• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.153-161
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• 2013

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) are the major components of brain and retina, and are the essential fatty acids with important physiologically active functions. Thus, PUFAs should be provided to children, and are very important in the brain growth and development for fetuses, newborn infants, and children. Omega-3 fatty acids decrease coronary artery disease and improve blood flow. PUFAs have been known to have anti-inflammatory action and improved the chronic inflammation such as auto-immune diseases or degenerative neurologic diseases. PUFAs are used for metabolic syndrome related with obesity or diabetes. However, there are several considerations related with intake of PUFAs. Obsession with the intake of unsaturated fatty acids could bring about the shortage of essential fatty acids that are crucial for our body, weaken the immune system, and increase the risk of heart disease, arrhythmia, and stroke. In this review, we discuss types, physiologic mechanism of action of PUFAs, intake of PUFAs for children, recommended intake of PUFAs, and considerations for the intake of PUFAs.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.496-502
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study was performed to investigate the association between the dietary intake of fish and shellfish, and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in the middle-aged Korean female patients with Type 2 diabetes (T2D). SUBJECTS/METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis was performed with 356 female patients (means age: 55.5 years), who were recruited from the Huh's Diabetes Clinic in Seoul, Korea between 2005 and 2011. The dietary intake was assessed by a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire and analyzed using the Computer Aided Nutritional Analysis program (CAN-Pro) version 4.0 software. RESULTS: In a multiple regression analysis after the adjustment for confounding factors such as age, BMI, duration of diagnosed T2D, alcohol consumption, fiber intake, sodium intake, and total energy intake, fish and shellfish intake of the subjects was negatively associated with triglyceride and pulse wave velocity (PWV). Omega-3 PUFAs intake was negatively associated with triglyceride, systolic blood pressures, diastolic blood pressures, and PWV. The multiple logistic regression analysis with the covariates showed a significant inverse relationship between the omega-3 PUFAs consumption and prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia [OR (95% CI) for greater than the median compared to less than the median: 0.395 (0.207-0.753)]. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the consumption of fish and shellfish, good sources of omega-3 PUFAs, may reduce the risk factors for CVD in the middle-aged female patients with T2D.

• Annals of Clinical Neurophysiology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.68-72
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• 2015

Background: The effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) on cerebral vessels have not been clarified until now. Thus we investigated the efficacy of omega-3 PUFAs supplementation on cerebral blood flow velocity and vascular resistance via transcranial doppler (TCD). Methods: Consecutive twenty patients (13 male and 7 female) with at least 1 cerebrovascular risk factor or a known cerebrovascular disease were enrolled. Patients were treated with omega-3 PUFAs (1 g, two times per day) for 12 weeks. Cerebral blood flow velocity, resistance index, and pulsatile index were checked before and after 12 weeks of treatment using TCD. Results: The change of resistance index in right MCA (from $0.58{\pm}0.07$ to $0.55{\pm}0.07$, p = 0.042) and left PCA (from $0.56{\pm}0.07$ to $0.53{\pm}0.06$, p = 0.037) showed significant improvement after 12 weeks of omega-3 PUFAs treatment. The changes in other vessels, however, failed to show any significant changes compared to the baseline. Conclusions: Omega-3 PUFAs treatment showed feasible efficacies for cerebral vascular resistances in this open label trial. To confirm these results, larger samples of patients and longer period of follow-up is warranted.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.31-38
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• 2016

Pharmacotherapy is considered the first line therapy in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Many patients also choose complementary medicine such as dietary supplements. Omega-3 has shown some efficacy for improving ADHD symptoms in several studies. The goal of this review is to integrate the previous research findings on omega-3 and understand the issues worth considering in the treatment of ADHD. The terms "attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity", "omega-3", and "dietary supplements" were searched on PubMed, Cochrane, and Google scholar. The search was further limited to clinical trials, reviews, and meta-analyses. Trials that examined treatments for ADHD, used randomized design, and placebo-controlled trials were included. Eighteen clinical trials with a total of 1,141 participants were included in this review. Fifteen trials had parallel designs, comparing an omega-3/6 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFAs) or a combination of both to a placebo and three compared omega-3/6 PUFAs to a placebo and psycho-stimulants. Seven of the included trials showed significant improvements in groups receiving omega-3/6 PUFAs compared to placebo groups, however, 11 trials showed no significant differences. Evidence that PUFAs supplementation provides benefits for ADHD was yet limited. Mixed results were due to selection variability criteria, variability of supplementation, and short follow-up intervals.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.40 no.2
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• pp.15-22
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• 2016

