• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.340-347
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• 2007

Purpose : The purpose of this study is to investigate the material in middle school and high school textbooks covering child care and children's health for medically inaccurate content and to make sure that the correct information is given to students. Methods : We have examined 47 kinds of textbooks on the subjects 'Home economics' and 'Technology and home economics' published in 2007 to find out how much importance is placed on children's health and childcare and to search for incorrect definitions, inaccurate facts or insufficient explanations. We have also analyzed the credentials of the writers of these textbooks. Results : Textbooks of middle school cover psychological and physical changes during adolescence and nutrition, and those of high school cover marriage and childcare. These materials covering health made up 27.5%, 11.7% of middle & high school texts. Age definitions of neonate and infant were incorrect. Inaccurate facts were mostly about fontanelles, primitive reflexes, breastfeeding and weaning. There also were wrong informations on the umbilical cord care and developmental milestones during infancy. The childhood immunization schedules and the growth curves were not up to date. Most of the authors major in home economics and the others were school teachers. There was no evidence of any review by a medical society or an expert. Conclusions : When writing about children's health and childcare in textbooks, a board-certified pediatrician or The Korean Pediatric Society should be consulted to provide accurate medical information to middle and high school students.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.17-30
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• 1978

Press drying was used on italian poplar (Populus euamericana) to find the profitable means of drying. This study was designed to investigate the process of platen drying considering core temperature, drying time, current moisture content, drying rate, shrinkage and recovery, and green volume specific gravity, equilibrium moisture content and dimensional stability of press dried material and air dried material, The drying tests were conducted using 1.5 centimeter thick material at platen temperature of $175^{\circ}C$. The results were summarized as follows. 1. Core temperature was divided into three stages of drying characterized by period initial heating, plateau temperature and rising core temperature. Plateau temperature was 114 to $119^{\circ}C$. 2. The following predicting equations of drying time(y) in different core temperatures were developed for initial thickness($x_1$), initial moisture content ($x_2$) and final moisture content ($x_3$) 3. The predicting equaltion of current moisture content(u) was log u=4.658-0.060t as funtion of drying time(t) and that of drying rate(r) was log r=-2.797-0.049t. Current moisture content and drying rate of air drying were shown in figure 2. 4. The predicting equation of shrinkage in thickness direction(y) was log y=1.933+0.038t as function of drying time(t), and that of expansion in width direction was $y=-0.692+0.043t-0.001t^2$. 5. Thickness shrinkage was increased more than proportional at to pressure increase. Width shrinkage and thickness recovery was greatest at 35psi. 6. Green volume specific gravity of press dried material was 25% greater than that of air dried material. But equilibrium moisture content of press dried material was less 24% than that of air dried material. Antishrinkage efficiency of press dried material were obtained 27.7%.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.7-16
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• 1970

There are 19 species of bamboo in Korea, among which few are of commercial value. The Phyllostachys has wide range of utilization, for sea weed production, industrial production of various bamboo wares, etc. The total export from Chenla-Namdo to some more than ten countries was recorded 204,000,000 won worth in 1969. As civilization develops so does the techniques of bamboo works, and they in turn accelerate the demand for bamboo wood of better quality. In the light of this trend, the author attempted to make bamboo plants to develope a quadragular culm with elaborate design as disired instead of the original round one, with the expectation that it might be widely welcomed by hand workers, interior decorators. Here are some facts found out in this experiment: 1). The greater the diameter of the shoot at the eye level was, the better result was brought, and as shown in Fig. 5 the rate of success was 72% with the shoots of 7.5 cm thick. 2). The shoots of 30 cm in length showed 100% of success, developing into a desired quadrangular culms without fail(See Fig. 6). 3). The intensity of wood fiber increased as time lapsed, without receiving any influence by the weather (See Fig. 7, 8). 4). During the growing, the culm proved to be flexible enough to bend up to 90 degree (See Fig. 9). 5). In an attempt to promote the value of bamboo by decoration, the author tried to impress rectangular indents on the culm. The indention using a qudangular board 1cm smaller in width than the shoot diameter gave 100% success (See Fig. 10). 6). Design experiment was also successful both in coloration and impressing and the resulting designs delicately depended on the kinds of chemicals used and their combination (Table 2) (See Fig. 12, 13, 14). With the above mentioned findings, the author concludes that the mass production of quadrangular bamboo culm is quite a promissing as an new industry to develope bamboo works to a more valuable one. This research was carried out with the research fund provided by the Ministry of Education in 1969.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.503-526
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• 1996

