• 한국정밀공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정밀공학회 2009년도 춘계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.653-654
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• 2009

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.317-327
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• 1985

In the case of temperature control of air conditioning and refrigerating system, it is possible to operate the system continuously by controlling the cooling capacity of refrigerating machines. But on-off control system has been adopted for refrigerating system which has more large capacity than that required to remove the generated heat. In this on-off control system, it can be considered that there exists some optimum condition for the refrigerating capacity, operating cycle, running hour, and the temperature difference between thermostat setting value and real one. In this paper, an equation was derived to express the temperature variation of the refrigerated object (Nybrine) and later two evaluating functions were derived. One is for the temperature difference and another is for operating cycle and running hour. The weighted sum of these two functions is defined as the criterion function for the evaluation of the control performance of the system, and then the optimum running condition is investigated in the sense of minimizing the criterion function. Experiments showed that the heat balance equation derived for the temperature variation and the estimation of the time constant of the refrigerated system are appropriate. By conclusion, if a proper weighting factor D is selected, the optimum conditions exist for the refrigerating capacity, running hour, and operating cycle in the on-off temperature control of the refrigerating system.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.18-24
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• 2015

In this study, a $CO_2$ air-conditioning system was investigated with different types of electrically driven compressors, parallel flow type gas cooler, four-pass type evaporator, internal heat exchanger integrated with accumulator, and electric expansion valve. The experimental study was conducted under various operating conditions (ie., different rotational compressor speeds, air inlet temperatures and air velocity coming into heat exchangers). The experimental results showed the cooling capacity was 3.5kW at $35^{\circ}C$ ambient temperature when the vehicle was idle (ie., the worst condition for cooling off the gas cooler). In terms of performance effect of the compressor, the e-RP model had a slightly better cooling capacity and coefficient of performance than the e-GR model under the same test conditions. An experimental equation for optimum cooling-performance control was also suggested based on the results. A high-pressure control algorithm for the super critical cycle was determined to achieve both maximum cooling performance and efficient energy consumption. The results from the experimental equation coincided with those of previous experimental studies.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.171-179
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• 2012

고온부에 해당하는 터빈 노즐과 로터의 냉각은 가스터빈의 성능에 큰 영향을 미친다. 본 연구에서는 냉각 공기의 예냉각이 가스터빈과 복합화력 발전 성능에 미치는 영향을 알아보았다. 계산에 사용된 모델은 F-Class 가스 터빈이며 냉각을 고려한 터빈의 구성요소를 사용해 냉각공기의 변화에 대해 보다 정확한 모사를 구사하였다. 냉각공기의 예냉각에 따른 가스터빈의 성능변화를 나타내기 위해 탈설계 해석이 수행되었다. 노즐 및 로터의 냉각에 따른 성능 변화를 보다 정확하게 나타내기 위해 열역학적 냉각모델과 속도삼각형을 고려한 모델이 고려되었다. 또한 복합발전의 경우 냉각공기에서 추출된 열을 하부사이클에서 회수하여 스팀터빈을 구동하는데 추가적인 열을 공급하는 시스템이 구성되었다. 복합발전 시스템의 모든 냉각공기의 온도를 200K 예냉각하는 경우에 주유동가스의 유량증가로 인해 약 1.78%의 출력 증가를 나타내었으며 동일한 터빈 입구온도 유지를 위한 연료소모의 증가로 효율은 0.70% 포인트 감소하였다.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2000년도 추계학술대회논문집B
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• pp.309-313
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• 2000

An experimental study was conducted to analyze the characteristics of the showcase refrigeration system during frosting and defrosting process. Test showcase was constructed with a cooling capacity of 3RT including 3 evaporators. The dynamic characteristics of the system under frosting and defrosting conditions were investigated. Refrigerant temperature and pressure of the system, dry bulb and wet bulb temperature of air passing through the evaporator, air flow rate and compressor power were measured.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2007년도 춘계학술대회B
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• pp.3446-3451
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• 2007

The thermal behavior of a building in response to heat input from an active solar space heating system is analysed to determine the effect of the variable storage tank temperature on the cycling rate, on and off temperature of a heating cycle and on the comfort characteristics of room air temperature. A computer simulation of the system behavior has been performed and verified by comparisons with various parameters. Especially, this study is focused on the effect of the system's performance when subjected to dynamic cooling loads. The heat input to the absorption system is provided by an array of solar collectors that coupled to a thermal storage tank.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.138-145
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• 2013

