• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.134-151
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• 2014

This paper deals with a review of the structure and production techniques of the Dried-lacquer Amitabha Buddha statue enshrined in Geungnakjeon Hall of Simhyangsa Temple, located in Daeho-dong, Naju-si, Jeollanam-do, Korea. To achieve this goal, X-ray date and two rounds of field research were performed. The data collected were reviewed, and a sample peeled off from the damaged part was analyzed to investigate the structure and material of the background layer. The results revealed that the Simhyangsa Temple Buddha statue was an almost empty Dried-lacquer(Hyeopjeo) Buddha statue where wood core had not been framed and inserted in the statue. It was thus observed that considering that the clothes wrinkles clearly remained, the same one as the irregularity of the outer clothes wrinkles, the Dried-lacquer layer was lifted made in an almost complete shape in the process of forming the clay figure as the origin form. The statue was found to be diagonally incised from the top of the head to the back of the neck to remove the clay and wood core. But in other sites, no incision was confirmed. It was observed that on the site of the head where the incision was made, an adhesives(lacquer or paste) was used. In addition, the black eyes were impacted with beads and the ears, hands, bands, and knots were made of wood. These features are identically shown in the Dried-lacquer Amitabha Buddha statue from Seonguksa Temple, known as a work of the late Goryeo dynasty; the Seated Dried-lacquer Buddha statue in Okura Museum of Art in Tokyo, Japan; the Seated Dried-lacquer Amitabha Buddha statue from Jungnimsa Temple, know as a work of the early Joseon dynasty; and the Seated Vairocana Buddha statue in Bulhoesa Temple, the Seated Dried-lacquer Amitabha Buddha and the Seated Dried-lacquer Buddha statue from Silsangsa Temple. The analysis of the back layer demonstrated that the ground layer and the red lacquer were the production of the time. In particular, the bone ash used for the ground layer was also coated for the ground layer of Buddha statues as well as for the production of the lacquerware during the Goryeo dynasty. It was also found that gold mending was conducted more than twice even in modern times and that the layer of the production time was well preserved despite gold mending several times.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.70-95
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• 2013

The Tejaprabha Buddha painting, located in the Korai Museum in Kyoto, Japan, was made in 1569 when Joseon Dynasty was in his $14^{th}$ year under SeonJo's ruling, and is only one of Tejaprabha Buddha paintings from the early Chosun dynasty. With its well preserved state, the painting allows clear indications of all icons and list of names that were written, and the record region also has minimal deterioration. This Buddhist painting is a GumSeonMyoHwa which is drawn with gold lining on red hemp cloth and has a relatively small dimension of $84.8{\times}66.1cm$. With the Tejaprabha Buddha in the center, the painting has two unidentified Bodhisattvas, Navagrabha, Rahu, Keto, YiSipPalSoo (28 constellation of the eastern philosophy), SipYiGoong (12 zodiacs of the western philosophy), SamDaeYookSung, and BookDooChilSung (the Big Dipper), all of which provide resourceful materials for constellation worshipin the Joseon era. This painting has a crucial representation of the overall Tejaprabha Buddhism - a type of constellation worships - from the early Joseon dynasty. Even though the composition does seem to be affiliated with the paintings from the Koryo dynasty, there are meaningful transformations that reflect changes in content into constellation worship in Joseon dynasty. As a part of the Tejaprabha Buddha, SipIlYo has become a center of the painting, but with reduced guidance and off-centered 'Weolpe (star)', the painting deteriorates the concept of SipIlYo's composition. Furthermore, addition of Taoistic constellation beliefs, such as JaMiSung (The purple Tenuity Emperor of the North Pole), OkHwangDaeChae, and CheonHwangJae, eliminates the clear distinction between Taoistic and Buddhist constellation worships. Unlike the Chinese Tejaprabha Buddha painting, the concept of YiSipPalSoo (28 constellation of eastern philosophy) in this painting clearly reflects Korean CheonMoonDo's approach to constellation which can be applied to its uniqueness of the constellation worships. The fact that the Big Dipper and ChilWonSungKoon (Buddha of the Root Destiny Stars of the Northern and central Dipper) are simultaneously drawn can also be interpreted as the increase in importance of the constellation worship at the time as well.

