• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.441-453
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• 2012

Purpose: This secondary data analysis study was aimed at identifying the factors related to the patterns of alcohol use (normal alcohol use, hazardous alcohol use, and alcohol dependence) in the Korean adult. Methods: This study analyzed the cross-sectional data from 230,715 Korean adults aged 19 year and older who participated in the 2009 Korean Community Health Survey. Multinomial logistic regression was used to uncover associations between demographic, health related factors and the patterns of alcohol use. Results: The patterns of alcohol use was differentiated from the sociodemographic variables (residential area, gender, age, marital status, educational level, monthly income, and occupation) and with health related factors (smoking status, hours of sleep, body mass index, pain or discomfort, subjective health, stress level, liver disease, cardio/cerebro vascular disease, and depression). Hazardous alcohol use was lower in rural areas and lower among women, but higher among people who smoke, reported severe stress, and/or depression. Similarly, alcohol dependence was lower among women and among those in rural areas, and was more likely associated with those who smoke, have severe stress and depression. Conclusion: A number of factors are associated with patterns of drinking. Smoking, severe stress and depression seems to confound the problems of alcohol use. Additional research is needed to isolate those factors that are the most important influencing the use of alcohol.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.211-217
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• 2015

Background: E-learning-based programs have recently been introduced to the occupational safety and health (OSH) education for migrant workers in Korea. The purpose of this study was to investigate how the factors related to migrant workers' backgrounds and the instructional design affect the migrant workers' satisfaction with e-learning-based OSH education. Methods: The data were collected from the surveys of 300 migrant workers who had participated in an OSH education program. Independent sample t test and one-way analysis of variance were conducted to examine differences in the degree of learning satisfaction using background variables. In addition, correlation analysis and multiple regression analysis were conducted to examine relationships between the instructional design variables and the degree of learning satisfaction. Results: There was no significant difference in the degree of learning satisfaction by gender, age, level of education, number of employees, or type of occupation, except for nationality. Among the instructional design variables, "learning content" (${\beta}=0.344$, p < 0.001) affected the degree of learning satisfaction most significantly, followed by "motivation to learn" (${\beta}=0.293$, p < 0.001), "interactions with learners and instructors" (${\beta}=0.149$, p < 0.01), and "previous experience related to e-learning" (${\beta}=0.095$, p < 0.05). "Learning environment" had no significant influence on the degree of learning satisfaction. Conclusion: E-learning-based OSH education for migrant workers may be an effective way to increase their safety knowledge and behavior if the accuracy, credibility, and novelty of learning content; strategies to promote learners' motivation to learn; and interactions with learners and instructors are systematically applied during the development and implementation of e-learning programs.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.131-149
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• 2010

The purpose of this research was to explore the levels of ethical consumptions and related factors on ethics of undergraduates as consumers. For statistical analysis, Cronbach' ${\alpha}$, factor analysis, t-test, one-way ANOVA, Duncan's multiple range test, Pearson co-relationship analysis, and multiple regression analysis with a total of 761 questionnaires were conducted. The research results are summarized as follows. 1. The scores to measure ethical consumptions level of the undergraduates was ranged from 2.66 to 3.64, which were relatively low. 2. The ethical consumptions in the commercial transaction were found to have significant differences according to gender, college years, and religion. The ethical consumptions of current generation were found to have the significant differences depending on their gender, college years, major, parents's education level, monthly allowance, and religion. The ethical consumptions of future generation were found be significantly different based on their gender, college years, mother's education level, father's occupation, monthly household income, and monthly allowance. 3. The major variables affecting the level of the ethical consumptions in the commercial transaction were materialism, social responsibility, idealism and college years. The major variables affecting the level of the ethical consumptions of current generation resulted from social responsibility, frequency contact with the mass media about the ethical consumptions, religions, and materialism. Social responsibility, frequency contact with the mass media about the ethical consumptions, idealism, expenditure, experience about the consumption education and materialism were the factors affecting the level of the ethical consumptions of future generation.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.163-180
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• 1978