A synoptic survery of chemical characteristics in the last Sea of Korea was carried out at the 11 stations near Ullungdo in November, 1994 on board R/V Tam-Yang. On the basis of the vortical distribution patterns of temperature, salinity and dissolved oxygen, water masses in the study area are divided into five groups; 1) Tsushima Surface Water (TSW), 2) Tsushima Middle Water (TMW), 3) East Sea Intermediate Water (ESIW), 4) last Sea Proper Water (ESPW), 5) Mixed Water (MW). In the vertical profiles of nutrients, the concentrations were very low in the surface layer and increased rapidly near the thermocline. There was a slight decrease in the ESIW and the concentrations were constant with the depth below 300m except dissolved silicate which still increased with depth. Relatively high value of Si/P ratio (25.2) in ESPW, whick is the oldest water mass, suggests that Si is regenerating more slowly compared to other nutrients. The relatively high value of N/P ratio (18.6) in the surface layer might be related to high vertical eddy diffusivity $(K_z)$ of $1.19\;cm^{2}/sec$ and high nitrate upward flux of $103.7\;{\mu}g-at/m^{2}/hr$, compared to the values reported in other areas. Apparent Oxygen Utilization (AOU) was very low in the surface layer and increased in the TMW, but there was a slight decrease in the ESIW. The highest value of AOU occurred in the ESPW. The slpoe of P/AOU was 0.50. The study on the relationship between water masses and nutrient distribution patterns is important in understanding the regeneration processes of nutrients in the polar region of the last Sea.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.337-345
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• 1998

Purpose : To obtain the uniform dose at limited depth to entire surface of the body, the dose characteristics of degraded electron beam of the large target-skin distance and the dose distribution of the six-dual electron fields were investigated Materials and Method : The experimental dose distributions included the depth dose curve, spatial dose and attenuated electron beam were determined with 300 cm of target-skin distance (TSD) and full collimator size (35*35 $cm^2$ on TSD 100 cm) in 4 MeV electron beam energy. Actual collimated field size of 105 cm * 105 cm at the distance of 300 cm could include entire hemibody. A patient was standing on step board with hands up and holding the pole to stabilize his/her positions for the six-dual fields technique. As a scatter-degrader, 0.5 cm of acrylic plate was inserted at 20 cm from the body surface on the electron beam path to induce ray scattering and to increase the skin dose. Results : The full width at half maximum(FWHM) of dose profile was 130 cm in large field of 105*105 $cm^2$ The width of $100\pm10\%$ of the resultant dose from two adjacent fields which were separated at 25 cm from field edge for obtaining the dose unifomity was extended to 186 cm. The depth of maximum dose lies at 5 mm and the 80$\%$ depth dose lies between 7 and 8 mm for the degraded electron beam by using the 0.5 cm thickness of acrylic absorber. Total skin electron beam irradiation (TSEBI) was carried out using the six dual fields has been developed at Stanford University. The dose distribution in TSEBI showed relatively uniform around the flat region of skin except the protruding and deeply curvatured portion of the body, which showed excess of dose at the former and less dose at the latter. Conclusion : The percent depth dose, profile curves and superimposed dose distribution were investigated using the degraded electron beam through the beam absorber. The dose distribution obtained by experiments of TSEBI showed within$\pm10\%$ difference except the protruding area of skin which needs a shield and deeply curvatured region of skin which needs boosting dose.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.37-48
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• 2019

This study, which starting from Yangyang Jukdo's topography formation and questioning revealed in landscape guide and landscape commentary board, is to sort out the characteristics of Jukdo natural landscape through literature research, field observation research and stakeholder interview as part of the proper recognition of Jokdo landscape and search for landscape resources, and pursued a review of nominations and criticism. The results of this study are summarized as follows. Yangyang Jukdo is an island named because it was full of blue bamboo. From before the first half of the 14th Century. to the middle of the 18th Century., there was a Gwanlan-pavilion to see the sea and the bamboo in the west. The time when the original island, the Jukdo, have been a land-tied island connected with the land by the tombolo formed by the erosion of the sand. It is located at the end of the 14th Century. and before the middle of the 18th Century. In Jukdo, colorful weathered terrains, coastal terrain, and structural terrain formed by long-time weathering are found. Among them, the type of weathering, the tafoni style and the gnamma style are the scenic landscapes with the key stories of legend and poetry that are brought to Jukdo. In addition, there are seven kinds of letters caved in the rocks in Jukdo. The rocks found on the coast, basketball cannons, shrines, and sutras are seen as shrouds based on a Taoist hermit motifs and style. In addition, it can be interred from the photography of "jeongssisejeog" that the souvenir of Jukdo was the family of Chogyejeong of mid 18th Century. In terms of observational geography and poetry, Jukdo has been handed down a great deal of missionary color with key motifs such as 'Jukdo-seongoo', 'Jukdo-Dolgooyoo', or 'Stone mortar of Taoist hermit' It is proved that the pearl which is called 'The stone of the Taoist hermit' is a porthole formed in a separate space rather than the topography of the geomorphology in terms of shape, size and function. Currently named Shun-tang is a product of the ridiculous 'naming' of interest. The present landscape guide and commentary is not only incompatible with the place of Jukdo, but also does not match the traditional cultural landscape. Future scenery information such as guide signs and commentary boards should be improved in the direction of positively highlighting the stories and motifs related to the present that are present in order to enhance the landscape identity of Yangyang Jukdo.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.166-185
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• 1983

