• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.1-14
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• 2006

Objective : As prevalence of atopic dermatitis(AD) rises and medicine of atopic dematitis develops, the methods of measurement for atopic dermatitis have developed. Therefore, we aimed to establish a new sconring system in oriental medicine for a childhood atopic dematitis, by comparison, analysis of various sconing systems. Method : We searched for the data related to severity sconing systems of atopic dermatitis in Entrez PubMed on abroad thesis and KISS(Korenstdued Information Service System) on domestic thesis from 1990 to 2005. Result : Severity sconing systems for atopic dermatitis satisfy validity, reliability, sensitivity of change and verification of this. The essential items of severity sconing systems are extent, intensity and subjective symptoms. The lesion is divided into 9 areas(head and neck, upper limbs, elbow, hands, trunk, hip and inguinal, lower limbs, knee, feet). The items of intensity are erythema, oedema and induration and papulation, oozing and weeping and erosion, excorition, scaling, lichenification. The subjective symptom is pruritis, evaluated according to sleep loss and obstruction of play and study. The extent and intensity is evaluated in combination. We suggested that extent and intensity occupied for 70% and subject symptoms accounted for 30% of total score.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.585-598
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• 2011

This study was conducted to examine the trend of national health insurance service use with relation to pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium among pregnant and postpartum women older than 35 over the last decade. A descriptive analysis was conducted, using the data which were drawn from the "nationwide claim database of Korean National Health Insurance Corporation(NHIC)". Data were composed of the total cases related to pregnancy, childbirth, and the puerperium (International Classification of Disease, $10^{th}$revision [ICD-10] codes O00-O99) from 2001 to 2008. During 2001-2008, the number of pregnant and postpartum women older than 35 had continuously increased and the percentage of them also had increased in both hospital and ambulatory care. There are similar trends in their total use of national health insurance service and total expenditure. According to demographic characteristics, there was the biggest increase of the percentage in residents in large cities, self-employed workers, ones in the highest income level. According to ICD-10 codes, there was the biggest increase of the percentage in O10-O16 (oedema, proteinuria and hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, childbirth and the puerperium). According to the major prevalent disease, there was the biggest increase of the percentage in O60 (preterm labor and delivery). Throughout the past decade, the necessity has been emphasized of supporting pregnant and postpartum women older than 35. But in maternal and child health care, they are in an early stage of development. The findings of this study would be helpful in developing the support programs for the aged pregnant and postpartum women.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.157-185
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• 2009

Objectives : The aim of this study is to suggest approach of oriental medical management and necessity by research of eastern and western medical literatures for Complex Regional Pain Syndrome(CRPS). Methods : We reviewed the clinical and experimental literatures of eastern and western concerned with CRPS which is related causation, signs and symptoms, diagnosis, etiology and management. Results : 1. CRPS is divided into type I and II by nerve injury. Two types of CRPS have been recognized: type I, corresponds to RSD and occurs without a definable nerve lesion, and type II, formerly called causalgia refers to cases where a definable nerve lesion is present. These conditions can be charaterized clinically by the sensory abnormalities, vascular abnormalities, oedema, sweating abnormalities, motor or trophic changes. 2. CRPS are well known to patients and physicians relatively, but the pathophysiology, causation and treatments are still unclear. 3. CRPS is needed to take the early diagnosis and multidisciplinary approach for significant effect. 4. CRPS can be regarded for obstruction syndrome of Ki and blood(痺證), blood stasis(瘀血), Wei symptom(痿證), numbness(痲木) in the oriental medical management of CRPS. Conclusions : Above the results, it is suggested that further studies and active approach of management of CRPS will be conducted precisely in oriental medicine.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.495-499
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• 2007

Seven epoxy- and hydroxyandrostane derivatives ($DH-1{\sim}DH-7$) and nine epoxy- and hydroxycholestane derivatives ($CH-1{\sim}CH-9$) with unsaturation in ring A and ring B were synthesized from DHEA and cholesterol, respectively. The antinociceptive effects of all synthesized compounds were measured by hot plate method. Most of androstane derivatives except $1{\alpha},2{\alpha}$-epoxy-4,6-androstadiene-3,17-dione (DH-3), and CH-6, CH-7 and CH-9 exhibited antinociceptive effect. 1,4-Androstadiene-$3{\beta},17{\beta}$-diol (DH-5, 100 mg/kg, $35.8{\pm}7.39$), $6{\alpha},7{\alpha}$-epoxy-1,4-androstadiene-3,17-dione (DH-4, 100 mg/kg, $32.6{\pm}5.50$) and $5{\alpha},6{\alpha}$-epoxy-17-oxo-androstan-$3{\beta}$-ol (DH-1, 100 mg/kg, $32.5{\pm}2.98$) were more effective than morphine (10 mg/kg, $30.6{\pm}0.5$). The analgesic effects of androstane derivatives on acetic acid writhing in mice were lower than aspirin. The androstane derivatives were less effective than ibuprofen at inhibiting effects on the carrageenin induced paw oedema. 4,6-Cholestadien-$3{\beta}$-ol (CH-5), $1{\alpha},2{\alpha}$-epoxy-4,6-cholestadien-$3{\beta}$-ol (CH-7) and $7{\alpha}$-hydroxy4-cholesten-3-one (CH-9) showed the decrease of serum triglyceride and total cholesterol levels in poloxamer P-407 injected rat.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.247-255
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• 2019

