• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.57-75
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• 2010

This study is done in Shanghai area by sample survey of female college students in their lower 20s. Through direct contact survey, this study collected and analyzed information on figure to understand feature of breasts and measurements of body to provide base information to improve product of brassiere for adult female in China. Data was analyzed by using SPSSWIN 13.0 Program and SAS 9.0. 1. From a result of factor analysis on 40 items of measures to derive the components of the shape of the breast, 6 factors were derived such as the factors to show the obesity of the bust, to show the ratio of the upper and lower area of the lower bust, droop and volume, to show the internal shape and broadness of the bust, to show the location and vertical size of the bust, to show the protrusion of the bust and the eternal shape of the bust. 2. From a result of classification on the shape of the breast of the Chinese women in their early 20s, 4 types were selected. Type 1 is the protrusion type that a woman has a broad drooped breast due to the development in the upper and lower parts of the chest as well as the highest height, a high degree of obesity in the bust part, big volume and much protrusion. Type 2 is the hemisphere type that the degree of obesity in the breast is second to Type 1 and a breast is located at a region higher than Type 1 as the degree of obesity in the breast is secondly highest, the lower part of the bust is bigger than the Type 1 and the degree of being broad and drooped is second to Type 1. Type 3 is the cone type with a breast of being drooped and broad a little bit and a certain degree of a volume. Type 4 is the flat type with the smallest value in the item that shows the obesity of the bust area and with the smallest value in the R$\ddot{o}$hrer index to have the small and slender body type for the bust area, which is somewhat flat due to a low slope at the internal side of the bust.

• Journal of Korean Medicine for Obesity Research
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.125-135
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• 2022

Objectives: A restrospective chart review were conducted to investigate the overall weight loss effect of the integrated Korean medicine treatment on obese patients (body mass index [BMI] ≥25 kg/m²) in Korean medicine clinic and analyze the difference in the effect according to lifestyle behaviors. Methods: The medical records of 43 obese patients were retrospectively analyzed including body weight, BMI, waist circumference, hip circumference, and body composition who received integrated Korean medicine treatment for 4 weeks at 24 Korean medicine clinics in Daejeon metropolitan city. All outcome measures were evaluated again 8 weeks after the end of treatment at week 12 for follow-up. EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D), the Korean version of the obesity-related quality of life scale (KOQOL) and patient's satisfaction were also evaluated. The analysis was divided according to the treatment period and observation period, and subgroup analysis was performed according to drinking and exercise habits. Results: Body weight, body fat, waist circumference, hip circumference, body fat were significantly reduced at week 4 and week 12. Theses weight reduction effects were significantly greater within treatment period (0 to 4 week) than observation period (4 to 12 week). Especially in the non-exercise group, the changes in body fat mass and body fat percent showed a significant difference between the treatment period and the observation period. KOQOL were also significantly improved at 12 week, but not in EQ-5D. No severe adverse events were observed. Conclusions: The integrated Korean medicine treatment could be effective to treat obesity including weight loss. It is necessary to prevent additional weight regain through regular exercise even after Korean medicine treatment.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.67-74
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• 2013

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of horseback riding exercise for BMI(body mass index) and waist circumference in the obese women. Method : 20 subjects in Y-equestrian were randomly divided two group, horseback machine exercise(HME) group and horseback-riding exercise(HRE) group. Each group carried out 30 minutes exercise two times a week for 8 weeks. BMI were measured for body composition, and evaluation of waist circumference. Result : The results were as follows, the BMI(body mass index) between horseback machine exercise and horseback-riding exercise groups in post-test, were significantly different in measures(p<.05). And there were significant in two group after exercise(p<.05). The waist circumference between horseback machine exercise and horseback-riding exercise groups in post-test, were significantly different in measures(p<.05). And there were significant in two group after exercise(p<.05). Conclusion : These finding revealed that horseback-riding exercise was effective on BMI and waist circumrerence of obese women so that these exercise can be new altematives exercise for obesity management in the obese women.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.443-451
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• 1999

