• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.47 no.4
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• pp.369-389
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• 2011

Changes in ecosystem risks were evaluated using the ecosystem-based fisheries assessment (EBFA) approach of Zhang et al. (2009, 2010) and the comprehensive ecosystem-based fisheries management (EBFM) plan was made for the southern sea of Korea in this study. The risk assessment of the southern sea ecosystem was conducted by establishing ecosystem management objectives and by estimating risk scores (RS) for indicators. To conduct this analysis a number of indicators and their reference points for assessing these risk scores were developed in this study. The number of indicators in the risk analysis was 28 for the quantitative tier 1 analysis and 30 for the qualitative tier 2 analysis. The objective risk index (ORI), species risk index (SRI) and fisheries risk index (FRI) were calculated from the risk scores. Comparing the past (1988) and the current (2008) status of fisheries resources, management implications were discussed. The fishery risk index (FRI) of large purse seine fishery in the southern sea of Korea decreased substantially from 0.972 in 1988 to 0.883 in 2008, and improvement in the management of fisheries operated in the southern sea of Korea.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.107-127
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to develop an evaluation tool for the quality of nursing care in abdominal surgery patient. The target subjects of the tool were adult patients having abdominal surgery under general anesthesia. Process-outcome framework was selected for the development of the tool in this study. The results were as follows. 1. Nine standards. 40 criteria and 88 indicators were developed. A standard was summary statement of the ideal level of excellencein a dimension of quality of nursing care. which could be evaluated by criteria. Several criteria indicated a specific standard and each criterion could be measured by observable and measurable indicators. 2. The standards were divided into two dimensions. One was process dimension which contained four standards(23 criteria), the other was outcome dimension which contatined five standards(17 criteria). 3. Average CVI was .985 at 9 standards. .947 at 40 criteria. and .987 at 88 indicators. 4. The evaluation tool for the quality of nursing care in abdminal surgery patients was a criterion-referenced tool. And data collection methods of the tool were investigation of patient's record and interview( or questionnaire) with the patients. 5. Interrater reliabilities of the tool were ; r= .7572 (agreement between two raters), and pI=.8487 (intraclass correlation between five raters who rated the 84 patients). 6. Internal consistency reliability ${\alpha}$ was .6194, which was obtained from 32 criteria. Eight criteria were missed in the analyzing process because of data omission. 7. Scores of the process and the outcome dimensions showed significant. but low correlation(r= .3759, p < .001). 8. There were significant differences in total scores between the hospitals and the departments of surgery(F = 15.233. p .0001). There was also significant interaction effect between hospitals and departments to total score(F = 8.396. p = .0001). Construct validity of the toool was verified by the known-group method. these kinds of difference were expected by the nursing experts participated in the study. From these results, more specific patient classification is suggested for the development of evaluation tool of the quallity of nursing care. And indicators to be used for objective measurement for the quality of nursing care must be developed.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.47-54
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• 2020

A "Scenic Site" is an official heritage category legally defined as a "scenic site of outstanding artistic value with excellent scenic views." However, the subjective interpretation of the term causes several problems. This study suggested a systematic, organized process of designating a listed area as a scenic site after careful and detailed quantitative and qualitative analysis. Indicators were identified for each of the two analyses, and then scored and weighted. Quantitative indicators were distributed within 5 points for each indicator. Water, which is a natural indicator, based on distance from river boundaries. Forest landscapes were assigned in consideration of forest physiognomy and age class. Land use was allocated in consideration of land cover type and, in case of development site, '-' score was assigned. Cultural heritage conservation area, which is historical and cultural indicator, was distributed by distance within a maximum of 500 meters. Visibility, an indicator of landscape value, was assigned according to the frequency of visibility. The weight of each indicator was calculated by considering the value of each item. The weight of distribution of cultural resources is relatively high, while other items were set the same. In case of land use, however, '-' score was given according to the grade. Qualitative indicators, on the other hand, were considered terrain, landscape zone, ownership, intellectual boundary, and land category. The applicability of the proposed process and method was examined by applying the existing methods and criteria used for designating scenic spots. Opinions of subject-matter experts were incorporated in the identification of the indicators and in the result review stage. In the future, it is necessary to apply this method while designating scenic sites so as to establish an objective, scientific designation process.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.99 no.4
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• pp.508-516
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• 2010

Hallasan National Park is facing dramatic increase of visitors since no entrance fee charge effected in January of 2007 and it has created a concern about appropriate use levels. The overall objective of this study is development of the carrying capacity indicators management program using indicator and standard based on visitor experience and resource protection (VERP) model. The result of delphi survey identified eight potential indicators of resource and experiential conditions, including quality of valley water, visitor counts, trail impacts, crowding etc. Also, Data were also gathered to help provide an empirical foundation for setting standards for these indicator variables. The carrying capacity indicators management program based on VERP model estimates sustainability of national park and analyze scientifically change about resources and visitor's behavior. Also, it systematically manage and use united data, it supports operation accomplishment respected rational decision.

• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.132-150
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• 2006

Objectives : The objective is that we measure and analyze Pulse-Respiration Ratio and Body Composition Analysis to study the correlation between both. Methods : First, after subjects take a rest over 10 minutes, we measure their electrocardiogram and respiration pattern through which we take average peak interval to calculate an average pulse cycle and a respiration cycle. An average respiration cycle divided by an average Pulse Rate gives Pulse-Respiration Ratio. Next, we draw out 22 Body Composition Analysis indicators by using In-Body 720 model. Last, we analyze and take statistics on them by using SPSS 13.0 program. Results : Negative is the correlation between P/R Ratio and Body Composition Analysis indicator like fatness degree, body fat volume, body fat rate, abdominal fatness, BMI. Conclusions : 1. The higher P/R Ratio the more likely to be thin, the lower P/R Ratio the more likely to be fat. 2. We separately analyze P/R Ratio depending on each breathing frequency and pulse frequency to find out that breathing frequency has great influence and that breathing frequency decides the fatness degree. 3. In study on the correlation between P/R Ratio and Body Composition Analysis, fatness degree, in-body fat volume, in-body fat rate, BMI are the related indicators, which shows the connection with the fatness indicators. 4. In study on the correlation between Han-Yeol [寒熱] grade and Body Composition Analysis indicators, the result is that Han[寒] has no connection and that only Yeol[熱] grade has something to do with it, which means the higher heat symptom subjects have, the more basic metabolism volume and muscular build they have.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.173-195
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• 2023

Objectives: To investigate and analyze the assessment indicators and tools used in clinical practice to assess Korean medicine (KM) treatment for infertility, and to establish a basis for assessment tools to diagnose and assess infertility. Methods: Relevant studies published until March 2023 were extracted from Pubmed, Research Information Sharing Service, and National Digital Science Library databases. Results: Sixty-four studies comprising 4,105 patients were included. We investigated pregnancy outcomes, and assessed pregnancy- and childbirth-related factors, overall health, reproductive health, and mental health. Pregnancy result was most common primary outcome. Ongoing pregnancy, stillbirth, miscarriage, and ectopic pregnancy rates were suggested as indicators of pregnancy and childbirth-related assessment. Overall health was most commonly assessed with Likert and Visual analogue scale (VAS). Among reproductive health variables, menstrual history was most frequently assessed. Moreover, indicators such as reproductive function, sexual intercourse, and gynecological disease were assessed. The Infertility Stress Scale and the Fertility Quality of Life tool (FertiQoL) were used to assess mental health. Conclusions: Subjective scales and objective assessment tools, such as the Likert scale and blood tests/ultrasonography, respectively, are used to assess KM infertility treatment. Inconsistent assessment tools make quantitative analyses more challenging. The development of a standardized mental and physical function assessment questionnaire with confirmed reliability and validity ensure the effectiveness of KM infertility treatment, and promote future studies on infertility treatment.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.374-392
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• 2023

Objective: Assess and evaluate the different indicators of oral health-related quality of life (OHRQoL) among patients treated with clear aligners (CAs) versus those treated with conventional fixed orthodontics (FAs). Methods: An electronic search was performed on the database is Web of Science, Scopus, and Embase databases. Randomized and non-randomized control trials, cross-sectional, prospective cohort and retrospective trials were included. Quality was assessed with risk of bias tool and risk of bias in non-randomised studies. Meta-analyses were performed with random effects models, estimating the standardized and non-standardized mean differences, odds ratio and risk ratio as the measure of effect. The effect on time was determined using a meta-regression model. Results: Thirty one articles were included in the qualitative synthesis and 17 in the meta-analysis. CAs had a significantly lower negative impact on QoL, with an "important" effect size, while the influence of time was not significant. Periodontal indicators plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), and bleeding on probing show significantly better values in patients treated with CAs, with moderate to large effect sizes. PI and GI have a significant tendency to improve over time. In microbiological indicators, CAs present a lower biofilm mass without differences in the percentage of patients with high counts of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacilli bacteria. The risk of white spot lesion onset is ten times lower in carriers of CAs. Conclusions: Patients wearing CAs show better periodontal indicators, less risk of white spot development, less biofilm mass and a better QoL than patients with FAs.