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Accurate, early identification of acutely malnourished children has the potential to reduce related child morbidity and mortality. The current World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines classify non-oedematous acute malnutrition among children under five using Mid-Upper Arm Circumference (MUAC) or Weight-for-Height Z-score (WHZ). However, there is ongoing debate regarding the use of current MUAC cut-offs. This study investigates the diagnostic performance of MUAC to identify children aged 6-24 months with global (GAM) or severe acute malnutrition (SAM). SUBJECTS/METHODS: Cross-sectional, secondary data from a community sample of children aged 6-24 months in Niger were used for this study. Children with complete weight, height and MUAC data and without clinical oedema were included. Using WHO guidelines for GAM (WHZ < -2, MUAC < 12.5 cm) and SAM (WHZ < -3, MUAC < 11.5 cm), the sensitivity (Se), specificity (Sp), predictive values, Youden Index and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves were calculated for MUAC when compared with the WHZ reference criterion. RESULTS: Of 1161 children, 23.3% were diagnosed with GAM using WHZ, and 4.4% with SAM. Using current WHO cut-offs, the Se of MUAC to identify GAM was greater than for SAM (79 vs. 57%), yet the Sp was lower (84 vs. 97%). From inspection of the ROC curve and Youden Index, Se and Sp were maximised for MUAC < 12.5 cm to identify GAM (Se 79%, Sp 84%), and MUAC < 12.0 cm to identify SAM (Se 88%, Sp 81%). CONCLUSIONS: The current MUAC cut-off to identify GAM should continue to be used, but when screening for SAM, a higher cut-off could improve case identification. Community screening for SAM could use MUAC < 12.0 cm followed by appropriate treatment based on either MUAC < 11.5 cm or WHZ < -3, as in current practice. While the practicalities of implementation must be considered, the higher SAM MUAC cut-off would maximise early case-finding of high-risk acutely malnourished children.

• CELLMED
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.17.1-17.4
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• 2021

Episiotomy is the commonest obstetrics intervention in the world to reduce severe perineal injuries. Its prevalence is 43% to 100% in primiparous women in Asia. Further, worldwide approximately 10-95% of pregnant women undergo episiotomy incision during birth. Delay in wound healing probably increases the risk of wound infection, changes the muscular structure, and ultimately causes muscle tone loss. So, wound care is of specific significance to postnatal maternal outcomes. Hence, this case study aimed to evaluate the effect of Marham-i-Raal in episiotomy wound healing and pain relief. The study was conducted in eleven postpartum primi or multipara pregnant women aged between group 19 and 35 years with term gestational age, singleton pregnancy in a cephalic presentation who had a normal vaginal delivery with mediolateral episiotomy, without a perineal tear, and perineal hematoma. Externally, application of Marham-i-Raal 2g on episiotomy incisional wound, twice a day for 10 days was advised. Wound healing of episiotomy and pain intensity was assessed with REEDA ["redness, oedema, ecchymosis, discharge and approximation of the edges"] scoring and VAS scoring for pain intensity respectively. At one hour (baseline), the REEDA mean score of eleven patients was 3.90±1.04 whereas on day 7-10 it was 0.18±0.40 with statistically significant difference (p<0.001). The VAS mean score at one hour was 6.90±1.22 whereas on day 7-10 it was 0.72±0.78 with a statistically significant difference (p<0.001). Marham-i-Raal would be effective in episiotomy wound healing and reducing pain intensity. Further, randomized double-blind controlled trials in large sample size are recommended.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.86-96
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• 2023