Objective: To examine the relationship between hypertension prevalence and the four commonest anthropometric measurements for obesity(body mass index(BMI), wasit-hip ratio(WHR), waist circumference(WC) and body fat in Korean adults. Methods: We studied the cross-sectional association of the anthropometric indices and blood pressure in 1,197 individuals(who were participants in the population-based cohort study). Hypertension was defined as blood pressure $\geq160/95\;mmHg$ or current use of antihypertensive medication. Informations on life-style factors were obtained from personal interview. Results: There were close associations between BMI, WHR and WC with blood pressure in both men and women. After age adjustment, BMI and WC showed significantly positive correlation with systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels in both men and women. Odds ratio(ORs) of being hypertensive were estimated comparing the highest to the lowest quantile, adjusting for age, smoking status, alcohol intake levels, education attainment. The simultaneously adjusted ORs of being hypertensive, comparing the highest vs the lowest categories, was for BMI 2.0(95% confidence interval(CI)=0.9-3.2) in men and 3.2 (95% CI=1.7-6.1) in women, for WC 2.1(95% CI=1.0-4.4) in men and 3.1 (95% CI=1.6-5.9) in women, for fat(%) 4.2(95% CI=1.9-9.5) in men and 2.1(95% CI=1.2-3.6) in women. Conclusion: In addition to measures of overall obesity(BMI) as well as central obesity(WHR, WC), body fat(%) was independently associated with prevalence of hypertension. Among obesity indices, body fat was the most predictor variable in hypertensive state in male and BMI was in female.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.513-526
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• 2014

Objectives: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of low sodium diet education program on dietary habits, diet quality, and measures of obesity in overweight or obese middle-aged women. Methods: Subjects were 81 individuals aged 45 years or over, who completed an 8-week nutrition education. The subjects were divided into a normal group (N = 30) and an overweight-obese group (N = 51) according to the BMI. The effects were evaluated by anthropometric measurement, biochemical analysis, questionnaire, and diet records before and after the program. Results: Overweight-obese group showed significant decreases in weight (p < 0.0001), BMI (p < 0.0001), percent of body fat (p = 0.0087), waist circumference (p < 0.0001), systolic (p = 0.0003) and diastolic blood pressure (p = 0.0261). Nutrients intakes were not different between the two groups and only sodium intake was decreased after education. Total score of general dietary habits, dietary behavior related to sodium intake, dietary diversity score (DDS), diet variety score (DVS), and diet quality index-international (DQI-I) were improved in both groups compared to the baseline. Overweight-obese group showed significant improvement in 'having fruits everyday', 'having fish everyday', 'trying to eat many kinds of food', 'eating less broth when eating soup, stew, and noodles', 'eating less kimchi and salt-fermented vegetable', and 'propensity to think that dishes should be pretty seasoned'. In addition, moderation of empty calories food (p = 0.0064) and macronutrient ratio (p = 0.0004) were improved in the overweigh-obese group, but in the normal group, the results did not reach statistical significance. Conclusions: These results suggested that low sodium diet education program may contribute to obesity management by improving diet quality and dietary habits in middle-aged women.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.50 no.7
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• pp.629-635
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• 2007

Purpose : This study was conducted to assess the usefulness of fat-free mass index (FFMI) and fat mass index (FMI) as novel expression methods of body composition in children. Methods : A total of 466 Second grade students-248 boys and 218 girls- from all elementary schools the Gwacheon City underwent anthropometric measures including bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and biochemical tests. The correlation coefficients between obesity indices, including FMI and FFMI, and metabolic risk factors, were assessed. Metabolic risk factors of children with increased FMI were compared with those of children with normal FMI. We compared FMI and FFMI percentile distribution between this study's subjects and the subjects of the Fukuoka body composition study. Results : FMI was lower and FFMI was higher in this study's subjects compared to the subjects of the Fukuoka body composition study. FMI was correlated with other obesity indices and several metabolic risk factors. Metabolic risk was higher in children with increased FMI than in children with normal FMI. Conclusion : FMI and FFMI were useful indicators in comparing difference of body composition among children that had different body size and growth. High FMI was related to increase of metabolic risk in children.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.485-511
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• 1998

