• KIEAE Journal
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.95-100
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• 2017

Purpose: Now a day, Most of the residential house in Korea consists of apartment buildings. However, in the case of old apartment buildings, dwelling environment condition depends on management effort by residents. But we can't rebuild or restructure only old single dwelling unit in apartment buildings. And we can't move every single dwelling unit in the apartment building. Therefore, this study suggests a prototype of combinable container dwelling module apartment. Method: The method of research is exploring the case of previously constructed containers. Based on the case, This study suggests prototypes to create a variable apartment design with dwelling container units. Based on the prototype, various combinations are proposed to produce various types of dwelling space. Finally, this study makes an example plan for the apartment by using the container unit modules. Results: This study suggests combinable container apartment building prototypes. And it may be a fundamental study of changing the apartment building concept.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.131-148
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• 2003

This study has main purpose to understand the traditional house, not by outside researcher's but by inside dweller's view. The house in Geochang, is descendent house of Jeong-On who was faithful scholar at Chosen Dynasty. In order to understand, I restore firstly the house form and space at traditional era, 60 years ago, and every dwellers not only family members but also servants and guests, by interviewing old matriarch. One of the main rules of the house disposition is Ancester worshipping life. Worshipping floor of Anchae, main building, is located unusually in front of Shrine for Jeong-On, in order to connect all activities directly. Sarangchae, men's building, opened to the funeral mourners, is separated by a wall because women have to serve foods and wail at the backside. Space for everyday life is separated by man/woman, insider/outsider, master/subordinate. Agricultural production is also key factor of the space allocation: big storage buildings for rice crop needed to tenant farming. Both activities of ancestor worship ceremony and guest greeting need large kitchen annex area for food preparation and serving space of rear veranda floor. A number of guests visit the house: guest-greeting activity is taken place from the family pavilion, Neungheo-Jeong and Saranchae by the social position. This study show that architectural space and form of the house reflects exactly dwellers life.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.75-82
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• 2016

The goal of this study is to identify the new Architectural type of house and Landscape design pattern of the collective housing area in American garden city, Midlothian near Richmond of Virginia. I had been surveyed old houses of the Virginia and new single family houses and landscape design style of Mariners village to find a different style of houses and lots. The Richmond, capital city of Virginia, is surrounded by five suburban areas and counties. One of them is the Chesterfield where it has main street of Midlothian garden city. The city of Midlothian has a function of residence area both to stay in the forest garden and to go to downtown office of Richmond. There are a lot of collective housing area out of the capital city. I surveyed house form, lots, and site design pattern of the Mariners village in Midlothian. The community of Mariners shows a particular characteristics and harmonious pattern of suburban residence area in a view point of new project. There are three results of this study as follows: First, the types of house in suburban garden city, Midlothian, are focused on vernacular Colonial style with country house, traditional house, and front gable house form which are an unique new American single home. Second, the landscape design of this collective housing area, the Mariners village, has a unity view of residence community, harmony between house and lots, and a sensitive cul-de-sac pattern and loops type with rational land using based on the forest topology. Third, the Mariners village shows that the design concept of landscape architecture has to consider of traditionalism, naturalism, and living condition of residents.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.312-318
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• 1980