Aspergillus niger IFO 8541 (NRRL 3112) was investigated through a series of UV rays and N-Methyl-N'-Nitro-N-Nitrosoguanidine (NTG) treatments to induce mutants that produce highly active raw starch saccharifying enzyme, and two mutants with strong enzymatic productivity were obtained. The mutants obtained were investigated for their fungal characters, condition of enzyme production, and other activities. Furthermore, the raw starch saccharifying enzyme was purified and the characteristics of purified enzyme were studied. The results obtained were summarized as follows; 1. The color of conidial head of UV-46 mutant obtained from UV rays treatment was changed to tan type and the gelatinated starch saccharifying enzyme productivity and the raw starch saccharifying enzyme productivity increased up to twice and 1.8 times compared to the productivities of original Aspergillus niger IFO 8541 cultured on the wheat bran, respectively. 2. The conidial head color of NG-41 mutant obtained from NTG treatment became lighter than that of parent strain. The gelatinated starch saccharifying enzyme productivity and raw starch saccharifying enzyme productivity increased about 1.8 times, and twice over the Aspergillus niger IFO 8541 parent strain cultured on wheat bran, respectively. The productivity of ${\alpha}$-amylase increased about 3 times more than the parent strain. 3. Two peaks of glucoanlylase and a peak of ${\alpha}$-amylase were obtained when enzyme solution of mutants and parent strain were passed through DEAE-Sephadex A-50 column chromatography. Glucoamylase I showed only gelatinated starch saccharifying enzyme activity. However, glucoamylase II (raw starch saccharifying enzyme) showed both raw starch saccharifying enzyme activity and gelatinated starch saccharifying enzyme activity. 4. Mutant, UV-46 was strengthened in glucoamylase II productivity and mutant NG-41 was strengthened in ${\alpha}$-amylase productivity. 5. Glucoamylase II of mutants and parent strain were appeared to have the same enzymatic properties. 6. Glucoamylase II of mutants and parent strain were recognized as simple enzyme through electrophoresis. 7. The glucoamylase II crystallized showed rhombic board type. 8. The molecular weight, isoelectric point, optimum pH, and optimum temperature of the glucoamylase II crystallized were estimated as 76,000, 3.4, 3.5 and $60^{\circ}C$, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Archives and Records Management
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.83-109
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• 2007

This paper focuses on the Bijombon Haerampeon written by Lee Eonjin The analysis of the paper is associated with the following: i) the career of Lee Eonjin ; ii) the manuscripts and collected works of Lee Eonjin ; iii) Haerampeon ; iv) Lee Yeonghyu and Nam Ok ; v) and the comparison of the Bijombon Haerampeon and Haerampeon carried in Songmokkwanjip and Songmokkwansinyeogo. Lee Eonjin(1740-1766) was a great poet and better known as one of the four great interpreters in Chosun dynasty. Woosangingbok was the only manuscripts handed down up to now among the works of Lee Eonjin. Woosangingbok ran the Bijombon Haerampeon, 6 pieces of itinery, 3 pieces of poem, 5 pieces of letter. Lee Eonjin visited Japan from the 6th of October, 1763 to the 20th of June in 1764 as a member of Tongsinsa in attendance upon Cho Om. He wrote Haerampeon vividly with five characters what he observed during his stay in Japan. It was composed on board of Ilkido from the 28th of May to the 8th of June in 1746. After Lee Yeonghyu and Nam Ok reviewed Haerampeon, Lee Yeonghyu placed a blue point and circle and Nam Ok placed a red point and circle. Ultimately the result raised the value of Haerampeon. Haerampeon is to be divide into four parts. Four parts are described below: the first part, the geographic features and products of Japan; the second part, the grow of Osaka city and the cityward tendency of world products; the third part, the racial prejudice, religion, and life; and the fourth part, the good neighborly relations with Japan. Finally, as compared with the proofing and difference of three kinds of text, namely, the Bijombon Haerampeon and Haerampeon carried in Songmokkwanjip and Songmokkwansinyeogo, it is approved that the Bijombon Haerampeon is the most correct text and has the value of cultural properties as a national treasure. The Result of this research will be contributed for research Lee Eonjin and utilized as information resources in the field of bibliographic science, Korean language and literature, and historical studies, etc.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• v.25 no.7
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• pp.867-873
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• 2019