In orther to find the characteristics of each constitution, the examine of Kyung Hee medical center was diagnosed constitution, and resulted body measures and diagnosis. That was considered and the results are as follows 1. The obese patients is that there are the best many people(91.0%) to Taeumin. The frequency of Taeumin group is more than Soyangin group and Soeumin group. The degree of obesity grade is the highest in Taeumin. 2. The systolic blood & diastolic blood pressure of obese patients did not show any significant differences. Only, the obesity patients is the higher than nomal examine, without regard to Sasang constitution. 3. The hypertensive frequency of obese patients is that Taeumin group is more than Soyangin group and Soeumin group. there is not show any significant differences. specially, the hypertension of Soyangin group is caused by an ascending of diastolic pressure. 4. Glucose value of obese patients did not show any significant differences. generally, the frequency of Taeumin group is more than Soyangin group and Soeumin group. The diabetes of obese patients is the highest in Taeumin. 5. The serum lipids of obese patients did not show any significant differences. Total cholesterol, Triglyceride value of Taeumin group is more than Soyangin group and Soeumin group. HDL-cholesterol of obese patients is that Taeumin group is more than Soyangin group and Soeumin group. 6. The frequency of hyperlipidemia is the highest in Taeumin. 7. GOT, GPT of obese patients did not show any significant differences, but GGT is higher in Taeumin than Soyangin & Soeumin group. 8. Uric acid of obesity patients did not show any significant differences between Sasang constitution, but the value of obese patients is higher than nomal examine. The abnomality of Uric acid is higher in Taeumin than the other constitutions. The frequency of abnomality is the highest in Taeumin females. 9. Arteriosclerosis frequency of obese patients did not show any significant differences, the frequency of Sasang constitution is higher in Taeumin than Soyangin & Soeumin group. 10. Hemoglobin of obese patients did not show any significant differences, but Hematocrit is higher in Soyangin than Taeumin & Soeumin group. Anemia of obese patients did not show any significant differences. The frequency of anemia is higher in the females than the males. 11. BUN, creatinine of obese patients did not show any significant differences.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.137-146
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• 2024

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of 12 weeks of WB-EMS training on body composition and heart rate variability based on BMI Level in Women. The subjects of the study were premenopausal women, and they were classified into the BMI-N(n=15) group for BMI<25, the BMI-1(n=16) group for BMI=25~29.9, and the BMI-2(n=9) group for BMI>30. And then, WB-EMS training was performed of 3 times a week for 12 weeks. Body composition and HRV were measured before and after the participation in exercise, which were subjected to a repeated-measures two-way ANOVA. In the case of a significant interaction between time and group, paired sample t-tests were conducted for a post-hoc analysis within each subject group. Tukey's method was used for post-hoc testing of differences between groups, and the significance level was set at 0.5. The results were as follows; First, The effect of WB-EMS training was found in all variables of body composition. In particular, Weight, BMI, FFM, and FM decreased the most in the BMI-2 group, followed by the BMI-1 and BMI-N groups. %BF and VF decreased the most in the BMI-2 group. Second, There was a difference in BPM in all groups, and the BMI-2 group showed the greatest decrease. There were differences in SDNN and RMSSD for each group, and there was no difference according to obesity level. There was no difference in LF, HF, and LF/HF ratio. In conclusion, it was confirmed that WB-EMS training can be an exercise therapy that has a positive effect on the body composition change and cardiac circulatory system in women with a high level of obesity.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.123-134
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• 2023

Disordered eating behaviors, such as overeating, are known to be contagious in the general population. The objective of our research is to find an optimal control strategy to reduce the social burden of unhealthy overeating behavior by establishing and analyzing a mathematical model for the social transmission dynamics of unhealthy overeating. We consider four compartments in the population: normal weight with normal eating behavior, normal weight with overeating behavior, overweight with normal eating behavior, and overweight with overeating behavior. Simulation results under various control scenarios show that integrated control measures may be necessary to reduce the growth rate of the overeating population.

• Proceedings of the Plant Resources Society of Korea Conference
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• 2020.12a
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• pp.15-15
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• 2020

In an internal document, CORONA-VIRUS DISEASE 2019 (COVID-19) PLAN, release developed stated that "on January 22, 2020, Palau Ministry of Health activated its emergency operations center, and since then has prepared and put in place measures in response to this global pandemic." The actions eventually led to the closure of most flights coming into Palau as a method to protect its population. The population of is at high risk with COVID19 due to the very elevated rate of NCD's, as well as the limited access to proper testing and treatment facilities. Increased use of traditional medicines in the population has reduced the co-morbidities by reducing risk factors. Furthermore, the expansion of tradtional NCD therapies, especially that of DAK reduce pressure due to obesity and diabetes therefore allowing for unimpaired immune systems to combat deadly infectious diseases such as COVID19.