The first case was a 20 year old female who has been suffered from epigastric pain, and anorexia for 2 years. A thumb tip sized pulsion diverticulum 4cm above the esophagocardial junction was elicited by esophagogram and on exploration. A diverticulectomy with long esophagocardiomyotomy was performed. The second case was a 30 year old house wife who has had postprandial epigastric pain for 2 months accompained with frequent vomiting. Fiberscopy and esophagogram showed epiphrenic diverticulum of the esophagus. Same operative procedures were carried out and obtained a good result as first case. The third case was a 55 year old house wife who was admitted to this Chest Surgery Department because of regurgitation and intermittent vomiting for approximately 3 months. Esophagogram showed a large epiphrenic diverticulum of the esophagus. On exploration, a tennis ball sized pulsion diverticulum was found on the anterolateral wall of the esophagus. A partial esophagectomy including the diverticulum and esophagoesophagostomy was performed. The specimenshowed some erosive changes of the mucosal surface of the diverticulum and also the esophagus suggestive of diverticulitis and esophagitis. She has been satisfactory result until 4 months postoperatively, when she developed regurgitation and epigastric pain. Esophagogram showed stenosis of the operative site. Readmission and esophageal dilatations were done and improved without any problem. Epiphrenic or supradiaphragmatic diverticulum of the esophagus is a rare condition. Pathophysiologically, the conditions accompanied the spasm of the esophagus, many authors prefered the procedures of a diverticulectomy plus long esophagocardiomyotomy rather than simple diverticulectomy or esophagectomy and esophagoesophagostomy. Here we report the cases and reviewed the literatures.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.27-36
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to provide necessary information for the establishment of remodeling range needed first to support the future remodeling of rural housing. For this, this study examined landscape characteristics of rural housing such as an outer wall, a roof, a fence, and a gate which are main elements of forming the landscape of a rural village and rural residents' perception for remodeling. The results were as follows. The subject rural housing mostly had a timber structure and a masonry structure. Common roof types were a hip-and-gable roof and a gable roof. Frequent materials were a panel, a tile, and slate and common colors were primary colors such as reddish brown, black, and gray. A fence made of cement blocks and finished by a white paint was often found. A closed gate with iron frames was common. A standup kitchen and a flush toilet inside the house were common. The family members of rural residents were mostly two including a farmer husband and his wife. Elderly people of sixty and over were the most common. For residential environment satisfaction, a half of respondents were not unsatisfied with residential environment mostly due to an old house. Most respondents who were not satisfied with residential environment had high perception for the need of remodeling. The most commonly asked remodeling part was a roof, followed by a toilet, and an outer wall, indicating that the need of exterior remodeling was higher than that of interior remodeling. For a remodeling method, a total improvement was preferred. Although some rural village housing was improved by support of the government, local governments, or social groups, there are still many old houses. As this co-existence of improved houses and old houses hinders the landscape of rural village, it is necessary to give a support. But rural residents' requests should be first actively reflected to establish a guideline of supporting rural house remodeling.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Interior Design Conference
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.205-208
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• 2006

This research investigated the public rental houses In Yangchon-gu, whose locational attribute are suitable for the public rental house and has superior position in both inhabitants' participation and public welfare program. The public rental house has several types, such as permanent lease house, public lease. And several programs, the aged support police and medical services delivery system, have been the leading models for other local governments. Also, there are residents who are in their forties and fifties in the public rental houses in Yangchon-gu. un occupied is less than 1% and it seems that there is few turnover rate. 1 household rate and 2 households rate look like similar in the number of family member, total social public welfare program is focus on family welfare, juvenile welfare, teenager welfare, handicapped person welfare local, welfare and old people welfare. Accordingly, this research is used for base data of questionnaire and the first data for grope various improvement while planning group public rental house for low income group. And this research will be improved directional grope for improve livable public rental house around residents.

• Journal of environmental and Sanitary engineering
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2001

Since most people spend over 80% of their time indoor, indoor air quality tends to be the dominant contributor to personal exposure. In this study, indoor and outdoor $NO_2$concentrations were measured and compared with simultaneously personal exposures of 27 house-wives and female workers of kindergarten. Time activity pattern and house characteristics were used to determine the effects of these factors on personal exposure. Since house-wives student spent most their times in indoor with mean of 89.8%, their $NO_2$ exposure was associated with indoor $NO_2$ level(r= 0.92) rather than outdoor $NO_2$ level(r= 0.87). female workers were also associated with indoor $NO_2$ level(r= 0.70) though sample number were small. Using time-weighted average model, $NO_2$ exposures of house-wives were estimated by $NO_2$ measurements in indoor home and outdoor home levels. Estimated $NO_2$ personal exposures were significantly correlated with measured $NO_2$ personal exposures (r= 0.90). These results might mean that air pollutants exposure of old and feeble persons, and infants could be estimated by measuring concentrations of indoor home.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.115-125
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• 2019