Much of a person's energy is spent in the effort of becoming a productive member of to-day's complex society. This activity may cause tension, and chronic unrelieved tension is an influential factor in blood pressure elevation. The problem of this study was to identify manifest needs and self-actualization of patients with essential hypertension, and to analyse and compare their manifest needs and selt-actualization with the selected general characteristics of We, sex, religion, occupation and level of education with a control group of patients with normal blood pressure readings. The purpose was to contribute to the planning of nursing interventions toward reducing the impact of complex psycho-somatic factors on the anxiety of patients with essential hypertension. The instruments used included selected items from the Edwards (1959) Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS) as adapted by Hwang (1965) and from the Personal Orientation Inventory (POI) (Shostrom 1964, 1974) adapted by Kim and Lee (1977) to measure manifest needs and self-actualization. The convenience sample was chosen from 149 persons who presented themselves for general physical examinations at Ewha University Medical Centre and 41 patients diagnosed with essential hypertension at three general hospitals in Seoul during June 1 and August 31, 1977. Forty-nine persons from the Ewha group with blood-pressure readings exceeding 150/90 were added to the experimental group. Data were analysed by the S.P.S.S. computer programme using t-test and tests for statistical significance. Statistically significant findings were as follows: A. Blood Pressure and Manifest Needs. 1. with the exception of Autonomy, patients with hypertension had significantly high scores on all variables Abasement, Achievement, Affiliation, Aggression, Dominance, Emotionality, Exhibitionism and Sex. 2. When mean scores of normal persons were compared by age groups, normal persons had higher scores in the following order on Abasement (50's, 40's, 20's, 30's), Achievement (50's, 30's, 40's, 20's), Affiliation (50's, 40's, 30's, 20's), Dominance (50's, 40's, 40's, 20's) and Exhibitionism (30's, 50's, 40's, 20's). In each case, there was a significant difference between the first and last age group scores. 3. When the mean scores of normal persons were compared by sex, normal men had higher scores than women on Achievement, Affiliation, Aggression, Dominance, Exhibitionism and Sex. Male patients had higher scores than female patients on Achievement, Dominance, Exhibitionism and Sex, but female patients scored higher in Emotionality. 4. Normal persons had higher scores related to religion in the following order on Achievement (Buddhism, no religion, Christianity). Hyper tensive patients had higher scores on. Exhibitionism (no religion, Christianity, Buddhism). 5. Normal persons had higher scores related to occupation in the following order on Achievement and Exhibitionism (unemployed, office workers, teachless, businessmen), Emotionality (office workers, unemployed, businessmen, teacher) and Sex (office workers, unemployed, teachers, businessmen). Hypertensive patients had higher scores on Achievement and Aggression (teachers, businessmen, office worker, unemployed), Dominance and Exhibitionism (businessmen, teacher, of ace workers, unemployed) and Sex (teachers, office worker, businessmen, unemployed). 6. Normal persons had higher scores related to level of edification in the following order on Abasement, Emotionality and Autonomy (secondary school graduation, university). Hypertensive patients had higher scores on Abasement (no education, primary, university, secondary), Achievement (no education, secondary, university, primary) , Dominance (university, no education, secondary, primary), Exhibitionism (university, secondary, no education, primary), and Sex (university, secondary, primary, no education). B. Blood Pressure and Self_Actualization 1, Patients with hypertension had significantly lower scores on all variables. 2. Normal persons had higher scores related to age groups in the following order on Existentiality (20's, 30's, 40's, 50's). Hypertensive patients showed no significantly different scores. 3. Normal women had higher scores than men on Time Competence. Normal men had higher scores on Feeling Reactivity. Male patients had higher scores than women on Self-Actualizing Value and Self-Regard. 4. Normal persons ha 1 higher scores related to religion on spontaneity (Buddhism, no religion, Christianity). Hypertensive patients had higher scores on Time Competence and Nature of Man (Buddhism, Christianity, no religion). 5. Normal persons had higher scores related to occupation in the following order on Existentiality (teachers, office workers, businessmen, unemployed) and Self-Regard (unemployed, office workers, teachers, businessmen). Hypertensive patients showed no significantly different scores. 6. Normal persons had higher scores related to level of education in the following order on Existentiality and Self-Acceptance (university, secondary). Hypertensive patients had higher scores on inner-Director (university, secondary, no education, primary) and Existentiality (university, secondary, primary, no education). Recommendations for nursing interventions with hypertensive patients with emotional problems or low self-actualization were made. 1. The nurse should encourage the patient through her interactions with other members of the medical team to accept counselling and health education. 2. Through her therapeutic interpersonal relationships with the patient, the nurse should help him discover the causes of his emotional tension. 3. Through her health teaching with the family, the nurse should encourage them to participate with the medical team in the patient's therapeutic plan and in providing him with the minimum possible emotional support. 4. Through frequent counselling with the obsessive-thinking and inflexible patient, the nurse should reevaluate the patient's behaviour and her interventions. 5. Seriously ill patients should be given needed reeducation by members of the professional medical team.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.73-82
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• 1989

The purpose of this study was to contribute to the relatively neglected area of out -patient satisfaction with physical therapy service by measuring and determining the factors affecting patient satisfaction in the Andong region. One hundred and forty-five subjects (81 males and 64 females) at 11 facilities with a mean age of 39.2 years (SD=16.2) responded to the satisfaction questionnaire. Each questionnaire contained a set of demographic questions and 19 patient satisfaction items. Cronbach's alpha test of reliability was used as the measure of internal consistency . The satisfaction scale had a good reliability coefficient : Cronbach's alpha=.8688. The average satisfaction score (minimum score=19, maximum score=95) was 75.4 ranging from 38 to 90. Respondent variables including sex, education, marital status, religion, medical security, average monthly income, and number of physical therapy out-patient department treatment visits were analyzed by t-test, ANOVA, and ANCOVA. Satisfaction with the service was largely unrelated to mallets of sex, education, occupation, or other demographic variables. However, marital status, age, average monthly income, and number of treatment visits in the out-patient department were significantly related to patient satisfaction. The analysis presented here could be replicatied with a larger sample in other areas. Other factors such as physical therapist availability, physical therapist competence, accessibility, waiting time, and atmosphere of the treatment area should be considered in further studies.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.515-526
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• 2003

