• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.15-20
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• 2010

A Gram negative, aerobic, nonspore-forming, straight or curved rod-shaped bacterium, designated Gsoil $317^T$, was isolated from soil of a ginseng field in Pocheon Province (South Korea) and was characterized using a polyphasic approach. Cells were dimorphic, with stalk (or prostheca) and nonmotile or nonstalked and motile, by means of a single polar flagellum. Comparative analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences revealed that strain Gsoil $317^T$ was most closely related to Caulobacter mirabilis LMG $24261^T$ (97.2%), Caulobacter fusiformis ATCC $15257^T$ (97.1 %), Caulobacter segnis LMG $17158^T$ (97.0%), Caulobacter vibrioides DSM $9893^T$ (96.8%), and Caulobacter henricii ATCC $15253^T$ (96.7%). The sequence similarities to any other recognized species within Alphaproteobacteria were less than 96.0%. The detection of Q-10 as the major respiratory quinone and a fatty acid profile with summed feature 7 ($C_{18:1}\;{\omega}7c$ and/or $C_{18:1}\;{\omega}9t$ and/or $C_{18:1}\;{\omega}12t;$ 56.6%) and $C_{16:0}$ (15.9%) as the major fatty acids supported the affiliation of strain Gsoil $317^T$ to the genus Caulobacter. The G+C content of the genomic DNA was 65.5 mol%. DNA-DNA hybridization experiments showed that the DNA-DNA relatedness values between strain Gsoil $317^T$ and its closest phylogenetic neighbors were below 11%. On the basis of its phenotypic properties and phylogenetic distinctiveness, strain Gsoil $317^T$ should be classified as representing a novel species in the genus Caulobacter, for which the name Caulobacter ginsengisoli sp. novo is proposed. The type strain is Gsoil $317^T$ (=KCTC $12788^T=DSM\;18695^T$).

• Plant Biotechnology Reports
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.185-192
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• 2010

The Arabidopsis ${\omega}$-3 fatty acid desaturase (AtFAD7) catalyzes the synthesis of trienoic fatty acids (TA). A transgenic tobacco line, T15, was produced by a sense AtFAD7 construct and showed a cosuppression-like phenotype, namely extremely low TA levels. The sequence similarity between AtFAD7 and a tobacco ortholog gene, NtFAD7, was moderate (about 69%) in the coding sequences. AtFAD7 siRNAs accumulated at a high level, and both AtFAD7 and NtFAD7 mRNAs are degraded in T15 plants. The low-TA phenotype in T15 was dependent on a tobacco RNA-dependent RNA polymerase6 (NtRDR6). We also produced tobacco RNAi plants targeting AtFAD7 gene sequences. The AtFAD7 siRNA level was trace, which was associated with a slight reduction in leaf TA level. Unexpectedly, this RNAi plant showed an increased NtFAD7 transcript level. To investigate the effect of translational inhibition on stability of the NtFAD7 mRNAs, leaves of the wild-type tobacco plants were treated with a translational inhibitor, cycloheximide. The level of NtFAD7 mRNAs significantly increased after cycloheximde treatment. These results suggest that the translational inhibition by low levels of AtFAD7 siRNAs or by cycloheximide increased stability of NtFAD7 mRNA. The degree of silencing by an RNAi construct targeting the AtFAD7 gene was increased by co-existence of the AtFAD7 transgene, where NtRDR6-dependent amplification of siRNAs occurred. These results indicate that NtRDR6 can emphasize silencing effects in both cosuppression and RNAi.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.30-37
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• 2016

Microalgae are functional foods because they contain special anti-aging inhibitors and other functional components, such as ecosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Many of these functional dietary components are absent in animals and terrestrial plants. Thus, microalgae are widely utilized in human functional foods and in the feed provided to farmed fish and terrestrial livestock. Many marine organisms consume microalgae, often because they are in an appropriate portion of the cell size spectrum, but also because of their nutritional content. The nutritional requirements of marine organisms differ from those of terrestrial animals. After hatching, marine animals need small live forage species that have high omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid contents, including EPA and DHA. Euglena cells have both plant and animal characteristics; they are motile, elliptical in shape, 15-500 μm in diameter, and have a valuable nutritional content. Mixotrophic cell cultivation provided the best growth rates and nutritional content. Diverse carbon (fructose, lactose, glucose, maltose and sucrose) and nitrogen (tryptone, peptone, yeast extract, urea and sodium glutamate) supported the growth of microalgae with high lipid contents. We found that the best carbon and nitrogen sources for the production of high quality Euglena cells were glucose (10 g L^–1) and sodium glutamate (1.0 g L^–1), respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.338-346
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• 2017