• Journal of Science and Technology Studies
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-51
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• 2019

The understanding of law and science as fundamentally different two systems, in which fact stands against justice, rapid progress against prudent process, is far too simple to be valid. Nonetheless, such account is commonly employed to explain the tension between law and science or justice and truth. Previous STS research raises fundamental doubts upon the off-the-shelf concept of "scientific truth" that can be introduced to the court for legal judgment. Delimiting the qualification of the expert, the value of the expert knowledge, or the criteria of the scientific expertise have always included social negotiation. What are the values that are affecting the boundary-making of the thing called "modern science" that is supposedly useful in solving legal conflicts? How do the value of law and the meaning of justice change as the boundaries of modern science take shapes? What is the significance of "science" when it is emphasized, particularly in relation to the legal provisions of paternity, and how does this perception of science affect unfoldings of legal disputes? In order to explore the answers to the above questions, we follow a process in which a type of "knowledge-deficient model" of a court-that is, law lags behind science and thus, under-employs its useful functions-can be closely examined. We attend to a series of discussions and subsequent changes that occurred in the US courts between 1930s and 1970s, when blood type tests began to be used to determine parental relations. In conclusion, we argue that it was neither nature nor truth in itself that was excavated by forensic scientists and legal practitioners, who regarded blood type tests as a truth machine. Rather, it was their careful practices and crafty narratives that made the roadmaps of modern science, technology, and society on which complex tensions between modern states, families, and courts were seen to be "resolved".

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.42
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• pp.135-183
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• 2014

Korea has a high standard of IT environment to serve exhibit programs through the web with internet propagation and IT technology. However, the web exhibition of public institutions not only seem to introduce off-line exhibitions but also not to invigorate. It is caused by the lack of awareness, the cost of system installation and the lack of professional manpower. In this situation, OMEKA could suggest practical solutions to archives where need their own exhibition through the web. Especially, it would helpful for small record management organizations which are not enough budget and personal. OMEKA is an open source software program for digital collection and contents management. It has an affinity with users unlike traditional archives service programs. It also has been variously used by libraries, museums and schools because of exceptional exhibit functions. In this article, we introduce to the installation of a practical use about OMEKA. Regarding to OMEKA features, we consider it to raise exhibit effects. OMEKA would reduce the cost related to plans of exhibitions because it could display various contents and programs which reflecting characteristics of institutions. In addition, the availability of installation and widespread technological environment would lessen burden of public institutions. Using OMEKA, they would improve service level of public institutions and, make users satisfy. Therefore, they can change the social recognition of public institutions. OMEKA can contribute to various exercises of public records. It is not just the stereotypical system but, serves exhibition and collections with the strategy which each public institution would like to display. After all, it not only to connect to users with producers but also to improve the public image of institutions positively. Then, OMEKA would bring the great result through this interaction between public institutions and users.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.420-428
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• 2019

This study is the heating energy saving test of the high-bed strawberry crown heating system. The system consists of electric hot water boiler, thermal storage tank, circulation pump, crown heating pipe(white low density polyethylene, diameter 16mm) and a temperature control panel. For crown heating, the hot water pipe was installed as close as possible to the crown part after planting the seedlings and the pipe position was fixed with a horticultural fixing pin. In the local heating type, hot water at $20{\sim}23^{\circ}C$ is stored in the themal tank by using an electric hot water boiler, and crown spot is partially heated at the setting temperature of $13{\sim}15^{\circ}C$ by turning on/off the circulation pump using a temperature sensor for controlling the hot water circulation pump which was installed at the very close to crown of strawberry. The treatment of test zone consisted of space heating $4^{\circ}C$ + crown heating(treatment 1), space heating $8^{\circ}C$(control), space heating $6^{\circ}C$ + crown heating(treatment 2). And strawberries were planted in the number of 980 for each treatment. The heating energy consumption was compared between November 8, 2017 and March 30, 2018. Accumulated power consumption is converted to integrated kerosene consumption. The converted kerosene consumption is 1,320L(100%) for space $8^{\circ}C$ heating, 928L(70.3%) for space $4^{\circ}C$ + crown heating, 1,161L($88^{\circ}C$) for space $6^{\circ}C$ + crown heating). It was analyzed that space $4^{\circ}C$ + pipe heating and space $6^{\circ}C$ + crown heating save heating energy of 29.7% and 12% respectively compared to $8^{\circ}C$ space heating(control).