• The Journal of the Society of Korean Medicine Diagnostics
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.131-141
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• 2008

Background: In relation to a diagnosis of Korean Medicine, heat-cold is one of the most important indicators for evaluation. In spite of this importance, there has not been the study that tries to examine the change of indicators in an electrogastrography (EGG) according to the heat-cold patternization. Objective: The objective of this study is to establish the correlation between the heat-cold patternization and indicators of EGG by means of Standardized Questionnaire for Heat-Cold Patternization. Method: To conduct this study, we used the method as follows: Before conducting EGG, subjects were requested to give answers to the questionnaire which was developed by Kim. Before EGG, subjects were demanded to fast for more than 8 hours and then eat the test meal. Before eating the test meal(test meal: two slices of bread, 4oz of apple juice), EGG signals were detected for 30 minutes, and then subjects could eat the test meal for 10 minutes. After eating the test meal, EGG signals were detected for 30 minutes. Results: 1. There was a negative correlation between heat score and the power ratio of channel 1 and channel 2 of EGG. There was a positive correlation between cold score and the power ratio of channel 1 of EGG. 2. There was a positive correlation between heat score and pre-prandial gastric arrhythmia in the channel 1, 2 and 4 of EGG. There was a negative correlation between cold score and post-prandial gastric arrhythmia in the channel 1, 2 and 3 of EGG. 3. There was a negative correlation between heat score and normal pre-prandial gastric slow wave in the channel 1, 2 and 4 of EGG. There was a positive correlation between cold score and normal post-prandial gastric slow wave in the channel 3 of EGG. Conclusions: From the results above, we could conclude as follows: Indicators of EGG and cold score presented a positive correlation, and heat score displayed a negative correlation. As a result, to apply EGG to a diagnosis of functional indigestion, the application of EGG to subjects who have heat patternization would increase the reliability of a diagnosis.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.77 no.3
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• pp.417-439
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• 2021

The geometric nonlinearity has been successfully integrated with the design of steel structural system. Thus, the tubular lattice girder, one application of steel structural systems have already been optimized to obtain an economic design following the completion of computationally expensive design procedure. In order to decrease its computing cost, this study proposes to employ five multi-objective metaheuristics for the design optimization of geometrically nonlinear tubular lattice girder. Then, the employed multi-objective optimization algorithms (MOAs), NSGAII, PESAII, SPEAII, AbYSS and MoCell are evaluated considering their computing performances. For an unbiased evaluation of their computing performance, a tubular lattice girder with varying size-shape-topology and a benchmark truss design with 17 members are not only optimized considering the geometrically nonlinear behavior, but three benchmark mathematical functions along with the four benchmark linear design problems are also included for the comparison purpose. The proposed experimental study is carried out by use of an intelligent optimization tool named JMetal v5.10. According to the quantitative results of employed quality indicators with respect to a statistical analysis test, MoCell is resulted with an achievement of showing better computing performance compared to other four MOAs. Consequently, MoCell is suggested as an optimization tool for the design of geometrically nonlinear tubular lattice girder than the other employed MOAs.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.449-461
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• 2023

The aim of this study was to conduct an ecosystem-based fishery risk assessment of tuna fisheries in the Western Indian Ocean. We selected gillnet, purse seine, hand line, baitboat, and longline fisheries as the target fisheries method, and selected longtail tuna (Thunnus tonggol), narrow-barred Spanish mackerel (Scomberomorus commerson), kawakawa (Euthynnus affinis), skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis), yellowfin tuna (T. albacares), bigeye tuna (T. obesus), albacore tuna (T. alalunga) and swordfish (Xiphias gladius) as the target species. The risk score for the size at the first capture in sustainability objective was high, especially, for the purse seine and baitboat fisheries using the fish aggregating devices (FADs). The risk score for the bycatch in the biodiversity objective was high for the gillnet fishery, and the gillnet fisheries using FADs showed high risks for the habitat quality objective due to the loss of the fishing gears. With regards to the socio-economic benefits objective, the risk score of the sales profits was low due to high sales of the tuna fisheries. The ecosystem risk score in the Western Indian Ocean was estimated to be moderate, although management is required for some of the indicators that have high-risk scores.