• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.33-38
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• 2019

Ochratoxin A (OTA), one of mycotoxins produced mainly by Aspergillus is a common contaminant of stored grains, posing health hazards to human and livestock. The aim of this study is to explore ability of isolated bacteria Bacillus subtilis AF13 and Streptomyces shenzhenensis YR226 to remove OTA. AF13 and YR226 could remove 94.23 and 97.73% of OTA ($100{\mu}g/L$), respectively during 24 h incubation in NB medium. When cultures of two strains were separated into washed cells and cell-free supernatant, the supernatant of both strains removed more than 90% of $100{\mu}g/L$ OTA, and 98.88% of OTA could be also removed by the washed cells of YR226. OTA removal occurred in a few second by the supernatant of both strains, and treatments of autoclaving, proteinase K and chymotrypsin did not affect the OTA removal by the culture supernatants, which indicate that some thermostable and non-proteinaceous substances secreted by these bacteria may be involved in OTA removal in these two bacteria. These results suggest that AF13 and YR226 can be used to remove OTA from OTA-contaminated grains and feeds, and therefore decrease economic damage in agriculture and feed industry.

• Clinics in Shoulder and Elbow
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.72-79
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• 2021

Background: A midshaft clavicle fracture is a common fracture that typically responds well to open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF). However, refracture can occur after implant removal (IR). This study aimed to analyze the rate of refracture and related factors after removal of the locking compression plate (LCP) for displaced midshaft clavicle fractures. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 201 patients who had undergone ORIF with LCP for midshaft clavicle fractures after IR after bony union from January 2011 to May 2018 at our institute. We evaluated basic demographic characteristics and radiographic parameters. All patients were treated with an LCP for primary fracture. The patients were divided into two groups: a refracture group that experienced a second fracture within 1 year after IR and a no-fracture group. Results: There were four cases (1.99%) of refracture; three were treated conservatively, while one was treated surgically. All patients achieved bony union. The average interval between refracture and IR was 64 days (range, 6-210 days). There was a significant difference in classification of fractures (AO Foundation/Orthopaedic Trauma Association [AO/OTA] classification) between the two groups. However, other patient demographics and radiographic measurements between refracture and IR, such as bone diameter, showed no significant difference between the two groups. Conclusions: This study showed that one in 50 patients suffered from refracture after removal of the LCP. Thus, if patients desire IR, the surgeon should explain that there is a relatively higher possibility of refracture for cases with simple or segmental fractures than for other types of fracture.