• The Southeast Asian review
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.95-129
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• 2017

This study surveys and reviews political change, economic performance, and regional cooperation that were carried out in 2016 by Southeast Asian countries and ASEAN. This paper reports that what has followed the inauguration of new governments in Myanmar, the Philippines, Vietnam, and Laos fails to live up to the expectation and optimism that arose in the aftermath of elections and party congresses that took place in the first half of the year. In other countries such as Malaysia, Thailand, and Cambodia, where authoritarian regimes are faced with strong oppositions, the prospects for democratic change worsened to a substantial degree, as schisms and internal strives complicated the opposition camp as a result of instigation and intervention by the authoritarian leaders and their followers. In stable political systems, both democratic and authoritarian, no significant changes that may entail serious political implications were noticed. In 2016, the national economy of almost each and every country continued its slow but steady recovery that had started in 2014 and grew by 5% on the average. For 2017 onward, however, the earlier optimism that it would grow at least as fast dimmed down as uncertainty about the world economy looms larger due to the unexpected win by Donald Trump as U.S. president and the expected 'hard landing' of the Chinese economy around 2018. ASEAN declared the launch of the ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) only one day before the New Year, but its track record looked already bad and unpromising by the end of 2016. ASEAN leaders were tied up by their domestic politics and affairs too tightly to take time off to work seriously to observe the schedule as laid out in the AEC Blueprint 2025. Korea's relationship with Southeast Asian countries and ASEAN was "as good as it gets" in 2016 as ever but could become subject to tough review in the near future, if the Ministry of Foreign Affairs is found out to have been implicated in the ongoing Choi Sun Sil scandal and if the opposition wins the next presidential election to be held by this year.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.557-574
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to analyze the cause of high PM2.5 mass concentrations in Cheongju for the period of non-Asian dust days using the weather chart, the stream lines at 850 hPa, the backward trajectory, and the weather and air quality model. As a result of analyzing the time series of PM2.5 concentrations and weather charts for the episodic days in Cheongju, the weather patterns were shown in related to long-range transport of PM2.5 from China or surrounding areas. In fact, in the PM2.5 time series, 60-80 ㎍ m-3, which is more than 2-3 times higher than the concentration attributed to Cheongju activities, was observed as a background concentration related to long-range transport. The distribution of high PM2.5 concentration was typically dependent on the locations of the high and low pressures above the ground while the upper jet stream passed through the Korean Peninsula. Consequently, the high PM2.5 concentration in Cheongju is due to massive air pollutants in the form of smog originated from industrial, household and energy combustion sources of Beijing and other nearby regions of China. These air pollutants move along a fast zonal wind caused by the atmospheric pressure arrangement. high concentration of PM2.5 in Cheongju City is because the mass of air pollutants in the form of smog generated from industrial, household and energy combustion origins in Beijing or other nearby regions of China move along a fast wind speed zone according to the atmospheric pressure arrangement of long-distance transportation. Air pollutants including PM2.5 show an M-shaped pattern that passes through the topography of the Cheongju basin from north to south as a belt or band-shaped pollutant. The ground high pressure according to the above-ground high pressure expansion area and cut-off low or low pressure arrangement, or the bands in the form of river stems appear in a gradual incremental pattern that changes into a U-shape under the influence of the wind.