The object of this study was to investigate the relationship between the eating habits of high(4th, 5th, 6th) grade elementary school students and parental behavior characteristics(affection, rational guidance, overprotect and neglect). The parenting behavior scale and demographic variables, eating habits and food frequency were administered to the subjects. In this investigation, the subjects were 396 boys and 337 girls in Chunju city in Korea, 50.1% of the mothers was in the age from 35 to 39 years and 57.8% of the mother had an occupation. Data were analyzed by using a SPSS PS package. Significant differences and correlation among variables were determined by the frequency, $x^2-test$ and pearson's correlation coefficient. Eating habits was significantly influenced by mother's employment status, but was not affected by the levels of mother's education and income. Parental behavior characteristics was significantly related to the children's snacks habits(p<0.05, p<0.01), but have no connection with dietary habits and the eating out. The survey revealed higher percentage of the children who had taken affectionate, reasonable and positively reinforced child care, answered they enjoy meals and the other groups answered they did not. Also frequency of having soup, green vegetables, fruits, dairy products had positive relationship with affective, reasonable rearing attitude, but negative relationship with neglective rearing attitude. And the survey showed children who were reared in overprotect had chocolate, candy and the like in large quantities.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.129-136
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• 2021

Objectives: This study examined demographic factors hampering access to healthcare at hospitals and suggests policy approaches to improve healthcare management in Thailand. Methods: The data for the study were drawn from a health and welfare survey conducted by the National Statistical Office of Thailand in 2017. The population-based health and welfare survey was systematically carried out by skilled interviewers, who polled 21 519 384 individuals. The independent variables related to demographic data (age, sex, religion, marital status, education, occupation, and area of residence), chronic diseases, and health insurance coverage. The dependent variable was the degree of access to healthcare. Multiple logistic regression analysis was subsequently performed on the variables found to be significant in the univariate analysis. Results: Only 2.5% of the population did not visit a hospital when necessary for outpatient-department treatment, hospitalization, or the provision of oral care. The primary reasons people gave for not availing themselves of the services offered by government hospitals when they were ill were-in descending order of frequency-insufficient time to seek care, long hospital queues, travel inconvenience, a lack of hospital beds, unavailability of a dentist, not having someone to accompany them, and being unable to pay for the transportation costs. Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that failure to access the health services provided at hospitals was associated with demographic, educational, occupational, health welfare, and geographic factors. Conclusions: Accessibility depends not only on health and welfare benefit coverage, but also on socioeconomic factors and the degree of convenience associated with visiting a hospital.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.211-217
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• 1999

To investigate the fitting and its problems related in clothing fit and to get basic data to develop fitted ready-to-wear garment, total 238 subjects were surveyed during the period of May, 1997 in Taejon. The major results were as follows; 1. The results showed that most subjects had purchased ready-to-wear garments in a department store. 2. The fit of ready-to-wear garments is more suitable in the upper wear such as T-shirts and blouse than in lower wear such as skirts and pants. 3. Fitting problems in ready-to-wear garments were identified, including sleeve length, shoulder area. 4. A variety of fitting problems in ready-to-wear garments were showed waistline, thigh girth, sleeve length. 5. There were significant differences between the demographic variables, i.e. marital status and occupation and clothing problems.

• Journal of Family Resource Management and Policy Review
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.119-132
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• 1998

The purpose of this study is to investigate some related factors which influence the well-being of the family life among the rural housewives, based on the satisfaction of the leisure. Questionnaires were distributed to the 200 housewives residing in Anseong. The 187 data obtained were analyzed by frequency, percentage, mean, F-test, Duncan’s multiple range test and correlation. The major findings of this study were summarized as follows. (1) There were significant differences on the satisfaction of sports leisure, culture center leisure and music and play leisure among the rural housewives according to the social demographic variables. (2) There were significant differences on the family life well-being among the rural housewives according to the satisfaction of sports leisure, the satisfaction of music and play leisure, the satisfaction of culture center leisure, the occupation of premarriage and the number of family members. Based on the above findings, it has been found that the satisfaction of leisure remains important factors to guide according to the radical changes. If greater attentions should be directed to the satisfaction of leisure activities, the quality of family life could be improved and stabilized.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.36 no.10
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• pp.145-160
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• 1998

The purposes of this research were to find out general trends of family value orientations among adolescent, middle and old generation and to investigate the differences according to related variables. For this study, three kinds of questionnaire were used and the data were obtained through 1194 samples of three generation groups living in Seoul and Kwangju. The traditional trends of old generation's value orientations were outstanding while adolescents relatively showed modernized value orientations. The value differences between adolescent and middle generation were larger than between middle and old generation. Especially value orientations of children and sex-role were largely changed, but familism was relatively preserved even in adolescent generation. The family value orientations differed significantly according to gender, age, eduaction level, income, occupation, and family type. Generally middle and adolescent women showed more modernized value orientatons than men and value orientations of three generation were most likely to be correlated with family satisfaction level.