32\~33^{\circ}C$, air temperature; $22.5{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$, relative humidity; $64.0{\pm}4.0\%$RH, air velocity; 0.25 m/sec.) Three different combinations of bedclothes were chosen for the experiment based on the study results showing that they were the most widely used types in Korea. Type 1 was the combination of a cotton-padded mattress with a cotton-padded Korean style blanket. Type 2 was a cotton-padded mattress with a cotton-guilted Korean style blanket. Type 3 was a cotton-padded matless with a polyacryl blanket. Thermal resistance of each of these combina-tions in the bedclothes was measured using thermal manikin. Two adult female was chosen for the seven hour sleeping experiment which was known to be the average sleeping hours of Korean adult female. The bed climate was measured with the temperature under the mattress, the surface temper-ature of the mattress, and the air temperature and the relative humidity of the space between the mattress and blanket. The skin temperature, rectal temperature of the subjects and the bed climate were measured eight times, one hour before the experiment and every hour during the experiment. The weight loss and the subjective sensation were measured for the each subjects before and after the experiment. The procedure was repeated twice with two subjects and three types of bedclothes, yielding twelve combinations of results. The results were as follows; 1. With the surface temperature of $32\~33^{\circ}C$ of Ondol, air temperature was $22.5{\pm}1.0^{\circ}C$ with $64.0{\pm}4.0\%$ RH. The bed climates were $39.2{\pm}40.8^{\circ}C$ under the mattress, $35.3\~36.2^{\circ}C$ on the mattress, and $26.9\~32.0^{\circ}C$ with $56.0\~71.3\%$ RH between the mattress and the blanket. 2. Mean skim temperature during sleep was 34.2"C with local skin temperature of $34.0\~35.5^{\circ}C$. The skin temperatures of abdomen, thigh, foot were higher than the other parts of the body. 3. The skin temperature of chest, thigh, leg and back varied significantly according to the combinations of bedclothes. With the cotton-padded blanket, the skin temperature was the highest, while with the cotton-guilted blanket showed lowest. 4. Examining the relationship between the mean skin temperature and the local skin temper-ature, the chest temperature showed the highest correlation with the former. Therefore, the chest temperature can be recommended to represent the skin temperature in measuring the bed climate. 5. The subjective bed climates were $39.0\~40.4^{\circ}C$ under the mattress, $35.2\~35.9^{\circ}C$ on the mattress, $29.8\~31.6^{\circ}C$ with $56.8\~68.4\%$ RH between the mattress and blanket. In sum, from this experiment we not only obtained the reliable value of bed climates on Ondol, but also showed that the bed climates and the physiological responses were affected differently according to the materials of bed clothes.

• 임산에너지
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 2002

본 연구는 MDF로 제조된 우드세라믹을 이용하여 온돌마루판 시공 시 하부소재로서의 사용가능성을 검토하고자 실시하였다. 650℃와 800℃로 소성하여 제조된 우드세라믹을 발열판 위에 올려놓고 발열판의 온도 및 시간의 경과에 따른 우드세라믹의 표면온도의 변화를 측정하였다. 우드세라믹의 표면온도는 밀도가 증가함에 따라 표면온도가 증가하였으며, 바닥온도의 변화에 따른 표면온도는 바닥온도가 증가함에 따라 표면온도가 증가하여, 측정온도가 높을수록 열전도가 빠름을 알 수 있었다. 그러나 우드세라믹 제조 시 소성온도에 따른 표면온도의 변화는 뚜렷한 차이를 발견할 수 없었다.

• 한국의류학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.291-299
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• 1993

In this study, bedclimate was investigated depending on three bedquilts used on ondol in winter. The environmental room condition and the ondol surface temperature were maintained $20{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, $50{\pm}3%R$. H and $30{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, respectively. The materials of the experimental quilts were not different from each other. But the weights of cotton filler were 1.5, 3.0, and 4.5kg for the bedquilts. Two healthy young women were subjected for seven hour's sleep with two replications for this study. The results are as follows. 1) The range of temperature under the mattress was higher($38.5{\sim}43.2^{\circ}C$) than that of the temperature on the mattress($32.4{\sim}37.0^{\circ}C$) or that of the temperature inside the bedquilts($30.2{\sim}34.5^{\circ}C$). The humidity inside the bedquilts was 40~73%R.H. 2) The range of bedclimate which subjects feel comfortable were $33.6{\sim}37.1^{\circ}C$ on the mattress, $30.2{\sim}33.6^{\circ}C$, 42~67%R.H. inside the bedquilts. At this range, the mean skin temperature of the subjects was was $34.7{\sim}35.6^{\circ}C$. 3) When there was heating, the weight of mattress increased due to evaporation by heat from below, while wehght of other bedding increased. 4) The lower limbs are noted to be a good representative for the prediction of the skin temperature during sleep. 5) The thicker the bedquilt, the warmer and more humid the bedquilt, which induce frequent body movement during sleep, hence inferior comfort properties of bedquilts.

• 설비공학논문집
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.295-305
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• 1993

Thermal performance of test cell of model hot water Ondol house was simulated by equivalence heat resistence and heat capacity method. In this method wall was replaced by two equivalence and one heat capacity. This method enables to simulate the variation of temperature of each element of model house. The effect of pipe diameter, pitch of pipe and with or without consideration of inter-radiation between wall surfaces on the energy consumption rate were investgated. Results show that radiations between the ground surface of room and wall surfaces contribute to the heating of room air by reducing the convection heat loss through the wall surfaces.