Objective: This study was conducted to identify and evaluate the effective single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers for fat deposition in the longissimus dorsi muscles of pigs using the amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) approach. Methods: Sixty-four selective primer combinations were used to identify the AFLP markers in the 20 highest- and 20 lowest-intramuscular fat (IMF) content phenotypes. Five AFLP fragments were converted into simple codominant SNP markers. These SNP markers were tested in terms of their association with IMF content and fatty acid (FA) composition traits in 620 commercially crossbred pigs. Results: The SSC7 g.4937240C>G marker showed an association with IMF content (p<0.05). The SSC9 g.5496647_5496662insdel marker showed a significant association with IMF content and arachidonic levels (p<0.05). The SSC10 g.71225134G>A marker revealed an association with palmitoleic and ${\omega}9$ FA levels (p<0.05), while the SSC17 g.61976696G>T marker showed a significant association with IMF content and FA levels of palmitoleic, eicosenoic, arachidonic, monounsaturated fatty acids, and ${\omega}9$ FA levels. However, no significant association of SSC8 g.47338181G>A was observed with any IMF and FA levels in this study. Conclusion: Four SNP markers (SSC7 g.4937240C>G, SSC9 g.5496647_5496662insdel, SSC10 g.71225134G>A, and SSC17 g.61976696G>T) were found to be associated with IMF and/or FA content traits in commercially crossbred pigs. These findings provide evidence of the novel SNP markers as being potentially useful for selecting pigs with the desirable IMF content and FA composition.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.8
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• pp.1310-1322
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• 2020

Objective: The current study was conducted to evaluate the quality and profile of fatty acid in the breast and thigh, and the performance of broilers fed diets containing seed or oil of chia (Salvia hispanica L.) as a replacement for soybean, in the rearing period from 29 to 42 days of age. Methods: On the 29th day of age, 120 broilers were distributed in four treatments evaluated in five replicates of six birds. The grain or oil of soybean was respectively replaced on a weight-to-weight basis in the formulation by the seed or oil of chia, constituting the experimental diets. The roasted whole soybean and chia seed were included in the feed at 16.4%, whereas the soybean and chia oils were included at 2.5%. Results: The dietary chia oil increased the lipid peroxidation in the thigh meat, and the dietary chia seed increased the cooking loss of the thigh. However, for the other physicochemical parameters evaluated and for the proximate composition of the breast and thigh, in general, the inclusion of chia seed or oil in the diet provided similar or better results than those observed when the diets contained soybean oil or roasted whole soybean. With regard to the fatty acid profile and associated parameters, dietary chia increased the concentrations of α-linolenic, eicosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids and reduced the Σω-6:Σω-3 ratio and the atherogenicity and thrombogenicity indices of the broiler meat. However, the dietary chia seed worsened the feed conversion ratio. Conclusion: Diet containing 2.5% chia oil supplied to broilers during the period from 29 to 42 days of age improves the feed conversion ratio, increases the deposition of the ω-3 fatty acids in the breast and thigh, in addition to reducing the Σω-6:Σω-3 ratio and the atherogenicity and thrombogenicity indices, thereby resulting in meat with higher nutritional quality.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.496-502
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• 2015

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study was performed to investigate the association between the dietary intake of fish and shellfish, and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in the middle-aged Korean female patients with Type 2 diabetes (T2D). SUBJECTS/METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis was performed with 356 female patients (means age: 55.5 years), who were recruited from the Huh's Diabetes Clinic in Seoul, Korea between 2005 and 2011. The dietary intake was assessed by a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire and analyzed using the Computer Aided Nutritional Analysis program (CAN-Pro) version 4.0 software. RESULTS: In a multiple regression analysis after the adjustment for confounding factors such as age, BMI, duration of diagnosed T2D, alcohol consumption, fiber intake, sodium intake, and total energy intake, fish and shellfish intake of the subjects was negatively associated with triglyceride and pulse wave velocity (PWV). Omega-3 PUFAs intake was negatively associated with triglyceride, systolic blood pressures, diastolic blood pressures, and PWV. The multiple logistic regression analysis with the covariates showed a significant inverse relationship between the omega-3 PUFAs consumption and prevalence of hypertriglyceridemia [OR (95% CI) for greater than the median compared to less than the median: 0.395 (0.207-0.753)]. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the consumption of fish and shellfish, good sources of omega-3 PUFAs, may reduce the risk factors for CVD in the middle-aged female patients with T2D.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.321-329
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• 1990