Background: Using KIDS-KAERS database (KIDS-KD) from 2016 to 2020, the aim is to investigate signals of adverse events of alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists and to present adverse events that are not included in the precautions for use when marketing approval. Methods: This study was conducted by disproportionality analysis. Data mining analysis was performed to detect signals of alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists, such as terazosin, doxazosin, alfuzosin, silodosin, and tamsulosin. The signal was defined by three criteria as proportional reporting ratio (PRR), reporting odds ratio (ROR), and information component (IC). Detected signals were compared with product labeling and the European Medicines Agency-Important Medical Events list. Results: Out of the total number of 408,077 reports for adverse events, 6,750 cases were reported as adverse events of alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists. Dizziness, mouth dryness, hypotension postural, and oedema peripheral are identified as common adverse events of five alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists and are typically listed on drug labels. However, new signals were detected for pneumonia, chronic obstructive airway disease, eye diseases such as glaucoma and cataracts, fracture, and ileus of tamsulosin that were not previously listed on the drug labels in Korea. Conclusions: This study identified signals related to adverse drug reactions of alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists and presented serious adverse events, suggesting new adverse reactions to be aware of when using alpha-adrenoceptor antagonists.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2022.09a
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• pp.96-96
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• 2022

Dillenia turbinata Finet & Gagnep. has been known to be used for couch cold, Clerodendrum japonicum (Thunb.) Sweet for pimple, Garcinia tinctoria (DC.) Dunn for oedema. and Garcinia cowa Roxb. for detoxification for a long time. To determine whether these plants have anti-inflammatory effects, we performed nitric oxide (NO) assay. Raw264.7 cells were stimulated with LPS and treated with methanol extracts of these plants. Garcinia cowa Roxb. did not relatively show anti-inflammatory effect, compared to Redcharm extract control as previously used. However, Dillenia, Clerodendrum and Garcinia tinctoria demonstrated significantly higher anti-inflammatory effects in NO assay. We then tested whether these extracts have cytotoxic effect with MTT assay in Raw264.7 cells. Dillenia, Clerodendrum, Garcinia tinctoria and Garcinia cowa Roxb. showed almost similar cell survival rate. This implies that all these plants have almost no significant cytotoxic effects. Taken together, these results suggest that Dillenia, Clerodendrum, and Garcinia tinctoria, but not Garcinia cowa Roxb. are a good anti-inflammatory agent to be developed for medical applications.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.3207-3210
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• 2014

Background: Inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) is an aggressive form of locally advanced breast cancer characterized by rapidly progressive breast erythema, pain and tenderness, oedema and paeu d'orange appearance. It accounts for 1-3% of all newly diagnosed cases of breast cancer in the west. Data on IBC from India are lacking. The aim of our study was to assess the clinical-pathological parameters and outcome of IBC at, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, a large tertiary care centre. Materials and Methods: We screened 3,650 breast cancer cases registered from January 2004 to December 2012 and found 41 cases of IBC. Data included demographics as well as clinical, radiological and histopathological characteristics, and were collected from clinical case records using the International Classification of Diseases code (C-50). Patients who presented with IBC as a recurrence, or who had a neglected and advanced breast cancer that simulated an IBC were excluded from this study. Results: The median age was 45 years (range 23-66). The median duration of symptoms was 5 months. The American Joint Committee on Cancer stage (AJCC) distribution was Stage III - 26 and IV - 15 patients. Estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) positivity and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2/neu) positivity were 50%, 46% and 60%, respectively. Triple negativity was found in 15% of the cases. All the non metastatic IBC patients received anthracycline and/ or taxane based chemotherapy followed by modified radical mastectomy, radiotherapy and hormonal therapy as indicated. Pathological complete remission rate was 15%. At a median follow-up of 30 months, the 3 year relapse free survival and overall survival were 30% and 40%respectively. Conclusion: IBC constituted 1.1% of all breast cancer patients at our centre. One third of these had metastatic disease at presentation. Hormone positivity and Her2 neu positivity were found in 50% and 60% of the cases, respectively.

• Advances in Traditional Medicine
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.235-243
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• 2007

Anemarrhenae Rhizoma (AR) is used in traditional oriental medicine for various medicinal purposes. However, the exact mechanism that accounts for the anti-allergy and anti-inflammatory effects of the AR is still not fully understood. The aim of The present study is to elucidate whether and how AR modulates the allergic reactions in vivo, and inflammatory reaction in vitro. In this study, we showed that AR significantly decreased compound 48/80-induced systemic anaphylaxis, paw oedema, and histamine release from preparation of rat peritoneal mast cells. Also, AR inhibited the expression of inflammatory cytokine in PMA plus A23187-stimulated human mast cells (HMC-1). In addition, we showed that anti-inflammatory mechanism of AR is through suppression of nuclear factor-${\kappa}B$ activation $I{\kappa}B-{\alpha}$degradation. These results provided new insight into the pharmacological actions of AR as a potential molecule for therapy of inflammatory allergic diseases.