• 대한설비공학회지:설비저널
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.115-118
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• 1975

The constriction thermal resistance due to the floor supports in the Ondol floor heating system was investigated. The resistance has significant influence on the uniformity of floor surface temperature and heat flux through the floor. The heat flux decreased as much as $30\%$ for the geometry of the same channel and support areas.

• 대한설비공학회지:설비저널
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.187-199
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• 1985

The low-temperatured radiant heating System like a panel heating system is recognized as nice means to make comfortable indoor environment. Perhaps, 'Ondol' would be a typical example of the Panel heating system. Nevertheless. Occupants in a radiantly heated Space which has an asymmetric radiant field may feel thermally discomfort due to the asymmetric radiation. The aim of this Study is to suggest the fundamental technical data for establishing Standards of thermally comfortable environment when designing a radiant heating System. Thermal distribution of indoor environment and the skin temperature of the occupants were measured at experimental room in KIER (Korea Institute of Energy and Resources). Whole/Regional thermal and comfort Sensation votes of the occupants were taken simultaneously in order to investigate the relationships between thermal environmental factor and the occupants' responses. The effect of an asymmetric radiation on thermal environment and the occupants' responses was analyzed by using a v.r.t.(vector radiant temperature). By this means, the thermally neutral limits for the ambient air temperature and the floor surface temperature by the occupants' responses were Obtained. And the recommended temperature limits of the indoor surface were derived from the experimental work and the theory of radiant and will provide thermal neutrality for man without any discomfort on the part of the body.

• 농업생명과학연구
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.29-34
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• 2012

소나무 톱밥보드로 제조된 우드세라믹에 전선을 연결하여 목재 틀과 콘크리트 블록 속에 넣고 통전하여 강화마루판과 합판마루판의 표면온도 상승과 하강변화를 조사 하여 우드세라믹을 온돌마루판 하부소재로 이용할수 있는 가능성을 검토하였다. 통전시간 60분 후 마루판의 표면온도와 처음 시작온도 차이는 강화마루판이 크게 나타나 합판마루판보다 열전달이 빠름을 알 수 있었다. 목재 틀에서 우드세라믹 표면설정온도가 $70^{\circ}C$와 $80^{\circ}C$일 때 60분 후 강화마루판의 표면온도는 각각 $37.8^{\circ}C$와 $39.4^{\circ}C$로 높게 나타나 열전달이 우수하였다. 각 우드세라믹 표면설정온도별 처음 시작온도와 30분후의 표면온도 하강차이는 목재 틀이 콘크리트 블록보다, 강화마루판이 합판마루판보다 커서 온도하강이 빠름을 알 수 있었다. 우드세라믹 자체의 표면온도 하강은 목재 틀보다 콘크리트 블럭에서 하강속도가 빨랐으며, 마루판의 하강속도가 우드세라믹의 하강속도보다 느려 마루판이 오랜 시간 열을 유지하고 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제13권12호
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• pp.6167-6175
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• 2012

본 연구는 개발된 온돌판넬을 이용한 바닥난방공법의 품질검증을 위한 실험적 연구이다. 이를 위해 현행기술인 표준바닥구조에 의한 난방시스템과 본 개발기술의 난방성능을 측정비교 하였다. 그 결과, 온수온도 $45^{\circ}C$, 8시간 공급시 개발기술의 몰탈표면부 온도는 $49.4^{\circ}C$, 배관사이 중앙부는 $44.1^{\circ}C$, 공기층은 $25.3^{\circ}C$로 나타났다. 반면, 현행기술의 몰탈표면부는 $46.2^{\circ}C$, 배관사이 중앙부는 $37.7^{\circ}C$, 공기층은 $24.7^{\circ}C$로 나타났다. 한편, 온수온도 $45^{\circ}C$일 때 개발기술의 누적 에너지소비량은 4,646 kcal, 현행기술은 4,814 kcal로써 개발기술이 기존 기술보다 적게 나타났다.

• 한국주거학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국주거학회 2003년도 정기총회 및 추계학술대회
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• pp.47-51
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• 2003

In this paper, we compared the thermal environment in the livingroom with panel heating system of Korea and Japan. The houses are two apartments and two single houses in Korea, and two apartments in Japan. The outdoor temperatures, indoor air temperatures, surface temperatures on floor and humidities were measured. The survey to the residents and recording of operation were also collected. The results were as follows.1. The Korean houses are warmer and drier(approximately 23$^{\circ}$C, 38%) than those of Japan.(approximately 20$^{\circ}$C, 57%). And indoor temperaures of Korean apartment are stabie. 2.The residents in Japan put on and off the switches of the heating system frequently.

• 대한건축학회논문집:구조계
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.53-60
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• 2018

For test on flooring board laminated with PVC decoration materials in order to replace the current surface materials such as HPL in decoration wood-based flooring board. the Results of comparison and analysis are as follows: For thermal conductivity, flooring board decorated with PVC did not show huge differences when temperature was rising and lowering compared to the flooring materials laminated with the existing HPL surface materials. It seems the most meaningful results for using it as indoor flooring materials. That is, in Korea where there is the culture focusing on ondol heating, use amount of heat energy and efficiency of flooring materials are very important and sensitive issues, involving immediately with household economy of final consumers, and it might be a criteria to judge basic performances required as flooring materials. As a result of the analysis on mandatory durability test items such as abrasion resistance, absorption width expansion rate, impact resistance, surface hardness, and impact absorption for flooring materials, compared to flooring board laminated with general HPL surface decoration materials, decoration wood-based flooring board laminated with PVC surface decoration materials which is higher abrasion resistance with smaller transformation and has better durability and impact absorption of the surface, is available for actual application as indoor flooring board, and for replacing surface decoration materials impregnated with heat-hardened resion such as HPL.