The purpose of this study is to analyze the occurrence characteristics of vacant spaces in the old hillside residential area, focused on 7 areas surrounding old downtown in Busan. This study suggests 3 stages of analysis as following. First, after the overall site survey on the vacant spaces in 7 old hillside residential areas in Busan, this study identifies the difference of types of vacant spaces according to each area. Second, based upon precedent researches, this study set up 3 perspectives and 9 analysis indices to investigate the areal characteristics of vacant space occurrence. Third, through the GIS analysis on the vacant spaces, this study tries to analyze the physical, commercial and social/institutional conditions of the areas in order to disclose the areal characteristics of vacant spaces occurrence.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.73-85
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• 1971

A epidemiological study was conducted by author on 925 official reported patients with the first grade legal communicable disease during the period from January 1969 to December 1970 in all area of Kangwon province. As the results of this study, tile following conclusion were obtained. A) Typhoid fever 1. Of all 925 patients surveyed, typhoid fever showed the highest rate as 50.7 percent. 2. Age group from 10 to 14 years old showed the highest rates 3. High epidemic period was from June to September. 4. As for the occupational distribution, unemployed showed the highest rate as 63.2 percent, followed by-21.1 percent in farmer and 9.4 percent in student. 5. Most of all patients(93.7%) were isolated in their own house 6. The morbidity rate was 16.0 per 100, 000 population and case fatality rate was 1.76 percent 7. The mean of the duration from onset to diagnosis and carnation were 11.7$\pm$7.1 days and 25.1$\pm$13, 8 days respectively. 8. Main diagnostic method was almost the clinical examination B) Dysentery 1, Of all 925 patients surveyed, dysentery showed 44.4 percent 2. Age group from 0 to 9 years old showed the highest rate 3. High epidemic period of this disease was from April to August 4. As for the occupational distribution, unemployed showed the highest rate as 73.9 percent, followed by 17.7 person in farmers and 7.0 percent in student 5. the attack rate of agricultural area was higher than of fishing area 6. The mean of the duration from onset to diagnosis and crating duration were 10.4$\pm$4.3 days and 15.7$\pm$8.8 days respectively. 7. The morbidity rate and case fatality rate were 21.8 per 100.000 population and 1.46 percent, respectively. 8. Most of all patients were isolated in own house 9. Most of all patients (97.6%) were diagnosed by the clinical examination C) Diphtheria 1. As for the age distribution, 0-4 years old group showed the highest rate as 44.4 percent followed by 27.7 percent in 5-9 years old group and 22.2 percent in 10-14 years old group 3. Epidemic season was almost in autumn, winter and spring 3. The morbidity rate was 0.96 per 100.000 population and case fatality rate was high as 26.6 percent 4. 66.6 percent of this disease was isolated in their own house and the others were admitted in hospital D) Paratyphoid fever 1. Most of all patients were attacked below 20 years old 2. Epidemic season was almost was almost in late summer 3. The morbidity rate was 0.53 per 100.000 population 4. The mean of the duration from onset to diagnosis and crating duration were 18.3$\pm$1.3 day and 13.7$\pm$0.2 day. respectively.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.67-73
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• 2022

This study tracked the changing process of unregistered private house gardens by using the form at the time of the construction of gardens as the prototype of each garden, investigated the spatial value of the garden, and discussed the historical spatial value of unregistered private house gardens in terms of inheritance and change of traditional gardens. To this end, targeting on unregistered private house gardens in Gangwon-do, which are in danger of preserving their gardens due to the recent increase in the number of designated cultural heritage dismantled, the patterns of unregistered private house gardens, their characteristics and values were identified through the spatial change of the garden, and the following results were derived. First, the unregistered private house gardens were able to inherit and maintain the form of a traditional garden, being located in a clan village. The garden space was divided by the influence of Confucian philosophy, and the components of the garden, tree species and planting methods appeared differently. In other words, the use of garden components according to the status hierarchy appeared. Second, space reduction was continuously confirmed at four target sites. The reduced spaces are garden spaces, and part of the garden was attributed to the state due to the building of new road and environmental improvement project. The reduced spaces are garden spaces, and part of the garden was attributed to the state due to the new road and environmental improvement project. Third, eight old big trees over 100 years old were identified in three of the four target sites, and the garden components such as stone water tanks, quickset doors, and ponds were commonly identified in Korea, China, and Japan during the Joseon Dynasty, inheriting the historicity of the traditional garden.