• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.123-128
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• 2013

In spite of advanced navigational devices and reinforced mandatory standards of officers' education, the number of ship's accidents are increasing. The accidents caused by minor license officers are more than the number of accidents caused by superior license officers. There are many cases of collisions in the past 5 years released on Marine Accidents Inquiry Agency. Especially, officer's negligence from the consequences of the neglect of any precaution which may be required by the ordinary practice of seamen is the main reason behind ship's collisions. For reducing ship's accidents caused by human error, this paper suggests to develop effective training program using analysis date of domestic and foreign education system as a reference.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.69-76
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• 2011

According to the related reports, about 60 percents of ship collisions have resulted from operating mistake caused by human factor. Specially, the report said that negligence of observation caused 66.8 percents of the accidents due to a human factor. Hence automatic detection and tracking of an object from an IR images are crucial for safety navigation because it can relieve officer's burden and remedies imperfections of human visual system. In this paper, we present a method to detect an object such as ship, rock and buoy from a sea IR image. Most edge directions of the sea image are horizontal and most vertical edges come out from the object areas. The presented method uses them as a characteristic for the object detection. Vertical edges are extracted from the input image and isolated edges are eliminated. Then morphological closing operation is performed on the vertical edges. This caused vertical edges that actually compose an object be connected and become an object candidate region. Next, reference object regions are extracted using horizontal edges, which appear on the boundaries between surface of the sea and the objects. Finally, object regions are acquired by sequentially integrating reference region and object candidate regions.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.279-310
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• 2015

The Montreal Convention is an agreement that governs the liability of air carriers for injury and death to passengers travelling internationally by air. The Montreal Convention serves as the exclusive legal framework for victims and survivors seeking compensation for injuries or death arising from accidents involving international air travel. The Montreal Convention sets monetary liability caps on damages in order to promote the financial stability of the international airline transport industry and protect the industry from exorbitant damages awards in courts that would inevitably bankrupt an airline. The Convention allows a litigant suing under the Convention to avoid the liability caps in instances where the airline's culpability for the injury or death is the direct result of negligence, another wrongful act, or an omission of the airline or its agents. The Montreal Convention identifies specific locations as appropriate venues to advance claims for litigants seeking compensation. These venues are closely tied to either the carrier's business operations or the passenger's domicile. In March 2015, in an act of suicide stemming from reactive depression, the co-pilot of Germanwings flight 9525 intentionally crashed the aircraft into the French Alps killing the passengers and the remaining crew. Subsequent to the crash, there were media reports that Lufthansa made varying settlement offers to families of the passengers who died aboard the flight ranging from $8,300 USD to $4.5 Million USD depending on the passengers' citizenship. The unverified offers by Lufthansa prompted outcries from the families of the decedent passengers that they would institute suit against the airline in a more plaintiff friendly jurisdiction such as the United States. The first part of this article accomplishes two goals. First, it examines the Montreal Convention's venue requirement along with an overview of the recoverable damages from countries comprising the citizenship of the passengers who were not American. The intentional crash of Germanwings flight 9525 by its First Officer encompasses the possibility that Lufthansa may be exposed to unlimited compensatory damages beyond the liability caps contained in the Convention. The second part of this article explores the application of the Convention's liability limits to the Germanwings flight to demonstrate that the likelihood of escaping the liability limits is slim.