As a one of unsaturated fatty acid, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) have multiple actions: as precursor of prostaglandins (PGs), steroid hormone synthesis and energy production in animal reproduction. PUFAs, which include omega-3 (n-3) and omega-6 (n-6), are derived from the diet and changed by diet, species, breed and season. The plasma membrane of spermatozoa in mammals contain various PUFAs. These composition of PUFAs regulate the membrane fluidity and cause lipid peroxidation via generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Induced lipid peroxidation by ROS decreased viability and motility of spermatozoa, and it is reduced by addition of antioxidant and low concentration of PUFAs. Because oocytes of animal have a high lipid components, process of oocyte maturation and embryo development are influenced by PUFAs. In in vitro study, oocyte maturation, embryo development, intracellular cAMP and MAPK activity were increased by treatment of n-3 ${\alpha}$-linolenic acid (ALA) during maturation, whereas n-6 linoleic acid (LA) negatively influenced. Also, inhibition of fatty acid metabolism in oocyte influenced blastocyst formation of cattle. PGs are synthesized from PUFAs and various PUFAs influence PGs via regulation of PG-endoperoxide synthase (PTGS). Steroid hormone synthesis from cholesterol is regulated by expression of steroid acute regulator (StAR) protein and mRNA. Exogenous n-3 and n-6 PUFAs altered sex hormone in animal through stimulate or inhibit StAR activity. Because PUFAs altered PG and steroid hormone synthesis, follicular development was influenced by PUFAs. This effect of unsaturated fatty acid could provide information for improvement of reproductive ability in animals.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.217-236
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• 1999

Among polyunsaturated fatty acids (PURAs) targeted for manipulation in animal tissues (poultry eggs and meat), omega-3 PUFAs(n-3 PUFAs) are discussed in this review. 3 or 5% dietary menhaden oil (MO) supplemented layer diets was reported to increase docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) contents in the egg. MO at 1.5% also increased the deposition of up to 180mg total omega-3 fatty acids / yolk. Utilization of 5% ground flax seed (FS) resulted in similar total omega-3 fatty acid (FA) deposition as 1.5% MO. However, the basic feed formulations used in the Canadian feed industry usually include 10 to 20% FS in the egg laying diets. Recently several studies reported that addition of tocopherols in layer diets increased the tocopherol content more in the egg than any other tissue. One of reports said that 3.5% dietary oil with added tocopherols resulted in increasing tocopherol deposition and FA composition of the egg and other tissues. In the poultry meat, redfish meal (RM;4, 8, 12, 15 and 30% of diet) or redfish oil (RO;2.1 or 4.2% of diet) added to the practical corn-wheat-soybean based diets resulted in an increase in omega-3 FA and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) contents in broiler meat lipids. Linseed oil (LO;1.0, 2.5, and 5.0% of broiler diet) supplemented in broiler diets also resulted in omega-3 FA and the ratio of omega-6 being significantly higher in poultry meat lipid than MO. Concern about fish flavor resulted in research about fish oil (FO) supplementation in broiler diets. Without the use of antioxidants, no more than 1.5% FO should be fed to broilers due to unacceptable orders from the chicken carcasses. One recent research project found that over 50mg/kg of vitamin E was required for maintaining the stability of unsaturated lipids in the meat. In regards to 'fishy'or 'crabby'taint in the eggs and poultry meat, poultry products remained acceptable when dietary fish oils were stabilized with antioxidants.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.79-83
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• 2009