최근 국내에 많이 보급되고 있는 이류체 포그 냉방시스템의 효율적인 제어알고리즘을 개발하기 위하여 다양한 조건의 분무사이클을 설정하여 토마토재배 온실에서 냉방실험을 실시하였다. 냉방효과는 평균 $1.2{\sim}4.0^{\circ}C$를 보였고, 냉방효율은 평균 8.2~32.9%로 나타났다. 분무간격에 따른 실험에서 90초 분무사이클의 냉방효율이 가장 높았고, 대체로 분무시간이 길수록, 정지시간이 짧을수록 냉방효율이 높게 나타났다. 이류체 포그시스템의 분무량이 증가할수록 냉방효율이 높아지는 경향을 찾을 수 있었다. 그러나 분무량을 증가시키더라도 내부공기가 포화상태에 가까워지면 더 이상 증발이 일어나지 않으므로 내부공기가 포화상태에 도달하기 전까지 분무량을 증대시키는 방법으로 냉방효율을 높일 수 있을 것으로 판단된다. 냉방효율이 증가함에 따라 실내공기의 포차는 감소하였고 실내외 절대습도 차이는 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 포그의 증발량이 증가할수록 실내와 실외의 절대습도 차이는 커지고, 이에 따라 환기에 의한 수증기 배출이 잘 되어 다시 증발효율을 상승시키므로 냉방효율이 높아지는 순환구조를 갖게 되는 것으로 판단된다. 분무시간과 정지시간에 따른 실내공기의 포차변화를 회귀분석한 결과 $10g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$의 포차 변화에 필요한 분무시간은 120초, 정지시간은 60초로 나타났다. 그러나 온도의 진동폭을 줄이고 냉방효율을 높이기 위해서는 포차의 변동범위를 $5g{\cdot}kg^{-1}$으로 설정하여 60초 분무, 30초 정지가 더 적당할 것으로 판단된다. 이류체 포그시스템의 제어방식을 컴퓨터 제어시스템과 현재 보급되고 있는 간편제어시스템으로 분류하여 제어알고리즘을 유도하였다. 자연환기 온실에서 간편 제어시스템을 사용한다면 분무사이클을 60초 on, 30초 off로 설정하고 온도하한은 30~$30{\sim}32^{\circ}C$, 습도상한은 85~90%로 설정할 것을 제안한다.

• 대한원격탐사학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한원격탐사학회 2003년도 Proceedings of ACRS 2003 ISRS
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• pp.618-620
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• 2003

Harmonics of sea surface temperature (SST) in the East Sea and their possible causes are examined by analyzing NOAA/AVHRR data, SSM/I wind speeds, NSCAT wind vectors, and NCEP heat flux data. Detailed spatial structures of amplitudes and phases of the seasonal cycles and their contributions to the total variance of SST have quantitatively. The Subpolar front serves as a boundary between regions of high annual amplitudes (${\geq}$10$^{\circ}$C) in the cold continental region and low amplitudes (${\leq}$10$^{\circ}$C) in the Tsushima Warm Current region. The low phase center of annual cycle is located over a seamount at 132.2$^{\circ}$E, 41.7$^{\circ}$N south of Vladivostok. Semi-annual amplitudes are significantly large leaching over 20% of the annual amplitudes in the Tatarskiy Strait and along the continental shelf off Russian coast in fall and spring, but its forcings are substantially annual. We have shown that fall cooling is attributed by direct and local wind forcing, while spring cooling is remotely forced by cold waters from sea ices in the Tatarskiy Strait.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제35권11호
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• pp.1800-1807
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• 2022

Objective: This study aimed to determine the effect of different cooling sessions (CSs) as a water conservation strategy on physiological, and production responses and welfare in Holstein Friesian cows during subtropical summer in Pakistan. Methods: Twenty-one cows were subjected to three CS in a completely randomized design. The treatments were: i) eleven hours continuous cooling with sprinklers - control (CNT), ii) four CS, and iii) two CS. The CNT represented the practices of the commercial dairy farms in the area, while the other CSs were used as water reduction strategies. Each CS lasted for 1 h with a 12 min cycle (3 min water on and 9 min off) with a sprinkler flow rate of 1.25 L/min. Results: The average temperature humidity index of the shed and the outside open area were 81.9 and 82.5, respectively. The results showed that both physiological responses were highest in the 2CS group followed by the CNT and the 4CS (p = 0.001). The CNT and 4CS groups had similar milk yield (p = 0.040). The 4CS group had more lying and eating times than the CNT and 2CS groups (p = 0.000). The cortisol level in the 2CS group was 2.0 and 2.2 ㎍/dL more than the CNT and the 4CS groups, respectively (p = 0.000). Conclusion: In conclusion, the 4CS was more efficient in cooling the cows and had better welfare, as it yielded similar milk yield, and better physiological responses than the CNT despite using 90% less water.

• 방사성폐기물학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.559-570
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• 2023

The aim of this study is to ensure the structural integrity of a canister to be used in a dry storage system currently being developed in Korea. Based on burnup and cooling periods, the canister is designed with 24 bundles of spent nuclear fuel stored inside it. It is a cylindrical structure with a height of 4,890 mm, an internal diameter of 1,708 mm, and an inner length of 4,590 mm. The canister lid is fixed with multiple seals and welds to maintain its confinement boundary to prevent the leakage of radioactive waste. The canister is evaluated under different loads that may be generated under normal, off-normal, and accident conditions, and combinations of these loads are compared against the allowable stress thresholds to assess its structural integrity in accordance with NUREG-2215. The evaluation result shows that the stress intensities applied on the canister under normal, off-normal, and accident conditions are below the allowable stress thresholds, thus confirming its structural integrity.