The present study was carried out to investigate the antioxidant effects of onion and ginger on the lipid peroxidation of mackerel during frozen storage. mackerels were reated with onion juice ginger juice tocopherol and BHA and stored at -18$^{\circ}C$ for 6 weeks. lipid peroxidation in samples was estimated by the periodical measurements of acid value iodine value peroxide value carbonyl value 2-thiobarbituric acid value and fatty acid composition. The treatments with ginger and onion were effective on the suppression of acid value and carbonyl value of makerel oil during 4 to 6 weeks of frozen storage. The iodine value was not affected by the treatments with various antioxidants, The production of peroxides was delayed by ginger or onion treatment, the TBA value of the sample muscles was not lowered by the treatments, The treatment with onion resulted in less changes in the contents of $\omega$-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and in the P/S ration of fish oil than the control did. Results indicate that the applica-tion of ginger or onion juice on the surface of fishes may be useful to lower the degree of rancidity of fish during the froxaen storage.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.5 no.3
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• pp.461-474
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to explore the difference in nutrient intakes between normocholesterolemia and hypercholesterolemia. The subjects were classified as normocholesterolemia and hypercholesterolemia based on The Guideline for Korean Hyperlipidemia. A semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire was used to measure the dietary intakes of the subjects. The results obtained are summarized as follows. Intakes of nutrients such as energy, carbohydrate, protein, fat, minerals, and antioxidant vitamins were not significantly different between the normocholesterolemia group and hypercholesterolemia group. However, antioxidant vitamins and folate intakes in the hypercholesterolemia group tended to be lower than those in the normocholesterolmia group. Intakes of vitamin A, vitamin E, and Ca in normocholesterolemia was much less than the RDA for those nutrients in normocholesterolemia. Cholesterol intake in the hypercholesterolemia group was significantly higher than that in the normochoesterolemia group. However, mean cholesterol intake(240 mg/day) of the hypercholesterolemia group was much less than that of Americans whose cholesterol intake was 400 - 500 me/day. Fatty acid intakes were not significantly different between normocholesterolemia and hypercholesterolemia groups but the hypercholesterolemia group tended to consume $\omega$3 fatty acids less than the normocholesterolemia group. Out data indicate that cholesterol intake is man important determinant of serum cholesterol levels in postmenopausal women. The results of this study provide information that is important in designing appropriate dietary guidelines for hypercholesterolemia in postmenopausal women.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.487-492
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• 2013

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of supplementation of high linoleic ($C_{18:2}$) oil or high linolenic ($C_{18:3}$) oil to the diet on milking performance and content of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) isomers in goat milk fat. Forty five dairy goats (Sumnen, 25 d post-partum, $62.5{\pm}1.2kg$) were randomly assigned to three treatment groups with each group of 15 dairy goats. The goats were fed a basal diet (CON) consisting 1.2 kg concentrate and 1.2 kg chopped hay (0.6 chopped alfalfa and 0.6 kg hay) daily with 4% soybean oil (SO) or 4% linseed oil (LO). Daily feed intake was not influenced (p>0.05) but daily milk yield (p<0.001) and milk fat yield (p<0.001) were significantly increased by supplementation of oils. Supplementation of oils decreased the short chain fatty acid, medium-chain fatty acid and saturated fatty acid in goat milk fat while increased trans vaccenic acid (trans-11-$C_{18:1}$, TVA), oleic acid ($C_{18:1}$), $C_{18:2}$, $C_{18:3}$, cis-9, trans-11-CLA (c9, t11-CLA), trans-10, cis- 12-conjugated linoleic acid (t10, c12-CLA), unsaturated fatty acids, mono unsaturated fatty acid and long-chain fatty acid in goat milk fat (p<0.001). Especially, c9, t11-CLA, t10, c12-CLA and ${\omega}-3$ fatty acid ($C_{18:3\;n-3}$) in milk fat were highest when goat fed LO diet. Based on the result, it is suggested that supplementation of linseed oil should be an effective method to increase CLA isomers and ${\omega}-3$ fatty acid in goat milk fat without negative effect on lactating performance.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.425-437
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• 2020

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Different fatty acids exert different health benefits. This study investigated the potential protective effects of perilla, olive, and safflower oils on high-fat diet-induced obesity and colon inflammation. MATERIALS/METHODS: Five-week old, C57BL/6J mice were assigned to 5 groups: low-fat diet (LFD), high-fat diet (HFD) and high-fat diet supplemented with-perilla oil (HPO), olive oil (HOO), and safflower oil (HSO). After 16 weeks of the experimental period, the mice were sacrificed, and blood and tissues were collected. The serum was analyzed for obesity- and inflammation-related biomarkers. Gene expression of the biomarkers in the liver, adipose tissue, and colon tissue was analyzed. Micro-computed tomography (CT) analysis was performed one week before sacrifice. RESULTS: Treatment with all the three oils significantly improved obesity-induced increases in body weight, liver weight, and epididymal fat weight as well as serum triglyceride and leptin levels. Treatment with perilla oil (PO) and safflower oil (SO) increased adiponectin levels. The micro-CT analysis revealed that PO and SO reduced abdominal fat volume considerably. The mRNA expression of lipogenic genes was reduced in all the three oilsupplemented groups and PO upregulated lipid oxidation in the liver. Supplementation of oils improved macroscopic score, increased colon length, and decreased serum endotoxin and proinflammatory cytokine levels in the colon. The abundance of Bifidobacteria was increased and that of Enterobacteriaceae was reduced in the PO-supplemented group. All three oils reduced proinflammatory cytokine levels, as indicated by the mRNA expression. In addition, PO increased the expression of tight junction proteins. CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, our data indicate that the three oils exert similar anti-obesity effects. Interestingly, compared with olive oil and SO, PO provides better protection against high-fat diet-induced colon inflammation, suggesting that PO consumption helps manage inflammation-related diseases and provides omega-3 fatty acids needed by the body.