Acidolysis of olive oil with omega-3 (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) was carried out to produce a structured lipid. Novozym $435^{(R)}$ from Candida antarctica was used as the biocatalyst. Response surface methodology (RSM) was used to determine optimum conditions for lipase-catalyzed enrichment of olive oil. Three factors, 5 levels, central composite design was used. The effects of incubation time, temperature, and substrate mole ratio on incorporation ratio (n-3 fatty acids/total fatty acids, %) were investigated. From the evaluation of response surface graphs, the optimal conditions for incorporation of long chain n-3 PUFAs into olive oil were $40-60^{\circ}C$ for temperature, 30-45 hr for reaction time, and 3:1-5:1 (n-3 fatty acids/olive oil) for substrate mole ratio. Experiments conducted under optimized conditions predicted by the model equation obtained from RSM yielded structured lipids with 50.8% n-3 PUFAs. This value agreed well with that predicted by the model. Oxidative stability tests showed that the product was more susceptible to oxidation than unmodified olive oil. Antioxidant addition improved the oxidative stability of the product.

• Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology & Nutrition
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.286-290
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• 2016

Inspissated bile syndrome (IBS) is a rare condition in which thick intraluminal bile, including bile plugs, sludge, or stones, blocks the extrahepatic bile ducts in an infant. A 5-week-old female infant was admitted for evaluation of jaundice and acholic stool. Diagnostic tests, including ultrasound sonography, magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography, and a hepatobiliary scan, were not conclusive. Although the diagnosis was unclear, the clinical and laboratory findings improved gradually on administration of urodeoxycholic acid and lipid emulsion containing omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) for 3 weeks. However, a liver biopsy was suggestive of biliary atresia. This finding forced us to perform intraoperative cholangiography, which revealed a patent common bile duct with impacted thick bile. We performed normal saline irrigation and the symptom was improved, the final diagnosis was IBS. Thus, we herein report that IBS can be treated with omega-3 PUFAs as an alternative to surgical intervention.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.16
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• pp.6841-6843
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• 2015

Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (${\omega}$-3 PUFAs) are essential nutrients for human beings and their potential roles against cancer development and progression have become of wide concern recently. Some studies have suggested that perioperative supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids may have beneficial effects in gastrointestinal cancer patients undergoing surgery, while other researchers reported contrary results. This paper reviews recent research to establish therapeutic effects as well as possible underlying mechanisms of ${\omega}$-3 PUFA actions, and to help explain possible reasons for inconsistent results from different institutions.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.323-331
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• 2019

Purpose: Glucocorticoids (GCs) are implicated in secondary osteoporosis, and the resulting fractures cause significant morbidity. Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) play a vital role in bone metabolism. However, few trials have studied the impact of omega-3 PUFA-containing oils against GC-induced osteoporosis. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to determine whether supplementation with omega-3 PUFA-containing dietary oils such as fish oil, flaxseed oil or soybean oil can impede the development of GC-induced osteoporosis. Methods: The fatty acids (FAs) content of oils was determined using gas chromatography. Male rats were subdivided into 5 groups (8 rats each): normal control (balanced diet), prednisolone control (10 mg/kg prednisolone daily), soybean oil (prednisolone 10 mg/kg + soybean oil 7% w/w), flaxseed oil (prednisolone 10 mg/kg + flaxseed oil 7% w/w), and fish oil (from cod liver; prednisolone 10 mg/kg + fish oil 7% w/w). Results: The study data exhibited a significant depletion in bone mineral density (BMD) and femur mass in the prednisolone control compared to the normal control, accompanied with a marked decrease in the levels of plasma calcium and 1,25-$(OH)_2$-vitamin $D_3$, and elevated levels of C-terminal telopeptide (CTX), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-${\alpha}$) and malondialdehyde (MDA). Supplementation with fish oil, soybean oil or flaxseed oil helped to improve plasma calcium levels, and suppress oxidative stress and inflammatory markers. Additionally, bone resorption was suppressed as reflected by the decreased CTX levels. However, fish oil was more effective than the other two oils with a significant improvement in BMD and normal histological results compared to the normal control. Conclusion: This study demonstrated that supplementation with dietary oils containing omega-3 PUFAs such as fish oil, soybean oil or flaxseed oil can play a role in the prevention of bone loss and in the regulation of bone metabolism, especially fish oil which demonstrated a greater level of protection against GC-induced osteoporosis.