As of August 2019, there were 3,823 vessels under 30 tons that could be included in the category of small vessels; these account for 42.5 % of the 9,001 registered vessels in Korea. The problem is that many small vessel seafarers face many problems such as an board communication disconnection, difficulties in communication in maritime license interviews, or education related to maritime training using a large number of nonstandard terms, which are derived from foreign languages; this is leading to a decline the job skills of small vessel seafarers. Therefore, in this study, we closely analyzed the terminology of small vessel seafarers and proposed a standardization plan. In the terminology analysis, the preliminary terms of the maritime license interview and the high-frequency terms of the small vessel educational textbook were identified and the corresponding nonstandard terms were examined. Based on a survey, an expert meeting was held and incorrect Japanese notation, English notation, and the standard language for key terms were presented to analyze which questionnaire was most familiar. The ratio of the use of standard words is relatively high in the case of nautical terms, however, the wrong Japanese notation is used more for engine terms; the analysis results by age and tonnage also generally use the Japanese notation and the use frequency of English notation was determined to be low. Based on this, short- and long-term plans for the use of standard words by small vessel seafarers were proposed, including the production of a standard language dictionary for terms used by these seafarers, a promotion of the importance of using standard terms, active education through educational institutions, and the systematic preparation and implementation of Korean-language education for foreign sailors.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.109-133
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• 2007

The legal labyrinth through which we have just walked is one in which even a highly proficient lawyer could easily become lost. Warsaw Convention's original objective of uniformity of private international aviation liability law has been eroded as the world community ha attempted again to address perceived problems. Efforts to create simplicity and certainty of recovery actually may have created less of both. In any particular case, the issue of which international convention, intercarrier agreement or national law to apply will likely be inconsistent with other decisions. The law has evolved faster for some nations, and slower for others. Under the Warsaw Convention of 1929, strict liability is imposed on the air carrier for damage, loss, or destruction of cargo, luggage, or goods sustained either: (1) during carriage in air, which is comprised of the period during which cargo is 'in charge of the carrier (a) within an aerodrome, (b) on board the aircraft, or (c) in any place if the aircraft lands outside an aerodrome; or (2) as a result of delay. By 2007, 151 nations had ratified the original Warsaw Convention, 136 nations had ratified the Hague Protocol, 84 had ratified the Guadalajara Protocol, and 53 nations had ratified Montreal Protocol No.4, all of which have entered into force. In November 2003, the Montreal Convention of 1999 entered into force. Several airlines have embraced the Montreal Agreement or the IATA Intercarrier Agreements. Only seven nations had ratified the moribund Guatemala City Protocol. Meanwhile, the highly influential U.S. Second Circuit has rendered an opinion that no treaty on the subject was in force at all unless both affected nations had ratified the identical convention, leaving some cases to fall between the cracks into the arena of common law. Moreover, in the United States, a surface transportation movement prior or subsequent to the air movement may, depending upon the facts, be subject to Warsaw, or to common law. At present, International private air law regime can be described as a "situation of utter chaos" in which "even legal advisers and judges are confused." The net result of this barnacle-like layering of international and domestic rules, standards, agreements, and criteria in the elimination of legal simplicity and the substitution in its stead of complexity and commercial uncertainty, which manifestly can not inure to the efficient and economical flow of world trade. All this makes a strong case for universal ratification of the Montreal Convention, which will supersede the Warsaw Convention and its various reformulations. Now that the Montreal Convention has entered into force, the insurance community may press the airlines to embrace it, which in turn may encourage the world's governments to ratify it. Under the Montreal Convention, the common law defence is available to the carrier even when it was not the sole cause of the loss or damage, again making way for the application of comparative fault principle. Hopefully, the recent entry into force of the Montreal Convention of 1999 will re-establish the international legal uniformity the Warsaw Convention of 1929 sought to achieve, though far a transitional period at least, the courts of different nations will be applying different legal regimes.