• Journal of Appropriate Technology
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.151-162
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• 2020

Education is one of the priority sectors specified in Tanzania, and it has committed to provide 11 years of compulsory free basic education for all from pre-primary to lower secondary level. Despite the Government's efforts to provide free basic education to all children, there are 2.0 million (23.2 per cent) out of 8.5 million children at the primary school age of 7-13, who are out of school in Tanzania. The ICT class should be offered as a regular class in all secondary schools in Tanzania, recommended by the ministry of education. However, many schools are struggling to implement this mandate. Most of schools offer the ICT class with theory without any real hardware. Some schools were given with computers but they were not maintained for operation. There is a huge task to make ICT education universal. Main issues include: remoteness (off-grid area), lack of ICT teachers, lack of resources such as hardware, infrastructure, and lack of practical lessons or projects to be used at schools. An innovative blended ICT/STEM education program is being conducted not only for Tanzanian public and private/international schools, but also for out-of-school adolescents through institutions, NGO centers, home visits and at the E3 Empower academy center. For effective STEM education to take place and remain sustainable, more practical curriculum, and close-up teacher support need to be accompanied concurrently. Practical, project-based simple coding lessons have been developed and employed that students experience true learning. The effectiveness of the curriculum has been demonstrated in various project centers, and it showed that students are showing new interests in exploring new discovery, even though this was a totally new area for them. It has been designed for an easy replication, thus students who learned can repeat the lessons themselves to other students. The ultimate purpose of this project is to have IT education offered as universally as possible throughout the whole Tanzania. Quality education for all children is a key for better future for all. Previously it was hoped that education with discipline will improve the active learning. But now more than ever, we believe that children have the ability to learn on their own with given proper STEM education tools, guidelines and environment. This gives promising hope to all of us, including those in the developing countries.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.391-396
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• 2023

Milk is an emulsion, improving texture of surimi mixture and able to suppress off flavors and abnormal tastes. Therefore, this study aimed to identify the effective properties of milk in the preparation of a surimi mixture for 3D printing. The sensory and physical properties of surimi mixtures containing 0%, 20 wt%, and 40 wt% milk were evaluated, where the unheated surimi mixture with added milk demonstrated increased firmness and adhesiveness compared to the negative control group. In addition, the hardness, adhesiveness, gumminess, and chewiness of the mixture containing 40% milk were highest, but springiness, cohesiveness, and resilience were lowest. In the sensory evaluation, as the amount of milk increased, a fishy smell, abnormal taste and texture improved, hardness and preference increased as well. From these results, it was confirmed that a surimi mixture can be prepared with milk to improve its physical and sensory properties for 3D printing when compared to the negative control mixture. In particular, it was revealed that the physical properties and preference of the surimi mixture are best when prepared with 40% milk.

• Korea Science and Art Forum
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• v.25
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• pp.103-118
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• 2016

Due to the rapid development of ICT, corporate business models quickly changed and because of the radical growth of IT technology, sequential or gradual survival has become difficult. Internet-based new businesses such as IT service companies are seeking for new convergence business models that have not existed before to create business models that are more competitive, but the economic efficiency of business models that were successful in the past is wearing off. Yet, as reaching the critical point where the platform value becomes extremely high for platforms via the Internet is happening at a much higher speed than before, platform-ization has become a very important condition for rapid business expansion for all kinds of businesses. This study analyzes the necessity of establishing platform business models in IT service planning and identifies their characteristics through case analyses of platform business models. The results derived features First, there is a need to ensure sufficient buyers and sellers, and second, platform business model should provide customers with distinctive value of the only platforms are generating. third, the common interests between platform-driven company and a partner, participants Should be existing. Fourthly, by expanding base of participants and upgrades, expansion of adjacent areas we must have a continuous scalability and evolution must be sustainable. While it is expected that the identified characteristics will cause tremendous impacts to the establishment of platform business models and to the graphing of service planning, we also look forward to this study serving as the starting point for the establishment of theories of profit models for platform businesses, which were not mentioned in the study, so that planners responsible for platform-based IT service planning will spend less time and draw bigger schemes in building planning drafts.